This study focuses on the lives and livelihoods of foreign African academics at UKZN. The study attempts to unpack the driving forces behind their decision to migrate and why South Africa has become a preferred destination for these migrants. It explores the kind of networks that inform them of employment opportunities that are available in institutions of higher learning in South Africa. It also sets out to explore the kind of skills possessed by these migrants that are needed for the development of skills in the institution. Research findings reveal a combination of micro and macro factors as reasons surrounding foreign African professional migrancy in South Africa. Macro factors are subsumed under general and structural reasons which include high unemployment rates, corruption, nepotism, and other forms of political oppressions and infrastructural problems. Over and above the relative viability of South African institutions with modern technological facilities and well organised curricular and material structures serve as major attractions to foreign African professional migrancy into the country. The factors of cultural affinity and geographical proximity are also among the reasons that foreign African academics at UKZN cited for their migration into South Africa. The individual in this study constitutes the basic unit in providing a more nuanced understanding of why this group of foreigners migrated to South Africa. In this regard personal reasons such as family pressure and change of geographical space form an integral part of reasons surrounding their migrancy in South Africa. Following the professional convenience that UKZN offers, this research showcases the desire expressed by various migrants under this study to pursue and establish a scholarship that would promote and legitimise Africa as an intellectual space of knowledge production. Being a “Premier University of African Scholarship”, professional migrants from the rest of the continent have indicated their willingness to dedicate their services within their different capacities to develop a curriculum that meets the needs of South Africa and Africa. The study shows some contributions that foreign academic are making in the development of the institution. From a social perspective the study highlights how professional African migrants have reconstructed gender roles and household constitution. Transnational migration as shown by this study reveals changing patterns in gender as African women just like the men are engaged in transnational activities for economic and career advancement. African women with educational skills whether married or unmarried have independently undertaken the decision to migrate for economic and social upliftment. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

This study uses two survey data - one conducted in Kyrgyzstan and another in the United States - to examine the effect of familial responsibilities, cultural expectations and tradition in Kyrgyzstan on young adults' decision to marry a foreigner. It predicted there would be certain gender and ethnic differences in migration of 18 to 30 years old young adults, citizens of Kyrgyzstan. Two assumptions were explored: 1) females, more than males, would like to marry a foreigner and stay in a foreign country and 2) Russian, more than Turkic respondents would like to stay in a foreign country if they found a mate who was a foreigner. These differences were expected due to contrasting familial responsibilities of females versus males and Russian versus Turkic young people. Familial responsibilities did not explain the gender and ethnic differences in marriage migration. The gender variable suggests further investigation whereas the ethnic differences show a stronger effect on the marriage migration. Russians, more than Turkic young adults, wanted to marry a foreigner since they wanted to emigrate from Kyrgyzstan eventually and did not want to return. / Department of Sociology

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster, 1990. / Accompagné de sept cartes sur quatre feuillets en pochette. Bibliogr. p. 233-251.

