Spider silk has received significant attention due to its fascinating mechanical properties. Given the solitary and cannibalistic behavior of spiders, spider silk farming is impractical. Unlike spiders, silkworms are capable of producing large quantities of a fibrous product in a manner mimetic to spiders, and there already exists an industry to process cocoons into threads and textiles for many applications. The combination of silk farming (sericulture), a millennia old practice, and modern advancements in genetic engineering has given rise to an innovative biomaterial inspired by nature; transgenic silkworm silk. This project focuses on the creation of chimeric silkworm-spider silk fibers through the genetic modification of silkworms. Advanced genetic engineering techniques were used to introduce the minor ampullate spider silk (MiSp) genes into the silkworm genome. A subset of these transgenic silkworms was cross-bred with other transgenic silkworms containing the same spider silk gene in a different section of the silkworm genome to create hybrid, dual-transgenic silkworms. The transgenic silk samples showed increased mechanical properties compared to native silkworm fibers, with the strongest fibers approaching or surpassing the mechanical properties of native spider silk. The transgenic silk retained the elasticity of the native silkworm silk and gained the strength of the spider silk. Ultimately, genetic engineering opens the door to mass produce synthetic spider silk in an established organism and industry, and the results of this project demonstrate that the properties of silkworm silk can be predictably altered through this technology.

The purpose of this study is to become acquainted with the first movement of Mahler’s Fifth Symphony in the same manner as a conductor would when preparing the work for performance. Dr. William Dehning stated in his doctoral thesis: “The correct execution of any music imposes a great responsibility on the conductor of that music to determine what the composer might have intended.” The areas of concern to be discussed in this thesis, then, include analysis, thoughts on aesthetic and stylistic qualities, and some historical accounts relating directly to the Fifth Symphony.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20445号 / 農博第2230号 / 新制||農||1050(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5066(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉村 剛, 教授 藤井 義久, 教授 松浦 健二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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The mature minor doctrine legally allows minors with the maturity of an adult to make decisions about their medical treatment, sometimes without the knowledge of their parent or guardian. However, the mature minor doctrine does not live up to its expectations; there are no guidelines for determining if a minor is mature or if the minor has the capacity to consent. The court system’s reluctance to allow minors to refuse treatment, the focus on stereotypical adolescent behavior, and the possibility of penalization of the family also serve as drawbacks to minors exercising their right to bodily autonomy through the mature minor doctrine. Standardization can solve these issues, revolutionizing the mature minor doctrine so that minors’ preferences about their care, particularly in the setting of life-threatening illness, can be honored. / Urban Bioethics

