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Since 1991, charter schools have become a popular school choice option. Charter schools are independent public schools free from most state regulations in exchange for a written contract specifying that certain results will be obtained. Charter school accountability depends on both the specific charter school law and the agreement that has been struck between the sponsoring agency and the individual charter school. This study explores the patterns of practice in the accountability processes used by multiple sponsoring agencies in Minnesota. Minnesota's charter school law allows local school districts, post-secondary institutions, and the state education agency to sponsor charter schools. One central overarching question was addressed in this study: How do the micro accountability systems of multiple sponsoring agencies within Minnesota compare? In addition, several subquestions provided the framework for the research: 1. How is the charter school accountability process defined in the state legislation? 2. How is the charter school law interpreted by the state education agency? 3. How do sponsors determine the accountability processes they require of their charter schools? 4. How satisfied are the charter school directors and the sponsoring agencies with their accountability process? This qualitative study utilized research methods suitable for a multiple case study. The two primary data collection methods were document analysis and interviews. Individual case reports for each type of sponsoring agency were written that discussed specific elements of the accountability systems in use by each type of sponsoring agency within the state. A final report outlining the patterns of practice in the accountability processes used by all sponsors is included. Any measurement of the macro accountability dimensions in the charter school movement may be confounded by the different micro accountability indicators used by the different sponsoring agencies. This study provides information about the specific accountability processes being adopted by the sponsoring agencies. The results of this study will help sponsoring agencies of charter schools focus on the types of accountability to which they may hold their charter schools accountable. / Ph. D.

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Since women in the Women's Rights Movement (Feminists) tend to be educated, career- or goal-oriented, and typically middle-class it was anticipated that these aspects would be reflected in an elevation on the ego strength (Es) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This anticipated elevation was felt to be functionally related not only to career- or goal-oriented behavior and intelligence, but to active participation on an autonomous basis in the Women's Rights Movement as well. Because of the different activities of various Feminist organization, i.e., women's studies programs, consciousness raising, investigations of inequities to women, confrontations with establishment hierarchies, and participation in career and other self-fulfilling activities, it was hypothesized that women who are active Feminists would score significantly higher on the Es scale than a similar group of active women who are not Feminists.

Thesis. 1977. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Catherine Lu. / M.C.P.

Ces trente dernières années témoignent de changements significatifs en terre indienne depuis l'arrivée des casinos amérindiens. Le travail présenté ici se concentre sur une tribu du Minnesota, la tribu des Ojibwe de Mille lacs, et étudie son évolution depuis 1991, date de l'ouverture de son premier casino. L'histoire du jeu indien aux États-Unis et la situation d'autres tribus du Minnesota sont aussi présentées afin de donner davantage de profondeur à l'argumentation qui démontre que le jeu indien a eu un impact conséquent non seulement sur les conditions de vie des tribus, mais aussi sur leur souveraineté et leur force. Les choix tribaux incluent le recrutement de lobbyistes et d'avocats efficaces qui promeuvent les droits tribaux à la fois au niveau législatif (au Congrès américain) et au niveau judiciaire maintenant que les tribus peuvent se défendre avec des moyens décuplés. Les taux de chômage et de pauvreté ont baissé sur de nombreuses réserves, et les tribus donnent la priorité à l'éducation, en construisant de nouvelles écoles, à la santé, avec de nouvelles cliniques, et à la préservation culturelle (stages de langue, musées, centres culturels). Malgré la menace d'assimilation que les casinos représentent, ils ont donné aux tribus les moyens d'être plus autonomes dans leurs choix et les ont aidées à redéfinir leur identité contemporaine. En trois décennies, les casinos ont créé une nouvelle image de l'Amérique indienne. / The past thirty years have seen significant changes taking place in Indian Country following the advent of Native American casinos. This work focuses on one Minnesota tribe, the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, and studies its evolution since 1991, when its first casino opened. The history of Indian gaming in the United States and the situation of other Minnesota tribes are also presented to give more depth to the argumentation which demonstrates that gaming has had a substantial impact not only on the living conditions of tribal people, but also on Native American sovereignty and strength. Tribal choices include the hiring of efficient lobbyists and lawyers to promote tribal rights bath on the U.S. legislative level (Congress) and on a judiciary one now that tribes can defend themselves through effective means. Unemployment and poverty levels have dropped on many reservations, and tribes give priority to education, through the building of new schools, health, with new clinics, and cultural preservation (language tables, museums, cultural centers). Despite the assimilative threat casinos represent, they have empowered tribes to be more autonomous in their choices and helped them redefine their contemporary identity. In three decades, gaming has created a new representation of Native America.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factor structure of items pertaining to health on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI2) for chronic back pain patients in comparison to a control group. The results may be used as groundwork for developing an MMPI2 subscale to describe this population. The groups differed in the sequence of the resulting factors and the percentage of variance accounted for by each factor. The factors extracted when evaluating the control group were titled in order: Poor Physical Health, Digestive Difficulties, Equilibrium, Depression/Malaise, and Multiple Somatic Complaints. Resulting factors for the pain group were: Depression/Malaise, Digestive Difficulties, Multiple Somatic Complaints, Headaches/Dizziness, and Neurological Reaction/Poor Physical Health.