Viral communication method is shown to be useful for spreading messages in social media. However, only few studies have investigated how public organizations use this method successfully to promote their works in social media. To fill this gap, a qualitative analysis on data from observations and interviews has been conducted. The purpose of this study is to answer a research question: how can a government succeed in promoting their works in social media by using viral communication method? The results found several processes and factors that support the fruitfulness from three perspectives: the messenger, the message and the environment. Moreover, it is pointed out that the most important process is creating memorable messages. Therefore, this study proposes essential characteristics of memorable contents.

Theory suggests that IT-systems can be used in the promotion of learning within an organization. However, this area of research is in the current time of writing relatively unexplored. This paper focuses on double-loop learning, a concept introduced by Chris Argyris in the 1970s. It is argued that this type of learning is highly beneficial for the success and further development of an organization. The empirical material of this study has been gathered through a qualitative case study at the public authority, the Swedish Forest Agency. The findings of this study indicate that the IT-system could be used as a catalyst promoting double-loop learning. Factors enabling double-loop learning were identified at the organization and were used in distinguishing whether the organization experienced double- loop learning through their IT-system, or not. As the paper aspires to answer to the theoretical gap, it acts as academical stepping-stone, equipping further researcher with contributory material to use in further research.

The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of how political decisions are implemented in public organizations. The focus of the study is on the impact of human action on organizational structures. The empirical material consists of interviews with politicians and civil servants working in the public organization. The material is analyzed primarily using Ahrne's theory of organizational centenaries. The theories of disconnection and inertia are also used in the analysis. The study's findings show that the human action is important in an implementation process. Crucial interpretations, based on human actions, are made at politicians and civil servants level. This results in people's own interests having a decisive role in the implementation process. The political structure gives the officials space to interpret political decisions, which leads to an interest-driven way of working. With sociological knowledge, it can be shown that man has a need for human interpretation because we are social beings. The present study shows that we can´t ignore the human action of organizations when the organization is made up of people.

It is clear that at this stage fear has affected the crisis of the citizens of the European Union, with the result that the Schengen Agreement is not characterized as positively as it used to be, citizens feel threatened at all levels, whether it is work or economic and especially in terms of security. In particular, the recent terrorist acts have an even greater impact on the opinion of European citizens as to whether or not the Treaty should be continued. In particular, while the inhabitants of the countries of the E.U. accept the dynamics of the Schengen agreement in terms of economy, on the contrary they express their phobias about immigration and terrorism, considering the treaty as the basis for the development of the two phenomena. What is certain is that in the future, if the phenomenon of migration is not addressed through measures to welcome migrants, which will help them to acclimatize to the new environment, in such a way that the citizens of the countries of entry are not afraid of their future, the reactions will intensify. Security measures also need to be stepped up to reduce fears of terrorism, and at this time in the big capitals, people are fearful, believing that the treaty has opened the borders, allowing fanatics from mainly the Middle East and Africa. enter the Member States to take actions that endanger European citizens. Management is the basis for the successful, established, economic and geographic expansion of each business. Entrepreneurial competition is growing, and the development of the scientific management sector as far as principles, ideas, models and theoretical analysis are concerned. The ultimate aim of this study is, therefore, to study, on a theoretical level, the issue of human resource management and its contribution to improving the quality of services.

This study focuses on four common factors believed to affect resistance to change in public organizations. It contributes to existing literature by examining the effect of higher education and trust on the police officer's level of resistance to change and the effects of participation and communication on trust. 286 police officers from two north Texas towns responded to the survey. Regression analysis and bivariate correlations were used to determine the relationship between, resistance to change, and participation, trust, communication, information, and education and the relationship between trust and the other independent variable. The analysis failed to support previous research, which listed participation as the most important factor, but did support the concept that participation and communication improved trust.