[pt] Esta tese investiga os diferentes sentidos atribuídos à educação nas ideias e práticas correcionais para menores, entre 1890 e 1927. A aproximação das noções de correção e educação é dada pela compreensão de que ambas são modalidades socializadoras através das quais se opera um trabalho institucional sobre o outro com a intenção de transformá-lo (DUBET, 2010). Nas ideias e práticas pesquisadas, o objetivo foi transformar menores pervertidos pela hereditariedade e pelos meios sociais em futuros homens úteis a si e a pátria. A pesquisa iniciou em 1890 porque nesta década se materializou um conjunto de mudanças que alcançaram status legal com as legislações para menores nas primeiras décadas do século XX. No Brasil, o Código de Menores (1927) cumpriu esta finalidade. A realização do doutorado sanduíche, em Portugal, levou à ampliação da delimitação espacial da pesquisa ao incorporar a perspectiva portuguesa neste processo. A Lei de Proteção à Infância promulgada, em 1911, neste país, foi fortemente marcada pelos aspectos pedagógicos e foram uma das referências do código brasileiro. Pensar a circulação de ideias foi o caminho adotado, com este intento elegeu-se como referência a categoria representação trabalhada por Chartier (1990; 2002) que a compreende como uma operação de inteligibilidade que produz modos de estar no mundo, impõe uma autoridade à custa de outras, legitima reformas e justifica as suas escolhas para os indivíduos. As representações são o real encarnado em práticas. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise documental das fontes consultadas em diferentes instituições de guarda do Brasil e de Portugal, com destaque para o Arquivo Nacional, o Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro e a Biblioteca Nacional, no Brasil, e o Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa, a Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal e Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, além da legislação dos dois países sobre a temática estudada. Através da análise das fontes consultadas foi possível perceber que a lógica de apreensão dos menores, em ambos os países, teve como particularidade o reconhecimento das características que enquadrariam os menores no conceito de vadios; nas casas de correção as atividades oficinais ocuparam a quase totalidade da rotina dos presos, contudo, cada país variou na ênfase que deu ao trabalho, no Brasil, as oficinas eram lugares do aprendizado de um ofício e da formação do hábito do trabalho, enquanto que em Portugal, as oficinas eram o lugar da aprendizagem, a correção viria pela reflexão no isolamento absoluto; a emergência dos institutos disciplinares esteve ligado ao debate sobre a importância da educação no combate à hereditariedade; a comunicação entre os dois países efetivou-se após a década de 1910, com a publicação da lei portuguesa, porém, foi na década de 1920, que as legislações estabeleceram as medidas de uma pedagogia corretiva como linguagem jurídica. / [en] This research investigates the different meanings of education on correctional ideas and practices between the years 1890 and 1927. The approximation of correction s and education s significances takes part at comprehension that they are both socializing modalities through which an institutional work takes part over the other, with the purpose of transforming him (Dubet, 2010). On the ideas and practices investigated, the purpose was to transform minors perverted by heredity and social environments in future citizens, useful to themselves and to the nation. The research starts on 1890 because this decade embodies a number of significant changes that achieved legal status on minors legislation, at 20th century early decades. Part of this investigation -- held in Portugal -- led to the expansion of researche s spatial delimitation, incorporating Portuguese. Childhood protection law (Lei de Proteção à Infância), passed in Portugal in 1911, was strongly influenced by pedagogical aspects, and it is a reference for Brazilian codes. The investigation s strategy was to focus on ideas circulation, based on Chartier s concept of representation, comprising an intangibility operation that produces ways of being in the world, imposes one authority at the expense of others, legitimates reforms and justifies their choices to individuals (1990; 2002). Representations are the real incarnated in practices. The methodology used was documentary analysis from the sources accessed in brazilian and portuguese institutions, in particular Biblioteca Nacional, Arquivo Nacional and Arquivo da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, and Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa, Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal and Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, in Portugal. In addition, the legislation of both countries on the studied subject. The documentary analysis revealed that minors impounding logic, in both countries – Brazil and Portugal --, has the peculiarity of classifying minors as strays; at correctional facilities workshops activities occupied almost all interns routines, however, each country varied the emphasis on work, in Brazil, workshops were environments of professional and working habits learning, and in Portugal workshops were places of learning, and correction would come through reflection in absolute isolation; the emergency of disciplinary facilities was linked to the debate about education importance on heredity combat; communication between Brazil and Portugal became effective after 1910 decade, when Childhood protection passed in Portugal, however, was in the 1920 s, as legislation established corrective pedagogical measures as a juridical language.

The crossing number of a graph 𝐺 is the minimum number of crossings in any drawing of 𝐺 in the plane. The rectilinear crossing number of 𝐺 is the minimum number of crossings in any straight-line drawing of 𝐺. The Fáry-Wagner theorem states that planar graphs have rectilinear crossing number zero. By Wagner’s theorem, that is equivalent to stating that every graph that excludes 𝐾₅ and 𝐾₃,₃ as minors has rectilinear crossing number 0. We are interested in discovering other proper minor-closed families of graphs which admit strong upper bounds on their rectilinear crossing numbers. Unfortunately, it is known that the crossing number of 𝐾₃,ₙ with 𝑛 ≥ 1, which excludes 𝐾₅ as a minor, is quadratic in 𝑛, more specifically Ω(𝑛²). Since every 𝑛-vertex graph in a proper minor closed family has O(𝑛) edges, the rectilinear crossing number of all such graphs is trivially O(𝑛²). In fact, it is not hard to argue that O(𝑛) bound on the crossing number is the best one can hope for general enough proper minor-closed families of graphs and that to achieve O(𝑛) bounds, one has to both exclude a minor and bound the maximum degree of the graphs in the family. In this thesis, we do that for bounded degree graphs that exclude a single-crossing graph as a minor. A single-crossing graph is a graph whose crossing number is at most one. The main result of this thesis states that every graph 𝐺 that does not contain a single-crossing graph as a minor has a rectilinear crossing number O(∆𝑛), where 𝐺 has 𝑛 vertices and maximum degree ∆. This dependence on 𝑛 and ∆ is best possible. Note that each planar graph is a single-crossing graph, as is the complete graph 𝐾₅ and the complete bipartite graph 𝐾₃,₃. Thus, the result applies to 𝐾₅-minor-free graphs, 𝐾₃,₃-minor free graphs, as well as to bounded treewidth graphs. In the case of bounded treewidth graphs, the result improves on the previous best known bound of O(∆² · 𝑛) by Wood and Telle [New York Journal of Mathematics, 2007]. In the case of 𝐾₃,₃-minor free graphs, our result generalizes the result of Dujmovic, Kawarabayashi, Mohar and Wood [SCG 2008].

