abstract: This study was done in collaboration with the Kino Border Initiative. The Kino Border Initiative is a Catholic, bi-national organization run by Missionary Sisters of the Eucharist, Jesuit priests and lay people. The organization is dedicated to providing services to recently deported migrants and migrants-in-transit through their soup kitchen, women's shelter and first aid station in Nogales, Sonora. Based on their experiences in the women's shelter, the Missionary Sisters of the Eucharist and researcher sought out to further understand migrant women's experiences of gender-based violence prior to migration. Using data collected by the Sisters, it was decided to use an analysis rooted in testimonio, and, in this way, use the women's words as a foundational basis for understanding the migration of women. The analysis is based on 62 testimonies related to women's histories of violence and their migration experiences, and the information from 74 intake questionnaires that were all analyzed retroactively. The analysis of data and testimonios has led to the realization that violence suffered by migrant women is not limited to the journey itself, and that 71% of women report having suffered some sort of violence either prior to or during migration. Often times, the first experiences of violence originated in their homes when they were children and continue to repeat itself throughout their lifetimes in varied forms. Their stories reveal how the decision to migrate is a consequence to the transnational and structural violence that pushes women to seek out ways to survive and provide for their families. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2013

L’objet de notre thèse est le turnover, indicateur communément mobilisé par les entreprises pour estimer le taux de roulement de leur personnel. Nous explorons les dynamiques sociales de ce phénomène dans l’hôtellerie et de la restauration, secteur traditionnellement impacté par de forts taux de turnover. Notre terrain d’application est l’Andorre, Etat souverain, dont la politique de gestion de l’immigration est pensée au travers des variabilités du marché de l’emploi.En combinant différentes méthodes sociologiques, cette thèse appréhende les acteurs et les actions qui concernent le turnover de personnel. Nous avons effectué six mois d’observation participante dans des établissements hôteliers andorrans et interrogé via un questionnaire les travailleurs tant sur leurs mobilités sectorielles et géographiques que sur leurs motivations conduisant à ces déplacements. Nous avons également interrogé les gestionnaires des ressources humaines et lobbyistes du secteur sur leurs manières de composer avec le turnover de leur personnel. Au carrefour d’une sociologie des organisations, des professions et d’une sociologie politique de gestion des flux migratoires, cette thèse défend tout d’abord le turnover comme la résultante d’arrangements effectués par les travailleurs et les employeurs vis-à-vis de la variabilité de l’activité touristique. Elle aborde ensuite de l’incertitude (horaires de travail et salaires) comme raison de départ des travailleurs des établissements hôteliers andorrans. Cette thèse éclaire par la suite, les représentations sociales des acteurs et la perspective d’une déprofessionnalisation des métiers de l’hôtellerie et de la restauration. Celle-ci conduit à l’ouverture « du champ des possibles » perçu par les travailleurs en matière d’emploi. Enfin, la thèse expose les conséquences, pour le secteur et pour les travailleurs, de la création d’instruments politiques de recrutement et de gestions des travailleurs-étrangers pour le marché de l’emploi andorran.Cette thèse met en œuvre une approche nouvelle et plus large du turnover en sociologie en associant les dynamiques organisationnelles à l’analyse des politiques publiques et des migrations. / The labor turnover is a common indicator used by companies for evaluating the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by new ones. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the social dynamics relative to this indicator in the field of hotel and catering, an industry well-known for its high turnover rates, and in the country of Andorra, a sovereign state surrounded by France and Spain, where immigration policy is based on the fluctuations of its internal job market.To gain insights of the turnover phenomena, referring to actors and their actions, a combination of various sociological methods has been used: a six month participant observation in Andorran hotels; a survey on employees’ mobility and its motivations, be it geographic or sectorial; and finally, interviews with hotel’s human resources managers and lobbyists regarding their adaptive strategies to staff turnover.Standing at the crossroads between sociology of organizations, sociology of work, and sociology of politics on migration flow control, this thesis defines the turnover as a result of arrangements taken by employees and employers to cope with the significant variability of tourism trade activity. It also exposes the uncertainty of work conditions in Andorran hotels – time schedule and wages – as a reason for employees to leave their job. Then, by studying the social representations in the hospitality industry and the perspectives of a de-professionalization of its jobs, the perceptive “range of possibilities” consequently opened to workers on the job hunt is being explored. Finally, this thesis evaluates the impact of political recruiting tools and foreign workers’ management tools, created for the Andorran job market, on the hotel and catering sector and its employees.This thesis introduces a wider definition of the notion of turnover in sociology, by combining organizational dynamics with the study of migration policies.