Esta dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção trata de um estudo de caso que tem por objetivo descrever e analisar a evolução da organização da produção da função operacional de uma instituição financeira pública: o Banco Regional de Desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul - BRDE. O período coberto, final dos anos 80 a 1994, com ênfase para a fase 1992-1994, tem cada uma das configurações existentes examinadas, basicamente, a partir de nove fatores de análise. Alguns fatos de 1995 são relatados para melhor compreensão da fase examinada. Há uma breve revisão cobrindo os sistemas de gestão da produção, a questão da mudança nas organizações, bem como três dos métodos usados: a Gestão da Qualidade Total (TQC), o Aperfeiçoamento de Processos Empresariais e a Reengenharia. Estes três métodos são comparados entre si e contextualizados dentre os demais métodos gerenciais de aperfeiçoamento empresarial. As funções e o marco legal da operação dos bancos de desenvolvimento no Brasil são descritos sumariamente. Há uma breve caracterização do BRDE, com ênfase na evolução de suas atividades operacionais, da sua política de recursos humanos e das estruturas organizacionais com que operou no período em pauta. São tecidas considerações sobre o tempo de atravessamento operacional. Um amplo e detalhado projeto de melhoria com a participação do autor é analisado, tanto sob o aspecto de suas recomendações técnicas, como da metodologia e das intercorrências durante sua elaboração. Constatou-se que a atividade operacional no banco de desenvolvimento examinado possuiu o caráter de produção artesanal durante todo o período analisado. O processamento operacional passou, inicialmente, de uma lógica funcional taylorista/fordista com produção em linha para uma lógica de produção celular com minifábricas focalizadas. Posteriormente, foi tentada uma lógica onde se buscou transformar cada funcionário numa célula, proposta que não foi possível ser implantada, tal o nível de polivalência exigido. Verificou-se que a uma fase de mudanças suaves, espaçadas e razoavelmente consensuais, realizadas num ambiente externo relativamente estável (anos 80), sucedeu uma série de mudanças impostas, ambiciosas, executadas em curto espaço de tempo, sem que a mudança anterior pudesse se consolidar (período 1992-1994). A superposição do período de aprofundamento da análise com o reinício das atividades operacionais da instituição tornou muito dificil discernir, no crescimento do volume operacional, o que foi causado pelos processos de mudança do que foi devido à ocupação da capacidade instalada. Observou-se pouco uso de indicadores de defeito e deficiências na aferição da eficiência do emprego dos recursos alocados à função operacional. Verificou-se que distintas fontes de origem política são a gênese do poder na instituição - diretores nomeados, dois a dois, por Governador de Estado membro - o que, em geral, implica que haja falta de unidade na Direção, e que a duração média dos mandatos seja inferior à das gestões estaduais. A falta de envolvimento das chefias dos segmentos organizacionais atingidos foi identificada como a principal causa para a truncada implantação do projeto de melhoria do qual o autor participou. Propõe-se uma nova definição para Processo Empresarial. São apresentadas recomendações, tanto para a instituição estudada, como para novas pesquisas. / The aim of this Industrial Engineering's dissertation is to describe and analyze the evolution in production organization of operational function in a public financiai institution. For the purposes of this dissertation the Banco Regional de Desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul - BRDE, has been chosen as a case study. The covered period- end of 80's till 1994, emphasizing the 1992-1994 period - has one of each configuration examined from nine analysis factors. Some 1995 information is presented for the better understanding of the subjects under discussion. A brief review covers production management systems, organizational changes, as well as three of the methods used for it: Total Quality Control (TQC), Business Process lmprovement and Reengineering. These methods are compared and contextualized within the other managerial improvement methods. The functions and the legal limits for development bank's operations in Brazil are briefly described. There is a short BRDE's characterization, emphasizing the evolution of operational activities, human resources politics and the organizational structures the bank had pursued at the considered period. Some comments are made on the operational lead time. A wide and detailed improvement project shared by the author is analyzed covering their technical advice, as well as the methodology and the developing intercurrencies. It was verified that the operational activities of the development bank under examination has pursued an artesanal production character during the whole analyzed period. Operational processing moved, at first, from a Taylor/Ford functional logic with a lined production, to a cellular organization based on focused manufacturing. Lately there were attempts to turn each worker into a production cell, a proposal impossible to implant, as the polyvalent skill required. It was verified that after a period of soft, scattered and reasonably consensual changes, which took place in a basically stable environment in the 80's, succeeded a sequence of imposed, ambitious changes, which took place in a short period of time, without the consolidation of the previous change (1992-94 period). The superposition of the deeping analysis period with the operational recommencement of the institution rendered a lot difficult to discern on the operational data increasing, what was caused by the process of changing and what was related to the natural occupation of the idle capacity. It was observed small usage of defect rates and deficiencies in checking the efficiency of the resources designated to operational function. It was verified that different political origins are the genesis of institution's power - appointed directors, two by two, by Member-State Governar - which, in general, implies lack of unity at the Board and the average length of mandates are inferior of those of the state administrations. The lack of involvement from department's chief, who were affect by the change, was identified as the main cause of the mutilated implementation of the improvement project which the author has participated. A new definition for Business Process is proposed. Advice is presented for the analyzed institution, as well as for further research.