Orientador: Samuel Alves Soares / Banca: Rossana Rocha Reis / Banca: Paulo José dos Reis Pereira / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: Esta dissertação trata do processo de securitização da imigração, tendo como estudo de caso a política migratória da Itália. Objetiva-se problematizar e desmistificar os processos de construção do imigrante como irregular, criminoso e principalmente como uma ameaça ao Estado em suas esferas social, cultural, política e econômica. Neste sentido, no primeiro capítulo disserta-se sobre a construção teórica dessas práticas e sobre o seu caráter predominantemente político. A categorização como ameaça influencia na formulação de políticas de ação violentas contra imigrantes, que podem até violar direitos. No entanto, a utilização de práticas securitária torna-se cada vez mais rotineira. No segundo capítulo, analisa-se como ocorreu a securitização da imigração no âmbito europeu- essencial para a compreensão do que ocorreu na Itália- e de que forma o processo de regionalização do bloco europeu foi determinante na diferenciação do imigrante irregular como Outro e então em sua categorização como ameaça, no mesmo patamar de crimes transnacionais, como o terrorismo. No terceiro capítulo analisa-se o caso italiano, cujas mudanças na política migratória refletem emblematicamente os processos de criminalização e securitização do imigrante como uma prática política institucionalizada e legalizada. Por fim, conclui-se que o processo de securitização da imigração parte de um ato político e não técnico e que ao invés de uma hiperpolitização - na perspectiva securitária -, ocorre uma despolitização do imigrante, já que sua cidadania é usurpada em nome da segurança estatal. / Abstract: This master thesis deals with the securitization of immigration process, taking as a study case the migration policy of Italy. The objective is to discuss and demystify the immigrant construction processes as an irregular, a criminal and especially as a threat to the State in its social, cultural, political and economic areas. In this sense, in the first chapter we discuss the theoretical construction of these practices and their predominantly political character. The categorization as a threat influences the formulation of violent actions against immigrants, who may even violate some rights. However, the use of draconian securitarian practices become increasingly commonplace. In the second chapter, we analyze how the securitization of immigration occurred essentially in the European framework- what is essential to understand what happened in Italy- and how the regionalization process was crucial in differentiating the irregular immigrant as the Other and then in its categorization as a threat, at the same level of transnational crimes such as terrorism. In the third chapter, we analyze the case of Italy, whose changes in migration policy symbolically reflect the processes of criminalization and securitization of the immigrant as an institutionalized and legalized political practice. Finally, it is concluded that the process of securitization of immigration is part of a political act and not technical and that instead of a hyperpolitization - in the securitarian perspective -, there is a de-politicization of immigrant, since their citizenship is misused in the name of state security. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000837861.pdf: 662586 bytes, checksum: 7add3c05148ac22cf1d4680ed667cf24 (MD5) / Esta dissertação trata do processo de securitização da imigração, tendo como estudo de caso a política migratória da Itália. Objetiva-se problematizar e desmistificar os processos de construção do imigrante como irregular, criminoso e principalmente como uma ameaça ao Estado em suas esferas social, cultural, política e econômica. Neste sentido, no primeiro capítulo disserta-se sobre a construção teórica dessas práticas e sobre o seu caráter predominantemente político. A categorização como ameaça influencia na formulação de políticas de ação violentas contra imigrantes, que podem até violar direitos. No entanto, a utilização de práticas securitária torna-se cada vez mais rotineira. No segundo capítulo, analisa-se como ocorreu a securitização da imigração no âmbito europeu- essencial para a compreensão do que ocorreu na Itália- e de que forma o processo de regionalização do bloco europeu foi determinante na diferenciação do imigrante irregular como Outro e então em sua categorização como ameaça, no mesmo patamar de crimes transnacionais, como o terrorismo. No terceiro capítulo analisa-se o caso italiano, cujas mudanças na política migratória refletem emblematicamente os processos de criminalização e securitização do imigrante como uma prática política institucionalizada e legalizada. Por fim, conclui-se que o processo de securitização da imigração parte de um ato político e não técnico e que ao invés de uma hiperpolitização - na perspectiva securitária -, ocorre uma despolitização do imigrante, já que sua cidadania é usurpada em nome da segurança estatal. / This master thesis deals with the securitization of immigration process, taking as a study case the migration policy of Italy. The objective is to discuss and demystify the immigrant construction processes as an irregular, a criminal and especially as a threat to the State in its social, cultural, political and economic areas. In this sense, in the first chapter we discuss the theoretical construction of these practices and their predominantly political character. The categorization as a threat influences the formulation of violent actions against immigrants, who may even violate some rights. However, the use of draconian securitarian practices become increasingly commonplace. In the second chapter, we analyze how the securitization of immigration occurred essentially in the European framework- what is essential to understand what happened in Italy- and how the regionalization process was crucial in differentiating the irregular immigrant as the Other and then in its categorization as a threat, at the same level of transnational crimes such as terrorism. In the third chapter, we analyze the case of Italy, whose changes in migration policy symbolically reflect the processes of criminalization and securitization of the immigrant as an institutionalized and legalized political practice. Finally, it is concluded that the process of securitization of immigration is part of a political act and not technical and that instead of a hyperpolitization - in the securitarian perspective -, there is a de-politicization of immigrant, since their citizenship is misused in the name of state security.