Migrants are people who leave their countries for different reasons. These reasons can be political, economic, social and environmental. Those who migrate seek protection and better opportunities in the destination countries with stable political environments and strong economies. Migrants are also willing to work to sustain their livelihoods and their families. However, they find themselves in an extremely vulnerable position and encounter many challenges which prevent the enjoyment of the right to work. The right to work is a fundamental human right which is protected and recognised in many human rights standards. The right to work is necessary for the realisation and the enjoyment of other human rights. It constitutes an integral part of human dignity and enables people to gain a living through the work they choose or accept. This mini-dissertation examines how the right to work is guaranteed to migrants in South Africa. The focus on South Africa is due to the fact that South Africa is one of the main destination countries in Africa. Since the post-apartheid period, the majority of migrants target or prefer to come to South Africa because of its political and economic stability. If the right to work is an integral part of basic rights, human dignity and human survival, it must also be guaranteed to migrants because being a migrant does not exclude the exercise and the enjoyment of the right to work. However, the majority of migrants are discriminated against in so far as accessing the job market in South Africa due to many barriers. This mini-dissertation analyses different challenges migrants are facing in looking for employment and how difficult their integration is in the South African labour market. It examines South African legislation in relation to the right of migrants to work, with a brief emphasis on refugees and asylum seekers. It considers international instruments that recognise migrants’ right to work and other labour rights. This mini-dissertation concludes by giving some recommendations that will help the South African government to review its laws, as well as to prevent challenges that impede migrants getting jobs and accessing the labour market. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Magister Artium - MA / Death is an everyday occurrence for many urban Africans living in South Africa, and it is expressed through the everyday management of financial and social networks. The purpose of this study is to investigate what happens to African migrants, particularly the Ngemba people of Cameroon living in Cape Town when they die “away from home”. In this study, I will be exploring the steps followed, the rites that are performed, perceptions regarding death and funerals, as well as the social implications that death has for the group members concerned, and the various challenges faced when someone dies ‘away from home’. In other to achieve all this, I used a qualitative research design in which in-depth interviews and participant observation were administered to sixteen (16) participants.

The key question that this paper seeks to answer is (1) To what extent are Zimbabweans living in London, in the United Kingdom involved in transnational activities to their country of origin? To try to answer this question I have carried out quantitative analysis of primary data gathered in London and the results show that the Zimbabwean migrants are actively involved in transnational activities to their country of origin. Contact with family and sending money home seem to be the most carried out transnational activities than others. In the context of this research project, transnational activities will encompass those falling under the socio-cultural domain such as maintaining family ties with relatives in origin country, the economic domain such as sending money to family in origin country and the political domain such as voting back in origin country.

According to the World Bank’s (2019) latest Migration and Development Brief, remittances to low and middle-income countries reached a record high in 2018. This study examines Swedish migrants’ motives behind remittances and their experience with the social and economic impact of sending remittances. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a research-based study on Swedish-migrants’ remittances practice since Sweden lacks research about remittances. We have conducted eight semi-structured interviews with Somali and Iraqi migrants to understand their motives and experience with remittances. The results are analyzed with theories such as Lucas and Stark’s altruism, self-interest, and tempered altruism, or enlightened self-interest, as well as transnationalism. We have also analyzed the results with the social exclusion concept to understand the migrants' experience in the host country in relation to remittances. In our study, we found that the respondents’ social and cultural resources were limited. Our interviewees were socially and economically impacted by sending remittances. They are in a state where their economy is limited because of sending remittances, which makes it hard for them to maintain a certain social presence in the host country, due to their lack of free time. They do not have the same opportunities as non-migrants in Swedish society, because they prioritize work and providing for their families in Sweden and the homeland. The respondents are living in two worlds where they are keeping their transnational ties with the origin country and therefore, they are comparing their living standards with families and relatives in the home country. This prevents them from seeing or identifying themselves as socially excluded individuals of the host country. They perceive themselves as socially excluded when it comes to their economic situation, however, in general, they see themselves as socially included as they learned the language, got an education, work, provide for their families, etc.

Thesis advisor: Marilynn S. Johnson / This dissertation explores the labor and collective organization of domestic workers in metropolitan Boston to uncover the new labor activism of the last half century. In 2014, Massachusetts became the fourth state in the U.S. to pass a Domestic Workers’ Bill of Rights. The law, the nation’s most comprehensive at the time, signaled a remarkable triumph for household employees whose collective activism anchored in Boston over four years achieved basic labor protections for tens of thousands. While the tale of this recent success has been captured by journalists and a handful of scholars, my study uncovers a multi-generational history of domestic workers’ fight for dignity and economic justice. I locate the origins of the 2014 victory in the grassroots organizing of pioneering Black, Caribbean, and Latinx women decades earlier. Local domestic workers and their allies sustained three separate waves of collective action during a half century marked by growing economic inequality, a decline in trade unionism, and mounting xenophobia. As I demonstrate, they developed a savvy repertoire of strategies that transformed household employment from a seemingly private, hidden affair into a societal concern requiring government intervention. Ultimately, my dissertation explains the emergence of a powerful and unexpected form of labor organizing--the new labor activism--that is community-based, multi-issue oriented, and propelled by working-class women of color. In directing critical attention to the relatively obscure history of domestic worker organizing, my study joins scholarship that expands analysis beyond the realm of the white male industrial worker to reconsider what constituted work, who comprised organized labor, and how we characterize recent labor history. By examining this particular workers’ movement, I present new insights into the groundswell of labor mobilization that erupted in American cities during the later twentieth century. Historians have accurately cast the period as one of organized labor’s weakness, dormancy, and decline. Even so, by prioritizing community-based campaigns anchored by immigrant and non-white women employed as domestic workers, I demonstrate that they also made it a time of hope and agitation, of rebirth and revival rather than repose. With appreciation for complexity, I gauge their activism not merely in terms of wins and losses, but also in regard to workers’ evolving sense of empowerment alongside their ability to spark larger public policy conversations concerning labor standards, the care economy, and the role of government. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