O grande impacto dos escândalos que afetam organizações das mais diversas áreas, inclusive as públicas, tem difundido um interesse generalizado em comportamentos éticos e antiéticos. A administração ideal baseia-se em um modelo de gestão, cujo processo utiliza mecanismos que assegurem sua eficiência e eficácia e, conseqüentemente, propiciem a redução de conflitos dentro da organização. A observância de um código de ética profissional favorece essa redução de conflitos, pois seu objetivo central é a formação da consciência sobre padrões de conduta. Nesse contexto, os servidores públicos devem constituir e observar determinadas regras de conduta que norteiam seu exercício profissional, pois a consciência dos princípios morais, seja no exercício do cargo ou função, ou fora dele, refletirá no exercício vocacional do poder do estado. Seus atos, comportamentos e atitudes deverão preservar a honra e a tradição do Funcionalismo Público diante da sociedade. Entretanto, a efetividade do cumprimento de um Código de Ética não se baseia nas leis administrativas e nem com estas se confunde, mas se apóia no sentimento de adesão moral e de convicção íntima de cada servidor público. Diante dos desafios encontrados na gestão de organizações públicas e de sua importância para a sociedade em geral, o objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar os fatores que influenciam a percepção dos servidores públicos civis municipais quanto ao valor do Código de Ética Profissional da Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro como auxiliar na solução de dilemas éticos. A amostra foi constituída por 90 (noventa) servidores lotados na Controladoria Geral do Município (CGM). A metodologia utilizada para a análise exploratória e confirmatória dos dados, necessitou de técnicas de análise fatorial na redução de dados e regressão linear múltipla para testar as cinco hipóteses oriundas do problema de pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a percepção dos servidores sobre os valores morais professados no Código de Ética e o conhecimento deles sobre o Código influenciam a percepção sobre o seu valor como auxiliar na resolução de dilemas éticos. Os resultados também sugerem que o servidor municipal percebe, em um nível baixo, o compromisso da Administração com o código. / The major impact of the scandals that affect organizations in several areas, including the public, has been promoting widespread interest in ethical and unethical behavior. The ideal Administration is based on a model of management, that uses mechanisms to ensure its efficiency and effectiveness and, consequently, provide a reduction of conflicts within the organization. The observance of a professional code of ethics favors the reduction of conflicts, as their central goal is the formation of consciousness about standards of conduct. In this context, civil servants must establish and observ certain rules of conduct that guide their professional practice, as the awareness of moral principles, whether in the exercise of public office or function or outside, will reflect in the exercise of the vocation of the State. Their actions, behaviors and attitudes must preserve the honor and tradition of the civil service in the face of society. However, the effectiveness of compliance with a code of ethics is not based on administrative laws and not be confused with these, but is based on the moral sense of adhesion and intimate conviction of each civil servant. In the face of the challenges encountered in the management of public organizations and their importance to society in general, the goal of this research is to examine the factors that influence the perception of civil municipal public servants on the value of the Professional Code of Ethics of the City of Rio de Janeiro as an aid in resolving ethical dilemmas. The sample consisted of 90 (ninety) civil servants blended in the City General Controller (CGC). The methodology for the analysis of exploratory and confirmatory data, needed factor analysis techniques to reduce data and multiple linear regression to test the five hypothesis from the research problem. The results showed that the perception of moral values professed by the civil servants in the Code of Ethics and their knowledge of the Code influence the perception of its value as an aid in the resolution of ethical dilemmas. The results also suggest that civil servant observe a low commitment of the Administration with the Code.