As teorias sobre a identidade, muito mais que se enveredarem por um enredo de métodos que, através do tempo, negam-se para se renovarem; tornam-se uma teia, mandala de observações, critérios e percepções diversos em si mesmos e entre o objeto em questão, num constructo fugidio, todavia, extremamente fascinante para o pesquisador, que se sente um eterno buscador da identidade do Homem, buscador de si mesmo. O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer uma discussão sobre as formas pelas quais esse caminho de identidades pode ser contemplado, relacionando-o com os migrantes e como eles se utilizam das suas experiências para recriarem seus sentidos no mundo e, consequentemente, suas identidades. Para tanto, partindo de EDGAR MORIN e sua concepção da razão complexa, faz-se um entrelaçamento entre alguns campos do saber: um enfoque sociocultural (CASTELLS, BAUMAN e HALL), a antropologia do imaginário e o trajeto antropológico (BACHELARD, DURAND e MAFFESOLI). Nesse entrelaçamento, articulamos conceitos de estereotipia, arquetipia, alteridade e alienação, vinculando-os à globalização, à modernidade tardia, à pedagogia da escolha e ao amor fati (NIETZCHE). Os sujeitos participantes do processo são migrantes, que, a partir de várias formas comunicativas vinculadas às suas histórias de vida (RUBIO), compõem, cada qual, sua identidade. O que se observou, nestes relatos, foram grandes possibilidades de encontros epistemológicos entre antropologia do imaginário e as teorias sociológicas, como se as pontes entre os conhecimentos, ao surgirem, trouxessem caminhos novos à nossa compreensão sobre identidades: coletiva, individual, social ou imaginária. Além disso, nota-se também a migração como ponte e descoberta de percepções sobre o moto-contínuo identitário por que passa a modernidade tardia no que se refere ao mosaico de culturas iluminado pela globalização, entendida tanto como causa quanto como consequência desses fenômenos sociais: o migrante/andarilho e suas histórias de vida ilustram e contemplam verdades e repertórios importantíssimos para uma realização existencial do homem diante da modernidade tardia. / The theories about identity, much more than tread on a place of methods that, throught the times, refuse to be renewed, become a web, observant mandalas, criteria and perceptions varied themselves and between the object in question, in an fleeting construct, however, extremely fascinating for researcher, who is an eternal seeker of the human identity and seeker from itself. The objective of this work is to establish a discussion about the ways in which this identities path can be contemplated, relating it to the migrants and to how they use their experiences to recreate their direction in the world and, consequently, their identities. Therefore, departing from EDGAR MORIN and his conception of complex reason, an interlacing among some fields of knowledge was made: a focus on culture and society (CASTELLS, BAUMAN and HALL), as well imaginary anthropology and anthropological path (BACHELARD, DURAND and MAFFESOLI). In this interlacing, we articulated stereotyped concepts, arquetipia, otherness and alienation, linking them to globalization, the late modernity, the pedagogy of choice and love fati (NIETZCHE). The subjects participants of process are migrants that, departing from various communicative forms linked to them life stories (RUBIO), make up, each one their identity. In these stories, great possibilities of epistemological meetings were observed, such between anthropology of the imaginary and sociological theories, as if the bridges between knowledge, by arising, bringed news paths for our understanding about identities: collective, individual, social or imaginary. In addition, migration is noted as bridge and discovery perceptions about identity, path on which late modernity spends itself, referring to the cultures mosaic illuminated for globalization, understood both as cause and consequence of those social phenomena: the migrant / wanderer and his life stories illustrate and contemplate truths and repertoires very important to an human existential accomplishment face of late modernity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente pesquisa analisa o papel do migrante como sujeito da genealogia e dinâmica urbana do município de Rorainópolis na Amazônia setentrional, última fronteira amazônica. A pesquisa compreende o intervalo temporal da década de 1970 ao ano de 2013. Neste caminho, as técnicas de pesquisas utilizadas foram levantamento