It is clear that at this stage fear has affected the crisis of the citizens of the European Union, with the result that the Schengen Agreement is not characterized as positively as it used to be, citizens feel threatened at all levels, whether it is work or economic and especially in terms of security. In particular, the recent terrorist acts have an even greater impact on the opinion of European citizens as to whether or not the Treaty should be continued. In particular, while the inhabitants of the countries of the E.U. accept the dynamics of the Schengen agreement in terms of economy, on the contrary they express their phobias about immigration and terrorism, considering the treaty as the basis for the development of the two phenomena. What is certain is that in the future, if the phenomenon of migration is not addressed through measures to welcome migrants, which will help them to acclimatize to the new environment, in such a way that the citizens of the countries of entry are not afraid of their future, the reactions will intensify. Security measures also need to be stepped up to reduce fears of terrorism, and at this time in the big capitals, people are fearful, believing that the treaty has opened the borders, allowing fanatics from mainly the Middle East and Africa. enter the Member States to take actions that endanger European citizens. Management is the basis for the successful, established, economic and geographic expansion of each business. Entrepreneurial competition is growing, and the development of the scientific management sector as far as principles, ideas, models and theoretical analysis are concerned. The ultimate aim of this study is, therefore, to study, on a theoretical level, the issue of human resource management and its contribution to improving the quality of services.

No description available.

Since the early 2000s, the European Union evolved a policy of externalization of management of migration into its territory. The externalization policy makes migrant transit countries neighboring the EU a frontier of EU migration control. As a significant jumping-off point of the Central Mediterranean Route for EU-bound migrants, and given its weak state structure, Libya is a fundamental component of the EU externalization policy. In enforcing the EU externalization policy through EU-funded and supported interception and detention of EUbound migrants, Libya's authorities have systematically abused migrants. This study examined the responsibility of the European Union for the abuses of migrants in Libya. The study relied on the theory of state responsibility to argue that the EU is responsible for the abuses of migrants by Libyan authorities pursuant to the implementation of the EU externalization policy. This study is a single case study that relied on content analysis to make inferences from the corpus of documents retrieved mainly from EU institutions and international human rights organizations' reports. The result shows that the EU relied on cooperation agreements like the Memorandum of Understanding 2017 and the Malta Declaration 2017 to train Libyan Coastal security, provide logistics, share information on migrants’ boats, and fund the interception, detention, and abuse of thousands of migrants by Libyan authorities. Considering the weak state institutions in Libya, the abuse of migrants in Libya, and the responsibility of the EU to immigrants under its own laws and international conventions, the study recommends that the European Union reassess its engagement with Libya in the area of migrants’ interception and detention, with a view to providing for migrants detention in the EU where their rights are more recognized.

This study aims to analyze the underlying factors and barriersinfluencing undocumented adults' access to healthcare in Sweden. By focusing on the experiences of five respondents associated with the Swedish Red Cross, the essay seeks to shed light on and enhance the understanding of the limitations faced by undocumented adults, regarding their access to healthcare in Sweden. This study has a qualitative research approach with semi-structured interviews. The studyaddresses three theories for understanding the factors and barriers that affect the access to healthcare by using Goffman (1963) stigma, Young (2011) social justice and Rothstein (2003) trust and social contract theory. The result of the study shows insights information from five respondents of the factors affecting undocumented adults' healthcare access in Sweden. The study ultimately reveals that stigmatization, trust, fear, and social networks are underlying factors that impact the access to healthcare for undocumented adults in Sweden. Additionally,socio-economic barriers are identified as limiting the opportunities for undocumented adults to access healthcare in Sweden. The research highlights that these challenges are not merely individual choices or priorities but rather a result of complex factors and structural impediments. Therefore, addressing the obstacles and underlying factors requires a collective approach to observe and understand the root causes affecting the access to healthcare in Swedenfor undocumented adults.

Background: In the past ten years over one million people have immigrated to Sweden, which sets high demands on healthcare personnel. However, the healthcare still must consider the law about patient safety, which means that the healthcare must be carried out on the patient's terms. For this to work communication is necessary. An interpreter is therefor required.  Aim: To summarize previous research concerning the patient's experiences in the case of using of interpreter. Method: A literature study of ten scientific articles with qualitative design. The articles came from PubMed. Result: Analyses show that the patients experienced the use of interpreters differently and could be divided into four categories; patient participation, powerlessness, security and confidence and feelings of shame.  Conclusion: Concerning patients experiences when using an interpreter many patients focused on the interpreter's reception. An unexpected finding was feelings of shame in connection with interpreters, these feelings can be a barrier in the nurses aim to perform patient centered care. There is also a lack of research regarding patients' experiences in connection with interpreters, especially concerning long term care consequences.