Social intranets have over the last few years gained momentum in popularity and are rapidly being implemented in organizations around the world. Research is mainly limited to consist of analyses of use of particular technologies, and is mostly conducted in relation to private organizations. This thesis provides an analysis of the implementation and use of a social intranet in a public organization. In February 2012, Uppsala municipality (Sweden) implemented their new social intranet Insidan for all their employees. The idea is of enhancing the everyday working context and to increase the participation throughout the organization. Wanda Orlikowski’s theory of the practice lens is applied to situate and understand the role of the intranet. The practice lens is relevant as it acknowledges human agency, context and the technological inscriptions to understand the role of technology in organizations. The findings are further elaborated in relation to Andrew McAfee’s Enterprise 2.0. Interviews with users, management and designers, as well as document analysis are used to extract data in a case study design. The results show that Insidan contains central aspects of what constitutes a social intranet. The practice of Insidan enhances user aspects of communication, collaboration and cooperation. One technological feature, the cooperation room, is especially successful. It is a space wherein user share documents and talk openly in a semi-private environment. However, other tools, like blogs, are not adapted to any significant level. Perceived benefits for personal work is relevant to adoption. Findings on insecurity towards what is appropriate to contribute as content are seen to limit active user participation in conversations. Role models for activity are called for. Users are more confident to converse in closed groups. Thus, social connections and communication are given a new arena, but it often takes place in familiarized circles of people (e.g. project groups, office colleagues). This thesis provides knowledge and insights into an exciting and growing field of research. It also provides important insights from an implementation in a public organization – a context not extensively investigated.

Ett stort förtroende för sin närmaste chef är inte alltid en självklarhet. Många olika faktorer påverkar vilket förtroende medarbetare inom en organisation känner för chefen, och denna studie har fokuserat på olika faktorer relaterade till kommunikation; uppföljning, uppskattning, feedback, tydlighet, meningsfullhet samt hantering av konflikter/relationer. Det kan också skilja sig åt mellan hur män och kvinnor värderar dessa faktorer, och att studera detta ingår också i syftet för denna undersökning. Tidigare forskning på området har visat på tydliga skillnader mellan hur kvinnor och män upplever och värderar kommunikation. Även denna studies resultat visar på att det finns kommunikativa skillnader mellan kvinnor och män, samt att de värderar faktorerna på olika sätt. Kvinnor känner sig nöjdare med den kommunikation de har, men korrelationen mellan förtroende och samtliga studerade kommunikationsfaktorervar starkare för män. Med hjälp av det socialpsykologiska perspektivet symbolisk interaktionism har undersökningens resultat analyserats och diskuterats. Generellt visar vår studie ett starkt samband mellan de studerade kommunikationsfaktorerna och förtroendet för närmaste chefen. Studien har en kvantitativ ansats och har utförts genom en enkätundersökning i en kommunorganisation där alla medarbetare getts möjligheten att värdera kommunikationen med den närmaste chefen samt deras tillit till denna. / Great confidence in their immediate manager is not always a given. Many factors can affect the confidence that the employees in an organization feel for the manager and this study focuses specifically on factors related to communication; follow-up, appreciation, feedback, clearness, meaningfulness and management of conflicts/relationships. It can also differ between how men and women evaluate these factors and how this is related to their trust for their manager. To study this is one part of the purpose of this examination. Previous research in this area has revealed differences between how men and women perceive and value communication. Similarly this study's results show that there are communication differences between men and women, and that they value the factors differently. Women are more satisfied with the communication they are having, but the correlation between trust and all of the studied communication factors was stronger among men. By using the social psychological theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism we have analyzed and discussed these results. In general ourstudy shows a correlation between all of the selected communication factors and their impact on trust in the immediate manager. The study has a quantitative approach that has been carried out through a questionnaire survey in a public organization where all employees have been given the opportunity to evaluate how they assess communication by the different factors as well as trust in their manager.

