Background Immigrants often encounter barriers in the health system that may affect their health care outcomes. In order to better cater to the needs of immigrants, many health care institutions have increased their efforts in recent years to provide services which are more sensitive to the needs of an increasingly diverse population. Little is known about whether these efforts are successful. This study examines difference in outcomes of tertiary prevention between immigrants and the autochthonous population in Germany over the period of 2006–2014. Methods The analysis is based on a 10% random sample of routine data on completed tertiary preventive treatments in Germany during 2006–2014. Four different indicators of treatment effectiveness were compared between patients with a nationality from Germany, Portugal/Spain/Italy/Greece, Turkey and Former Yugoslavia using logistic regression adjusted for demographic/socioeconomic factors. Interaction terms for year were modeled to examine group differences over time. Results Depending on the outcome, Turkish and Former Yugoslavian nationals had an 23%-69% higher chance of a poor treatment effectiveness than Germans (OR = 1.23 [95%-CI = 1.15,1.32] and OR = 1.69 [95%-CI = 1.55,1.83], respectively). Fewer differences were observed between nationals from Portugal/Spain/Italy/Greece and Germans. Disparities did not significantly differ between the years in which services were utilized. Conclusion Measures implemented by health care institutions did not reduce existing health care disparities between immigrants and the majority population in Germany. One potential reason is that existing approaches are unsystematic and often not properly evaluated. More targeted strategies and a thorough evaluation is needed in order to improve health care for immigrants sustainably.

Background: Migration adds particular dimensions to social determinants of health, as being a migrant can make a person more vulnerable to negative health effects. Like in other crises, migrants are vulnerable to both direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19.  Aim: To examine migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information in Region Uppsala, with regard to comprehensiveness, importance and possibility to follow.  Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on secondary data obtained from Uppsala County Council. The sample consisted of n=855 participants aged between 15 and 70 years. Data were retrieved between September and October 2020. Descriptive analysis was used to explore migrants’ opinions, and non-parametric analysis was used to investigate the association between age and migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information.  Results: Migrants were using different sources for COVID-19 information, with the majority seeking information via school, TV and social media. The migrants’ opinions about the COVID-19 information with regard to comprehensiveness, importance and possibility to follow differed. Most of the migrants knew where to find information regarding COVID-19; however, nearly half of the migrants reported that the recommendations from the authorities should be more extensive. Age differences were detected when it came to wanting the information to be less extensive, and having the necessary information about the authorities work so far and the situation globally. Differences were found between the age groups when it came to the importance of the COVID-19 recommendations, with the younger group indicating a lower level of importance. There were also age differences when it came to the possibility of following the recommendations of staying at home if you are sick and keeping distance, with the younger group indicating a lower possibility to follow the recommendations.  Conclusions: Migrants’ opinions about COVID-19 information in Region Uppsala differed. The results indicate that interventions can be of use, in order to improve migrants’ health information seeking and literacy and an approach tailored by age could be helpful.

Key Words: migration, gender, transnational motherhood, care work, reproductive remmitences, Ukrainian female migrants in the Czech Republic Abstract: The aim of my dissertation is to analyze how gender operates in transnational spaces, and what impacts it has on the experience of motherhood and the formation of new gender identities. I will try to describe how transnational Ukrainian mothers narratively construct and emphasise their experiences with transnational motherhood. I will also focus my attention on the social practices of transnational motherhood and social conditions of female care migration in the Czech Republic.

This work is dedicated to the imagination of migrant communities from former Yugoslavia contextualized in their relation to the history, space and culture. The empirical basis of this work is grounded in the contemporary history of the migration vagues from former Yugoslavia. The first part of the work deals with the methodology and theory relevant for the following case studies that form the second part of this work. Its third part consists in history of the three migration vagues - political, economical and refugee migration. The sources of this work are heterogeneous and they are partly issued from the narration of the informants during several in-depth interviews and participant observation. The backbone of this work consist in the case studies focusing on the historical memory, lived space and popular culture of the migrant communitites from the former Yugoslaviain France, Austria and other European countries.

Integration of young migrants to the czech society by art practice Bc. Barbora Gallová 2012 ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with the integration of juvenile migrants to the new host (Czech) society. The integration process is a complex phenomenon, which happens in the various levels of social life and its course is influenced by many aspects such as degree of cultural differences between immigrants and the host society, the amount of their mutual social ties, and psychological disposition of individuals to cope with the new conditions, etc. The goal of my work is to discuss a potential of art, artistic process, to have a positive effect on personal and social life of young migrants in the new society and to facilitate the coexistence of majority-minority population. At the same time, through the analysis of two selected artistic projects that are focused on working with migrants, I am trying to show, how the articstic and prague's project are using art for working with young migrants and whether their method is effective in influencing the integration process.