bibliográfico, análises documentais e fotográficas, entrevistas, questionários e observações in loco. Em Roraima, Rorainópolis cidade que emergiu nesta parte da Amazônia no final da década de 1970, em consequência das políticas de ocupação humana e territorial na Amazônia direcionada pelo governo central. Políticas de ocupação que tiveram a migração como elemento central, uma vez que a concepção de território associava-se a uma ocupação humana, desconsiderando as características da floresta e de uma população já existente. Assim o governo militar efetivou ações, como a construção de rodovias e projetos de assentamentos, com o propósito de ocupar e explorar economicamente regiões consideradas como vazios demográficos. Nessa situação, encontra-se a região Sul do Estado de Roraima, recorte desta pesquisa, quando se utiliza o município de Rorainópolis como elemento de análise, objetivando compreender o papel do migrante na genealogia e dinâmica desta área urbana. Partindo desse pressuposto, um fluxo migratório se dirige a essa porção do território roraimense e começa constituir no final da década de 1970, um pequeno aglomerado as margens da rodovia BR-174. Igualmente em 1979 marca instalação do Projeto de Assentamento Dirigido PAD-ANAUÁ, assinalando a consolidação do núcleo embrionário urbano de Rorainópolis. O referido órgão instala a sua sede neste espaço, e a partir desse momento o pequeno aglomerado passa a ser conhecido como Vila do INCRA, a partir de então, esse núcleo embrionário urbano recebeu grande incremento demográfico em virtude dos fluxos migratórios que se destinavam para esta porção Sul do Estado de Roraima, durante o final da década de 1970, que se seguiram nas décadas de 1980 e 1990. Nesta trajetória, outro elemento que marca a história desse lugar se deu em 1995, quando a conhecida Vila do INCRA ganha status de cidade com o nome de Rorainópolis com a emancipação política do município de mesmo nome. Neste contexto, o núcleo urbano de Rorainópolis, sua expansão urbana vem acontecendo, marcado pela carência de infraestrutura básica, equipamentos e serviços urbanos adequados, e neste sentido, consolidando a perda de qualidade de vida de seus residentes. / This research examines the role of the migrant as a subject of genealogy and urban dynamics in the northern city of Rorainópolis Amazon, Amazon last frontier. The research covers the time interval from the 1970s to the year 2013. In this way, the research techniques used were bibliographic, documentary and photographic analyzes interviews, questionnaires and in situ observations. In Roraima, Rorainopolis city that emerged in this part of the Amazon in the late 1970s , the political consequences in human and territorial occupation in Amazonia directed by the central government . Occupation policies that had migration as a central element, since the conception of the territory was associated with a human occupation, disregarding the characteristics of the forest and an existing population. Therefore, the military government effected actions, such as building roads and settlement projects, in order to occupy and exploit economically regions considered demographic gaps. In this situation, lying south of the State of Roraima, trimming this research, when using the municipality as Rorainópolis element analysis in order to understand the role of migrants in genealogy and dynamics of this urban area? Based on this assumption, a migratory flow is directed to that portion of Roraima territory and constitute begins in the late 1970s, a small cluster margins of the BR - 174 highway. Also in 1979 the brand Settlement Project Managed PAD- Anaua installation, marking the consolidation of the urban core of embryonic Rorainopolis. The national installs its headquarters in this space, and from that moment the small cluster becomes known as Village of INCRA, from then on, this core embryonic received large urban population growth due to migration flows intended for this portion South of the State of Roraima, during the late 1970s, which followed in the 1980s and 1990s. In this trajectory, another element that marks the history of this place was in 1995, when the village known INCRA win city status with the name of Rorainopolis with the political emancipation of the municipality of the same name. In this context, the urban core Rorainopolis, its urban sprawl is happening, marked by a lack of basic infrastructure, equipment and adequate urban services, and in this sense, consolidating the loss of quality of life of its residents.