Esta dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção trata de um estudo de caso que tem por objetivo descrever e analisar a evolução da organização da produção da função operacional de uma instituição financeira pública: o Banco Regional de Desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul - BRDE. O período coberto, final dos anos 80 a 1994, com ênfase para a fase 1992-1994, tem cada uma das configurações existentes examinadas, basicamente, a partir de nove fatores de análise. Alguns fatos de 1995 são relatados para melhor compreensão da fase examinada. Há uma breve revisão cobrindo os sistemas de gestão da produção, a questão da mudança nas organizações, bem como três dos métodos usados: a Gestão da Qualidade Total (TQC), o Aperfeiçoamento de Processos Empresariais e a Reengenharia. Estes três métodos são comparados entre si e contextualizados dentre os demais métodos gerenciais de aperfeiçoamento empresarial. As funções e o marco legal da operação dos bancos de desenvolvimento no Brasil são descritos sumariamente. Há uma breve caracterização do BRDE, com ênfase na evolução de suas atividades operacionais, da sua política de recursos humanos e das estruturas organizacionais com que operou no período em pauta. São tecidas considerações sobre o tempo de atravessamento operacional. Um amplo e detalhado projeto de melhoria com a participação do autor é analisado, tanto sob o aspecto de suas recomendações técnicas, como da metodologia e das intercorrências durante sua elaboração. Constatou-se que a atividade operacional no banco de desenvolvimento examinado possuiu o caráter de produção artesanal durante todo o período analisado. O processamento operacional passou, inicialmente, de uma lógica funcional taylorista/fordista com produção em linha para uma lógica de produção celular com minifábricas focalizadas. Posteriormente, foi tentada uma lógica onde se buscou transformar cada funcionário numa célula, proposta que não foi possível ser implantada, tal o nível de polivalência exigido. Verificou-se que a uma fase de mudanças suaves, espaçadas e razoavelmente consensuais, realizadas num ambiente externo relativamente estável (anos 80), sucedeu uma série de mudanças impostas, ambiciosas, executadas em curto espaço de tempo, sem que a mudança anterior pudesse se consolidar (período 1992-1994). A superposição do período de aprofundamento da análise com o reinício das atividades operacionais da instituição tornou muito dificil discernir, no crescimento do volume operacional, o que foi causado pelos processos de mudança do que foi devido à ocupação da capacidade instalada. Observou-se pouco uso de indicadores de defeito e deficiências na aferição da eficiência do emprego dos recursos alocados à função operacional. Verificou-se que distintas fontes de origem política são a gênese do poder na instituição - diretores nomeados, dois a dois, por Governador de Estado membro - o que, em geral, implica que haja falta de unidade na Direção, e que a duração média dos mandatos seja inferior à das gestões estaduais. A falta de envolvimento das chefias dos segmentos organizacionais atingidos foi identificada como a principal causa para a truncada implantação do projeto de melhoria do qual o autor participou. Propõe-se uma nova definição para Processo Empresarial. São apresentadas recomendações, tanto para a instituição estudada, como para novas pesquisas. / The aim of this Industrial Engineering's dissertation is to describe and analyze the evolution in production organization of operational function in a public financiai institution. For the purposes of this dissertation the Banco Regional de Desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul - BRDE, has been chosen as a case study. The covered period- end of 80's till 1994, emphasizing the 1992-1994 period - has one of each configuration examined from nine analysis factors. Some 1995 information is presented for the better understanding of the subjects under discussion. A brief review covers production management systems, organizational changes, as well as three of the methods used for it: Total Quality Control (TQC), Business Process lmprovement and Reengineering. These methods are compared and contextualized within the other managerial improvement methods. The functions and the legal limits for development bank's operations in Brazil are briefly described. There is a short BRDE's characterization, emphasizing the evolution of operational activities, human resources politics and the organizational structures the bank had pursued at the considered period. Some comments are made on the operational lead time. A wide and detailed improvement project shared by the author is analyzed covering their technical advice, as well as the methodology and the developing intercurrencies. It was verified that the operational activities of the development bank under examination has pursued an artesanal production character during the whole analyzed period. Operational processing moved, at first, from a Taylor/Ford functional logic with a lined production, to a cellular organization based on focused manufacturing. Lately there were attempts to turn each worker into a production cell, a proposal impossible to implant, as the polyvalent skill required. It was verified that after a period of soft, scattered and reasonably consensual changes, which took place in a basically stable environment in the 80's, succeeded a sequence of imposed, ambitious changes, which took place in a short period of time, without the consolidation of the previous change (1992-94 period). The superposition of the deeping analysis period with the operational recommencement of the institution rendered a lot difficult to discern on the operational data increasing, what was caused by the process of changing and what was related to the natural occupation of the idle capacity. It was observed small usage of defect rates and deficiencies in checking the efficiency of the resources designated to operational function. It was verified that different political origins are the genesis of institution's power - appointed directors, two by two, by Member-State Governar - which, in general, implies lack of unity at the Board and the average length of mandates are inferior of those of the state administrations. The lack of involvement from department's chief, who were affect by the change, was identified as the main cause of the mutilated implementation of the improvement project which the author has participated. A new definition for Business Process is proposed. Advice is presented for the analyzed institution, as well as for further research.