Russian-speaking immigrant`s community in the Czech Republic is quite extensive and quite closed. A large proportion of this group includes university students whose civic engagement is an excellent indicator for assessing the level of integration into Czech society. The aim of this thesis is to find out how the young Russian-speaking immigrants participate in civil society in Prague and what potential obstacles to participation they have already had or may have. In addition, the large role is played by personal background and motivation of migrants. The history of the Russian migration in Czechoslovakia, integration theory and the theory of civic engagement are included in theoretical background. Design of the thesis is a qualitative research.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Bildungsverhalten von türkischstämmigen Schülern, deutschstämmigen Aussiedlern aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion und einheimischen Schülern ohne Migrationshintergrund am Übergang von der Grundschule in weiterführende Schulformen der Sekundarstufe I und am Übergang von Sekundarstufe I in schulische oder berufsbildende Ausbildungszweige dargestellt. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich Migrantenkinder an beiden Etappen im Bildungssystem nachteilig platzieren. Ziel der Arbeit ist es daher zu erörtern, welche Gründe hierfür verantwortlich sind. Zur Erklärung der Disparitäten wird auf die Theorien von Becker (1975), Boudon (1974), Erikson & Jonsson (1996) sowie von Breen & Goldthorpe (1997) zurückgegriffen. Obwohl sie zahlreiche Gemeinsamkeiten vorweisen, unterscheiden sie sich in der Relevanz, die sie der sozialen Herkunft zur Erklärung von differierenden Positionierungen zuschreiben. Diese Unterschiede werden dargelegt und die Vorhersagegüte der jeweiligen Mechanismen zur Erklärung des Bildungsverhaltens aller drei Schülergruppen an beiden Bildungsübergängen mittels multivariater Analyseverfahren überprüft. Hierfür werden Daten der Längsschnittstudie „Kinder und Jugendliche aus Zuwandererfamilien im deutschen und israelischen Bildungssystem“ (BMBF 2006-2010) genutzt. Zentrales Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass das Übergangsverhalten von Migrantenkindern im Vergleich zu einheimischen Kindern kaum durch deren soziale Herkunft beeinflusst wird. Während sich am ersten Bildungsübergang noch leichte Einflüsse der Schichtzugehörigkeit auf das Übergangsverhalten zeigen, verschwinden diese am zweiten Bildungsübergang gänzlich. Das Übergangsverhalten in höhere Bildung wird hauptsächlich durch die schulischen Leistungen, hohe Erfolgserwartungen und hohe Bildungsaspirationen beeinflusst. Die ökonomischen Verhältnisse der Familien spielen an beiden Übergängen eine untergeordnete Rolle. Zur adäquaten Vorhersage des Verhaltens eignen sich die Statustheorien (Boudon 1974; Breen & Goldthorpe 1997) infolge dessen weniger, da der Nutzen von hoher Bildung für sie einzig durch Statussicherung entsteht. Demgegenüber können aus den theoretischen Modellen von Erikson & Jonsson (1996) und Becker (1975) Mechanismen abgeleitet werden, die das Verhalten besser vorhersagen. Ihren Ausführungen zufolge wird der Bildungsertrag durch zahlreiche Faktoren bestimmt und orientiert sich nicht ausschließlich am zukünftigen sozialen Status. Dies hat zur Folge, dass wichtige erklärende Einflussfaktoren, wie die subjektiven Erfolgserwartungen und die Bildungsaspirationen, in die Modelle und somit in die Erklärung des Verhaltens integriert werden können. Unter Berücksichtigung des allgemeinen wissenschaftlichen Fortschritts innerhalb der Bildungssoziologie wird daher geraten, den Theorien von Erikson & Jonsson (1996) sowie Becker (1975) mehr Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken.:1. Einleitung 2. Türken und Aussiedler im deutschen Schulsystem 3. Theorien zur Erklärung von Bildungsentscheidungen 4. Forschungsstand 5. Beschreibung des Datensatzes 6. Soziale und ethnische Bildungsungleichheit am ersten Bildungsübergang 7. Soziale und ethnische Bildungsungleichheit am zweiten Bildungsübergang 8. Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerungen

Zimbabwean migrants in South Africa often send financial support to their relatives in Zimbabwe. This financial support is known as remittances and is sent as cash or in-kind. This study investigated the characteristics of the South African-Zimbabwe remittance corridor. A critical investigation of the remittance channels used, the type of remittances sent, and the remittance transaction costs involved was done. Data for use in this study was collected through interviews with remittance service providers and by actual remittance transfers to Zimbabwe. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of data using statistical analysis techniques was done. From the analyzed data, it was observed that remittance service providers fall into two channels: formal and informal. The informal remittance channels were found to be the most popular in this corridor. The popularity of informal channels can be attributed to lower transaction costs and a lack of documentation needed from the sender. Informal remittance channels do not require the remittance sender to provide any identification document, therefore, undocumented Zimbabwean migrants opt for them. Long-distance buses that serve the South Africa-Zimbabwe route were found to be a popular channel of sending remittances - both cash and in-kind - to Zimbabwe. In-kind remittances have gained popularity due to the perennial lack of household consumer goods in Zimbabwe. Due to the national lockdown imposed in South Africa as a response to the Covid19 global pandemic, the study was unable to find the volume of remittances that is sent through the informal longdistance buses and trucks. The lockdown resulted in the closure of borders and non-essential travel was not permitted. The study found that the remittance transaction cost in the South AfricaZimbabwe corridor was higher than the global average cost of 6.84% (for formal channels) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of 3% by the year 2030.