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study is the result of ethnographic research that was done with residents and former residents from the remaining community of Arnesto Penna Carneiro quilombos, from Santa Maria, RS, who have migrated to the city of Caxias do Sul, RS. The study shows how goes the process of constituting these migrants identities by establishing ethnic boundaries between distinct ethnic groups, negroids from a quilombola community who turn out residing in a city that is known as to belong to Italians . The analysis of a migrant family s life trajectory and some of their relatives that meet the big city shows the many identity redefinitions to which they are subject; the farm chores, which are different from the ones in the industry; the learning of new work techniques, of socialization to an urban lifestyle; the advantages and disadvantages of living in a land of opportunities ; as well as the own notion of what it is a quilombola, as an attribution category. Furthermore, it is pointed out that these quilombolas are interacting with the Italianality that is present in the society they are inserted in and how the quilombola community, through their practices and cultural values, continues to be a reference for the everyday experiences of their former residents in Caxias do Sul. This study fits to debates on immigration, social identity and ethnicity by highlighting the relationships between distinct ethnic groups which interact in an urban context. / Este estudo é resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada com moradores e exmoradores da comunidade remanescente de quilombos Arnesto Penna Carneiro, de Santa Maria, RS, que migraram para a cidade de Caxias do Sul, RS. O estudo mostra como ocorre o processo de constituição das identidades desses migrantes a partir do estabelecimento de fronteiras étnicas entre grupos étnicos distintos, negros de uma comunidade quilombola que passam a residir em uma cidade conhecida como de italianos . A análise da trajetória de vida de uma família de migrantes e de alguns parentes que se encontram com a cidade grande coloca em cena as muitas redefinições identitárias a que estão sujeitos; os afazeres na lavoura, que são diferentes das tarefas na indústria; o aprendizado de novas técnicas de trabalho, de socialização a um estilo de vida urbano; as vantagens e desvantagens de viver em uma terra de oportunidades ; bem como a própria noção do que seja um quilombola, enquanto uma categoria de atribuição. Ainda, aponto como esses quilombolas estão interagindo com a italianidade vigente na sociedade em que estão inseridos e como a comunidade quilombola, em suas práticas e valores culturais, continua servindo como referência para as experiências cotidianas de seus ex-moradores em Caxias do Sul. Este estudo se insere nos debates sobre imigrações, identidade social e etnicidade ao enfocar as relações entre grupos étnicos distintos que interagem em um contexto urbano.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa em questão pretende desvelar as concepções de espaço e lugar presentes em crianças que se deslocam, quer seja dentro de uma mesma unidade geográfica ou entre diferentes áreas. O interesse em conhecer um pouco mais sobre a realidade dessas crianças surgiu há algum tempo quando desenvolvia uma pesquisa numa comunidade, no interior da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, de aproximadamente 800 habitantes e tive contato com crianças que teriam as suas vivências locais interrompidas, devido a necessidade de seus familiares saírem para outros lugares. Trabalhando com fontes documentais foi possível perceber que o processo de migração dessas crianças e desses jovens tem início com a própria colonização portuguesa em nosso território, como ficaram registrados em relatos de época, que apontavam a presença de crianças entre os tripulantes que faziam a travessia ultramarinha. Além disso, considerando meninos e meninas, de variadas idades, de três escolas públicas da cidade de Juiz de Fora e trabalhando numa perspectiva interpretativa, foi possível apontar características singulares que estão presentes nas representações de espacialidade dessas crianças que migram e suas interações com a própria constituição da identidade de ser criança a partir do estabelecimento de territórios de infância. / This research intends to reveal the concepts of space and place present in children who move within the same geographical unity or to different areas. The interest in discovering more about the reality of this children has happened some time ago while developing a research in a community of the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, of approximately 800 habitants,where I had contact with children who had to move due to the necessity their parents had to transfer to other places. Working with documental sources it was possible to notice that the migration progress of these children and youngsters started during the portuguese colonization in our country according to the reports from that time that showed trh presence of children among the crews of the ships of teh ultramarine crossing. Besides, considering boys and girls, of various ages, from three public schools of the city of Juiz de Fora and working on an interpretative perspective, it was possible to point unique characteristics which occur on the space representations of the children who migrate and their interaction with the constitution of their identities as children starting from the establishment of territories in the childhood.