O objeto da pesquisa é o estudo da mobilidade do trabalho em suas diferentes formas no processo de modernização, no qual a rede social aparece como um produto e suporte de desencadeamento. Para tal, estudamos a migração de nordestinos para a metrópole de São Paulo e em especial uma grande rede social de piauienses. Esse último grupo de migrantes nordestinos vai se inserir no mundo do trabalho na condição de carregadores no terminal de abastecimento da Grande São Paulo. Assim, esses nordestinos demarcam a sua territorialidade, expressa na relação de trabalho, na sua origem e na sua residência. A Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais do Estado de São Paulo - CEAGESP - possui entre outros equipamentos um entreposto terminal de produtos hortifrutigranjeiros e pescado. Este entreposto está instalado desde 1966 na Vila Leopoldina, localizado na Zona Oeste da cidade de São Paulo. Ele é um grande mercado de trabalho, em que a mobilidade do trabalho está materializada sob diversas formas ocupação tanto na área interna, como no seu entorno. As formas de trabalho desse Mercado estão inseridos nos dois circuitos da economia urbana. / This research aims at studying the labor mobility in its different forms within the modernization process, in which the social network appears as its product and also as a ground for its development. Thus, we exam the migration of Brazilian Northeastern people to the city of São Paulo, more specifically those from the State of Piauí. Members of this group tend to introduce themselves in the labor market in the condition of carriers in the São Paulo metropolitan supplying terminal, known as CEAGESP. By that, these migrants define their territoriality, expressed in the labor relationships they establish in their origin places as well as in their local residences. The State of São Paulo General Mart and Warehouse Company - CEAGESP - has among other equipments a commercialization terminal of vegetables, fruits, and fish and poultry products. This mart has been installed at Vila Leopoldina since 1966, located in the West Zone of the city of São Paulo. Also, it constitutes an immense \"labor market\", where the labor mobility is materialized under various occupation forms, be it in its internal area or in its surroundings. The labor forms of this market are inserted in both the urban economy circuits.

Littéralement « petite soeur travaillant pour un patron », le terme dagongmei désigne la main d’œuvre chinoise féminine salariée non qualifiée composée de jeunes filles non mariées souvent originaires de milieux ruraux, et migrant hors de leur village, parfois hors de leur province pour trouver un emploi. Les dagongmei représentent une catégorie de travailleuses précaires, main d’œuvre occasionnelle facilement interchangeable produite par les politiques de développement économique de la Chine au cours des quatre dernières décennies. Depuis les années 90, la médiatisation de scandales sur les conditions de travail des sujets dagong retentit en Chine et au niveau international, appelant les entreprises à repenser leur rôle social. D’autre part, face aux inégalités socio-économiques et politiques qui déterminent les parcours actuels des Chinoises, le gouvernement adopte un positionnement s’affichant comme résolument en faveur de l’empowerment des femmes. Cette thèse porte sur un groupe de jeunes femmes issues de villages ruraux de la province du Yunnan et employées à Kunming dans une entreprise à capitaux étrangers se définissant comme fonctionnant de manière socialement responsable et pourvoyeuse d’empowerment pour ses employées. Si le projet de modernité et de mondialité de la Chine a façonné de nouveaux sujets-travailleurs dagongmei et dagongzai, par la transformation de corps de migrants ruraux en corps de travailleurs industriels, quels sujets dagongmei un projet d’entreprise socialement responsable se propose-t-il de contribuer à produire ? Comment penser les processus d’individualisation au sein de groupes subalternes selon une perspective prenant en compte les rapports sociaux de sexe ? / Literally "little sister working for a boss", the term dagongmei refers to the unskilled, unmarried, often coming from rural areas female labor force, migrating out of their villages, sometimes out of their province to find a job. The dagongmei represent a category of precarious workers easily interchangeable produced by China's economic development policies over the past four decades. Since the 1990s, the media coverage of scandals on working conditions of dagong subjects increased in China and internationally, calling on companies to rethink their social role. On the other hand, considering the socio-economic and political inequalities that determine the current paths of Chinese women, the government adopts a positioning that is resolutely in favor of women's empowerment. This thesis focuses on a group of young women from rural villages in Yunnan province who are employed in Kunming in a foreign-owned enterprise that defines itself as socially responsible and empowering its employees. If the project of modernity and globality of China has shaped new subjects-workers dagongmei and dagongzai, by the transformation of bodies of rural migrants into bodies of industrial workers, what subjects dagongmei a socially responsible enterprise project to contribute to produce? How can we think of the processes of individualisation within subaltern groups from a perspective that takes into account the gendered relations?