Thesis ( M.A.( Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / This study presents qualitative findings on lived experiences of migrant female youth in Musina, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Studies reveal that young females, more especially those from the African continent, migrate to foreign countries in large numbers for better livelihoods. A growing number of women, African women in particular, migrate more than ever to meet their own or their families’ economic needs. Some, of course, flee from wars and mostly migrate for better living conditions. Several studies show that many of these women migrate to South Africa. This is because South Africa is amongst the continent’s most popular destinations for Africa’s female migrants. Upon their arrival in South Africa, studies reveal that migrant female youth are faced with a vast number of challenges such as poverty and exclusion from accessing basic services. It is from this background that this study sought to explore lived experiences of migrant female youth in Musina. Nine female migrant youth accommodated by a church shelter in Musina were purposively and conveniently selected to participate in the study. Semi-structured face to face interviews were used to purposefully collect data that saturated at participant number 9. Thematic data analysis was used with the assistance of the Nvivo software to manage and organise data. The narrative theory was used in the study as it allowed the researcher insight and understanding when migrant female youth narrated their experiences and challenges they encounter as migrants in a foreign country. Findings reveal that many female migrant youths illegally migrate to South Africa in search of better livelihoods that are unavailable in their countries of origin. Furthermore, findings indicated that migrant female youth find themselves living in extreme poverty in the host country. However, the female youth employ various coping strategies for their sustainable livelihoods. They also experience exclusion from accessing healthcare services and face blatant xenophobia in the hands of local South Africans. It can therefore be concluded that migrant female youth face a number of challenges in their everyday lives as migrants in South Africa. It could also be helpful to integrate South Africa’s basic service delivery to include services for female migrant youth. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Introduktion: Migrationen har ökat markant det senaste decenniet. Detta leder till svårigheter att tillämpa vård på lika villkor för patienter som inte har sitt modersmål i landet de befinner sig i. Detta kräver att en tredje part som är tolk blir involverad för att underlätta kommunikationen mellan vårdgivare och patient. Syftet: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser vid användning av tolk i kommunikation med hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie baserad på vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar. Datainsamling genomförd i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Tolv utvalda artiklar har kvalitetsgranskats utifrån SBU:s kvalitetsgranskningsmall (2012).  Resultat: Patienters upplevelser av tolkanvändning inom hälso- och sjukvården var varierande. Resultatanalysen redogörs i fem kategorier; Jämlik vård, oro för missförstånd och bristande tillit, informella tolkar, professionalism hos tolken, tillfredsställelse med telefontolk/videotolk respektive fysisk närvaro. Slutsats: Tillgången till auktoriserade tolkar upplevdes avgörande för att få en jämlik vård. Däremot upplevde deltagarna att det uppstod brist på auktoriserade tolkar samt information om tillgången till auktoriserade tolkar. Patienterna beskrev positiva såväl som negativa aspekter av tolkanvändning. Den negativa upplevelsen gentemot den auktoriserad tolken beskrevs som att det förekom dialektskillnader som ledde till missförstånd, bristande tillit över tolkens översättningsförmåga samt tolkens sätt att vara objektiv och neutral i sitt uppdrag. Detta resulterade i att patienterna valde att använda informella tolkar bland annat familjemedlemmar som saknade medicinska språkkunskaper. Vilket i sin tur ledde till svårigheter att uppnå patientdelaktighet och personcentrerad vård.   Nyckelord Tolk, patienters upplevelser, migranter, kommunikationssvårigheter, hälso- och sjukvård. / Introduction: Migration has increased significantly in recent decades. This leads to difficulties in applying care on equal terms to patients who don’t have their mother tongue in the country in which they are located, which requires the involvement of a third party who is an interpreter to facilitate communication between healthcare professionals and patients. Aim: the purpose is to investigate patients' experiences of using an interpreter in communication in health care.   Method: A general literature study based on scientific qualitative articles. Data collection was performed in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Twelve selected quality articles were reviewed based on the SBU quality review template (2012).     Results: Patients' experiences of interpreter use in health care vary. The results analysis is presented in five categories; Equal care, Concerns about misunderstandings and lack of trust, non-formal interpreters, professionalism of the interpreter, Satisfaction with telephone interpreter / video interpreter and physical presence.   Conclusion: The availability of authorized interpreters was perceived as crucial in order to receive equal care. However, the participants felt that there was a shortage of authorized interpreters and information about the availability of authorized interpreters. Patients described positive as well as negative aspects of interpreting. The negative experience towards the authorized interpreter was described as that there were dialect differences that led to misunderstandings, lack of trust in the interpreter's translation ability and the interpreter's way of being objective and neutral in his assignment. This resulted in patients choosing to use informal interpreters, including family members who lacked medical language skills. Which in turn led to difficulties in achieving patient participation and person-centered care.   Keywords Interpreters, patients' experiences, migrants, communication difficulties, health care.