Cryptophytes are free-living unicellular algae which are important for the productivity and food chain Dynamics of temperate lakes. This study provides fundamental information on the ecophysiology of two freshwater cryptophytes of different cell size, mainly in terms of growth and related factors. This thesis comprises of six chapters, three of which describe light or light-and-temperature experiments with small-scale batch cultures (Chapters. 2 to 4), one depicts a larger scale laboratory experiment simulating natural conditions (Chapter 5) and the two last (Chapters 6 and 7) are based on short-term investigations in situ. The effects of light and temperature on nutrient-saturated growth and cellular composition (chlorophyll a, proteins, carbohydrates) were studied in batch cultures. With the help of mathematical models, the physiological basis for interspecific differences of growth response was determined (Chapter 2). The cryptophyte strain L315 appeared to be a cold-water species as its optimum temperature was ca. 19°C. The strain L485 was more adapted to warm-water conditions with its optimum of ca. 24.5 °C. In respect of their growth response to irradiance, L485 can be said to be a stenotopic and L315 a eurytopic strain, as L485 shows photoinhibition soon after saturation point, whereas L315 tolerates a much wider range of irradiance. The role of changes in cellular composition is discussed. In order to explain the observed growth differences the effects of light and temperature on gross photosynthesis, respiration and hence net productivity were studied (Chapter 3). The observed respiration/photosynthesis ratios were high, as in L485 and L315 respiration accounted for 17-77 % and 14-81 % of gross photosynthesis, respectively. Under optimum conditions the respiration/Pmax for L485 was 17 % and for L315 58 %. The response of cryptophytes to chromatic light was studied by means of quantitative epifluorescence microscopy and it was found that in comparison to blue-green algae cryptophytes L485 and L315 do not gain such great adaptational advantages in terms of growth by chromatic adaptation (Chapter 4). The modest role of chromatic adaptation is discussed. The role of diel vertical migrations (DVM) in the growth of cryptophytes was studied in 4 m tall experimental columns (Chapter 5). Results revealed that by migrating into cooler, nutrient rich. hypolimnion flagellated cryptophytes can increase their growth rate under conditions where resources (light and nutrients) are spatially separated for prolonged time periods. This study also emphasizes the need for more detailed DVM studies in situ. Finally, the pattern and timing of nuclear and cellular division in two Cryptomonas species in situ was studied by means of mitotic index technique (Chapter 6) and DNA quantification (Chapter 7). The nuclear division of Cryptomonas L485 (Chapter 6) appeared to be well phased, but as in this division pattern mitosis and cytokinesis were totally overlapping, it was impossible to calculate in situ growth rates. Field observations (Chapter 7) revealed that DNA quantification by means of epifluorescence microscopy is possible from a natural cryptophyte population, but as the Cryptomonas sp. population under scrutiny was not well phased, growth rate calculation could not be carried out. The survival strategies of Cryptophytes L485 and L315 in terms of r vs. K strategies are discussed in Chapter 8. It is pointed out that, although the habitats occupied by these strains as well as some of their morphological and physiological features indicate that L485 is probably a r-strategist and L315 a K-strategist, it is not possible to draw final conclusions on the basis of this study. Light and temperature, i.e. the factors mostly studied in this thesis, are presumably not the environmental factors of greatest selective importance for these cryptophytes in natural competitive situations.