The thesis evaluates how effective the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the EU have been in promoting the human rights of vulnerable migrants. It thereby pursues two objectives. Firstly, it questions legal scholarship that has identified certain rulings of the two courts as vital for migrant rights but which have not analysed their impact empirically. Secondly, it makes a methodological contribution to the evaluation of the effectiveness of international courts by proposing (and applying) an 'issue-based' methodology which assesses judicial bodies for their ability to resolve specific social and political problem. For these purposes, eight carefully selected 'key cases' are analysed in terms of three effectiveness types, namely law development, case-specific, and strategic effectiveness. The empirical materials used include interviews with 28 persons who were directly or indirectly involved in the selected key cases. Legal and empirical analyses show varying and complex results for the different cases, with some general trends emerging. Firstly, the case law of the courts is characterised by a significant inconsistency, resulting in a 'dilemmatic adjudication' that diminishes the impact of even rights-affirming judgments. Secondly, the 'case-specific' impact on the persons or the countries concerned remains contingent as governments and domestic courts manage to contain the ruling. Lastly, lawyers and NGOs increasingly use the courts in a strategic way, which can elevate impact on policy. Yet, this will depend on the resources invested, raising the question whether such strategies are the most efficient way to promote migrant rights. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse soutient que les politiques de migrations temporaires entravent la mobilité de l'individu, à partir du cas des migrants indiens dans la région du golfe persique. La pratique et le droit international définissent la mobilité comme le droit à la « liberté de mouvement » sans dispositions supplémentaires pour faciliter le choix de s’établir, permettant aux Etats de pratiquer ces politiques de convenance. Ce travail interdisciplinaire qui privilégie l’angle sociologique interroge les implications politiques et le droit international. Il montre que le non-respect prolongé des droits des migrants, surtout par les pays d’accueil, produit des conditions et des résultats restrictifs pour tous les acteurs- des indicateurs montrent l’exclusion systématique du migrant dans la société d’accueil. Cinq chapitres présentent empiriquement le « migrant » dans le golfe qui expérimente la vulnérabilité à différentes échelles : entrepreneurs, marchands-patriarches, travailleurs en col blanc, travailleurs en col bleu, et les femmes migrantes. La politique de migration temporaire des six Etats du Conseil de coopération du Golfe (GCC)- Arabie Saoudite, Oman, Émirats Arabes Unis, Qatar, Bahreïn et Koweït- constitue un exemple heuristique. Sans être un cas unique, il montre une exclusion plus sévère en raison de la nature conservatrice de ces monarchies et de la place de l’Islam comme religion d’Etat. Les politiques de migrations circulaires sont populaires aujourd’hui et les Etats en profitent à leur convenance en privilégiant la flexibilité et la non-intégration pour éviter les responsabilités vis-à-vis des migrants. Le migrant temporaire est donc, le travailleur précaire dans le marché mondial du travail. Le statut d’incertitude structurelle est aussi un des principaux éléments qui séparent « l’Indien du golfe » du reste des Indiens non-résidents (NRI). / The thesis highlights the evidence in the Arab-Gulf region with the Indian migrants to argue that the temporary migration policies hinder the individual’s mobility. International practice and law articulate mobility narrowly as merely the right to “freedom of movement” without also provision to facilitate the choice to settle, which allows states to perpetuate such expedient policies. The work is an inter-disciplinary approach, with mainly a sociological lens and interrogates the implications for policy and international law. It shows that mainly the receiving states’ prolonged non-respect of the migrant’s rights using the “temporary” frame produces limiting conditions and outcomes for all the actors- selected indicators show the systematic exclusion of the migrant in the host society. Five chapters empirically present the “guest worker” in the Gulf who experiences vulnerability at different levels: entrepreneur, trader-patriarch, white-collar worker, blue-collar worker and female migrant. The guest-worker policy practice of the six oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries- Saudi Arabia, Oman, the UAE, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait- is a heuristic example. The GCC region is not a unique case although it might show more severe exclusion, due to the conservative regimes as monarchies and following Islam as the state-religion. Circular migration policies are popular today and states manifest expediency by privileging flexibility and non-integration to evade responsibility for the migrant. The guest-worker is hence, the precarious worker in the global labour market. The structural uncertainty is a factor that mainly also separates the “Gulf-Indian” from the larger non-resident Indian (NRI) population elsewhere.