Syftet var att identifiera faktorer som påverkar föräldrars beslut att söka akutsjukvård för deras barn med icke akuta sjukdomstillstånd. Metod: Studien designades till en integrativ litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats. Tre kvalitativa och tolv kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades och granskades utifrån Caldwells et al. (2011) granskningsmall. Analysen skedde i enlighet med Whittemore och Knafl (2005) som en integrativ analys utifrån en induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån tre teman; Oro i samband med sjukdom, tillgänglighet samt individuella föräldrafaktorer. Dessa fördelades sedan in nio subtema; Rädsla för försämring, behov av information och trygghet, brist på kunskap, obegränsad tillgång, specialistvård, snabba svar, utbildningsnivå, åldersfaktorer samt överskattning av allvarlighetsgrad. Dessa faktorer spelade en väsentlig roll varför föräldrarna sökte akutmottagningen med deras icke-akut sjuka barn. Slutsats: Med hjälp av ökad insikt och förståelse av patientens helhetsbild kan sjuksköterskan möta föräldrars behov samt ge anpassad rådgivning och hänvisa till rätt vårdnivå, vilket ökar patientsäkerheten på en akutmottagning. / The aim was to identify factors that influence parents' decisions to seek emergency medical care for their children with non-acute medical conditions. Method: The study was designed as an integrative literature review with a systematic approach. Three qualitative and twelve quantitative articles were included and reviewed based on Caldwell's (2011) review template. The analysis took place in accordance with Whittemore and Knafl (2005) as an integrative analysis based on an inductive approach. Results: The results are presented based on three themes; Anxiety associated with illness, availability and individual parental factors. These were then divided into nine subthemes; Fear of deterioration, need for information and reassurance, lack of knowledge, unlimited access, specialist care, quick responses, level of education, age factors and overestimation of severity. These factors played a significant role in why the parents sought the emergency department with their non-acutely ill child. Conclusion: With the help of increased insight and understanding of the patient's overall picture, the nurse can meet parents' needs as well as provide tailored advice and refer to the right level of care, which increases patient safety in an emergency department.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The DNA minor groove continues to be an important biological target in the development of anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial compounds. Among agents that target the minor groove, studies of well-established benzimidazole-based DNA binders such as Hoechst 33258 have made it clear that the benzimidazole-amidine portion of these molecules promotes an efficient, site-selective DNA association. Building on the beneficial attributes of existing benzimidazole-based DNA binding agents, a series of benzimidazole-amino acid conjugates was synthesized to investigate their DNA recognition and binding properties. In this series of compounds, the benzimidazole-amidine moiety was utilized as a core DNA “anchoring” element accompanied by different amino acids to provide structural diversity that may influence DNA binding affinity and site-selectivity. Single amino acid conjugates of benzimidazole-amidines were synthesized, as well as a series of conjugates containing 20 dipeptides with the general structure Xaa-Gly. These conjugates were synthesized through a solid-phase synthetic route building from a resin-bound amino acid (or dipeptide). The synthetic steps involved: (1) the coupling of 4-formylbenzoic acid to the resin-bound amino acid (via diisopropylcarbodiimide and hydroxybenzotriazole); followed by (2) introduction of a 3,4-diaminobenzamidoxime in the presence of 1,4-benzoquinone to construct the benzimidazole ring; and, finally, (3) reduction of the resin-bound amidoxime functionality to an amidine via treatment with 1M SnCl2•2H2O in DMF before cleavage of final product from the resin. The synthetic route developed and employed was simple and straightforward except for the final reduction that proved to be very arduous. All target compounds were obtained in good yield (based upon weight), averaging 73% mono-amino acid and 78% di-amino acid final compound upon cleavage from resin. Ultimately, the DNA binding activities of the amino acid-benzimidazole-amidine conjugates were analyzed using a fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) assay and calf thymus DNA as a substrate. The relative DNA binding affinities of both the mono- and di-amino acid-benzimidazole-amidine conjugates were generally weaker than that of netropsin and distamycin with the dipeptide conjugates showing stronger binding affinities than the mono-amino acid conjugates. The dipeptide conjugates containing amino acids with positively charged side chains, Lys-Gly-BI-(+) and Arg-Gly-BI-(+), showed the strongest DNA binding affinities amongst all our synthesized conjugates.

This project deals with a transformation of a park to an entity of a urban scale. Context; Stockholm is growing but have many spaces that could connect areas but doesn’t. They often connect with small gestures but have big spaces of nothing which is experienced as unsafe and uninviting borders. I would like to propose a change for one of those areas. Minor architecture; I would like to do minor insertions in this park to unify and clarify it. To do this I propose a concrete path that spans the full lenght of the park and with some structures along the way to activate the parts that lacks it today. The main idea of the path is to establish something constant and durable so that it gives upportunity for the activities and functions to evolve around it without dissolving the base structure of the park.