Les Temps modernes constituent une époque qui a vu foisonner les migrations. « Explorations », conquêtes, reconquêtes, repopulations, missions, exils ou entreprises commerciales entrainent pour la première fois une infinité de déplacements aux quatre coins du monde.À cette époque et dans l’histoire des migrations, le sud des Pays-Bas méridionaux tient une place décisive. D’une part, il est à la croisée de blocs confessionnels d'une chrétienté européenne nouvellement divisée par les Réformes protestantes et les guerres de religion, puis fait l’objet des conquêtes de Louis XIV. Il opère dans un contexte géopolitique extrêmement conflictuel, qui ouvre des espaces de refuge et les confronte à la désertion et à la réception d’individus isolés, de familles ou de groupes professionnels.D’autre part, les Pays-Bas espagnols forment une composante particulièrement peuplée et prospère du système impérial polycentrique espagnol. Celui-ci, dans le développement de sa politique d’exclusivité confessionnelle, assigne l’homogénéité religieuse comme essence de la fidélité politique et fixe des éléments décisifs pour les mouvements de populations.Dans ce cadre original et complexe, cette thèse élabore une problématique autour de la réception d’ « étrangers de nation », à la fois voisins et ressortissants d'une monarchie considérée comme l'ennemi politique, dans un espace frontalier. Ce dernier apparaît comme le marquage de discontinuités géopolitiques, mais aussi comme un lieu de passage, une « limite » poreuse et un élément générateur de consensus en termes de pratiques sociales, juridiques, politiques et économiques. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse interroge l'existence et la définition de « nouvelles migrations de travail » en Europe à partir de l'analyse comparée des jeunes migrants Polonais et Roumains au Royaume-Uni et en Espagne. En adoptant une approche comparative et historique, elle montre d’abord que c'est la conjonction entre un espace économique inégal et une intégration économique avancée d'une part ; et la transformation des inégalités intranationales vis-à-vis de l'emploi d'autre part, qui explique la diversité des propensions à migrer dans les différents pays européens. En se plaçant ensuite du côté des pays d'accueil, elle montre la persistance de la segmentation du marché du travail et la pertinence de l'utilisation de cadres d'analyse transnationaux et sectoriels pour mettre en évidence l'existence de marchés d'emplois locaux globalisés. L'étude analyse également le processus de ségrégation professionnelle des migrants, dont les ressources personnelles (et en particulier l'origine sociale) conditionnent fortement les opportunités de mobilité sociale. Enfin, en analysant l’interaction entre mobilité, insertion professionnelle et passage à l’âge adulte, elle montre que la mobilité peut devenir une forme de précarité sociale marquée par une incertitude temporelle et spatiale. Au final, l'étude démontre la nécessité de distinguer les pratiques de mobilité, qui se caractérisent par une diversification sociale, des usages sociaux distincts, classés et classants, dans un champ de l'international transformé par la libre-circulation ; et les migrations de travail comme fait social, caractérisées par de fortes régularités historiques. / This dissertation investigates the definition and the characterization of “new” labor migrations within Europe. Based on a comparative analysis of young Polish and Romanian migrants in the United-Kingdom and in Spain, it uses both statistical data and qualitative analysis of migrants’ interviews. The analysis of patterns of migration within the European space shows that the diversity of national profiles can be explained by the convergence of an integrated but unequal economic space on one hand, and the rise of new intranational inequalities regarding the labor market, on the other hand. The analysis based on the countries of destination (the United-Kingdom and Spain) shows that labor market segmentation is still prevailing. It suggests that the transnational and sector-based approach is necessary to fully explain and identify globalised labor markets. The analysis also investigates the social process of segmentation and its impact on migrants’ occupational mobility, or the lack thereof. It shows that chances of mobility depend mainly on individual resources reflecting the social origin of migrants. Finally, the analysis of the links between professional integration, entry into adulthood and mobility suggests that mobility is also a kind of uncertainty, both time-related and space-related. As a conclusion, the study reveals the necessity of distinguishing between mobility practices, characterized by a growing diversity and distinct social uses in the transformed international field of free mobility; and contemporary labor migrations as a social fact, which includes in part intra-european migrations.