Les migrations Sud-Nord et Sud-Sud sont une actualité brûlante, et les instruments juridiquescensés les réguler sont ignorés des peuples, et insuffisamment analysés par les juristes. Le rôle desÉtats, de leurs organisations régionales et internationales est fondamental dans l’élaboration d’un droitdes migrations internationales. La présente thèse identifie deux situations qui caractérisent lecomportement des États africains depuis leur accession à la souveraineté nationale. D’une part, un rôlede subordination vis-à-vis des États du Nord (1960 à 2006) selon lequel les États africains se sontcontentés de répondre favorablement aux politiques migratoires des États du Nord, sans exiger decontrepartie. D’autre part, depuis la conclusion des accords de réadmission, on assiste à une relativeémancipation de certains États africains. Ce sont surtout des États (Sénégal, Mali) aux traditionsmigratoires Sud-Nord plus anciennes qui exigent désormais des contreparties avant la conclusion denouvelles conventions. Le comportement de ces États est influencé par une opinion publique nationaleplus sensible à la question migratoire en raison de l’ampleur des transferts financiers des travailleursmigrants vers leurs pays d’origine et une diaspora éclairée fortement installée dans les États du Nord.Par ailleurs, l’étude met en exergue les contradictions des organisations communautaires ouestafricainessur la question migratoire. L’UEMOA et la CEDEAO sont prises en étau, entre promotionde la libre circulation, du droit de résidence et d’établissement des personnes dans des espacesmigratoires en réalité concurrentiels, et en même temps acceptation des rôles de gardes frontièresextérieures de l’Union européenne. / The South-North and South-South migrations constitute one of the burning hot newstoday, whereas the supposed legal instruments to control them are unknown by people, andinsufficientthy analyzed by lawyers. The role of implied States, regional community agencies andinternational institutions, is howewer foundamental in the recognition or the refusal of migrantworkers’rights. The present thesis identifies two situations which characterize the behavior of manyAfrican States since their accession to national and international sovereignty. On the one hand, AfricanStates played a role of subordination, with respect to the States of the North (from 1960 to 2006),through which they were satisfied with answering favorably to the migratory policies of WesternStates, without requiring any counterpart. On the other hand, this study shows a relative emancipationof certain African States since the conclusion of re-admission agreements. Those are States (Senegaland Mali) with older South-North migratory traditions, which require from now on counterparts beforethe signature of new conventions. The behavior of those States is also influenced by a national opinionmore sensitive to the migratory question and a well-educated diaspora strongly settled in the NorthenStates. Lastly, the survey puts forward contradictions of the West African Community orgazations onthe migratory issue. UEMOA and ECOWAS organizations taken out of wice between the promotingfreedom of movement and that of right of residence as well as establishment of people in migratoryspaces actually competing each other, and ensuring at the same time the role of external guard-bordersfor the European Union

Magister Artium - MA / According to migrant research in South Africa, after the advent of democracy in South Africa, in 1994, the country has received an influx of foreign migrants, more especially from the African continent. However, much focus has been on the negative outcomes of the host community and its relationship with immigrants. Recent immigration research labelled South Africa as a xenophobic nation, and much emphasis on xenophobia was in Black South African townships. Although townships in South Africa are widely known for their hostile attitudes towards African nationals, in recent years, townships like Gugulethu have become homes for many African immigrants. This study investigates the integration of foreign migrants into the South African community: a case of Zimbabweans living in Gugulethu, Cape Town. Qualitative research methods' adopting an in-depth interpretation of the findings was used to answer the research question posed by this study. The research question posed by this study is, in the absence of a strategic plan to integrate African foreign nationals into South Africa society, how do African migrants living in Gugulethu use their social capital to integrate themselves into the local community, which is widely regarded as xenophobic? Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations and data was analysed according to the research questions by making codes and themes. In addition, the number of study participants was 30 people; 25 Zimbabwean immigrants and for comparative purposes 2 Ugandan immigrants and 3 local South Africans were also included. Both convenience and snowballing sampling techniques were used. The study found that despite the challenges faced by migrants in their host community, these migrants used their social capital in the form of social networks to integrate themselves into the host community.