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Submitted by THIAGO MATEUS ROSA DOS SANTOS null (thiagomateusrp@gmail.com) on 2017-07-28T16:24:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Thiago_Mateus_Rosa_Santos.pdf: 2449824 bytes, checksum: 8934ae7010672e8bf2342056d81d2899 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-08-01T20:00:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosasantos_tm_me_jabo.pdf: 2449824 bytes, checksum: 8934ae7010672e8bf2342056d81d2899 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T20:00:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosasantos_tm_me_jabo.pdf: 2449824 bytes, checksum: 8934ae7010672e8bf2342056d81d2899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A cana-de-açúcar é acometida por uma doença conhecida por “escaldadura das folhas” causada pela bactéria colonizadora do xilema Xanthomonas albilineans, considerada uma das principais doenças que atingem a cultura da canade-açúcar. A sintomatologia na fase crônica se caracteriza, principalmente, pelo aparecimento de uma faixa branca ao lado da nervura central da folha, a qual evolui para clorose total causando a morte da planta. Uma vez que o patógeno pode ser transmitido de várias maneiras, o seu controle demanda altos custos. Desta maneira, o desenvolvimento de cultivares tolerantes é uma boa opção para o controle efetivo da doença. A tolerância e sensibilidade das plantas aos fatores bióticos está relacionada com a expressão de genes, e dentre estes, os miRNAs (incluindo o miR397 e o miR319) têm sido relatados como importantes reguladores em vários mecanismos de resposta das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a expressão de dois miRNAs (miR319 e miR397) em duas cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (RB86-7515 - tolerante e SP78-4467 - suscetível), infectadas por uma linhagem de X. albilineans (IACXa11), considerada a mais virulenta do Brasil. Para isto, as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos, inoculadas com X. albilineans e mantidas em casa de vegetação. Amostras de folhas e colmos foram coletadas em cinco períodos (24, 72, 144, 360 e 720 h) e a expressão dos miRNAs foi analisada pela técnica de Stem-loop RT-qPCR. Os miR397 e miR319 apresentaram-se diferencialmente expressos nas cultivares e entre os tecidos. Na cultivar suscetível (SP78-4467), durante os primeiros períodos de infecção (24, 72 e 144 h), houve uma resposta tardia de defesa quando comparada com a cultivar tolerante (RB86-7515). O miR319 apresentou o mesmo perfil de expressão em folhas e colmos da cultivar RB86-7515 (tolerante), sugerindo que o reconhecimento do patógeno e a ativação dos mecanismos de defesa são modulados em ambos os tecidos. De maneira geral, as análises dos miRNAs demonstraram que a expressão do miR397 é menor quando comparada com o miR319. O mesmo padrão foi observado para os seus respectivos genes alvo. O miR397 regula a enzima lacase, importante na biossíntese de lignina. A repressão deste miRNA aumentaria a lignificação, sugerindo um mecanismo estrutural de resposta. O miR319 regula os fatores de transcrição (FTs) MYB e TCP, os quais são responsáveis pela sinalização de ácido abscísico (ABA) e ácido jasmônico (JA). A repressão destes hormônios vegetais desencadeia a sinalização por ácido salicílico (SA), o qual é responsável pela defesa contra patógenos hemibiotróficos, tal como X. albilineans. / Sugarcane is affected by a disease known as "leaf scald" caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas albilineans, which colonizes the xylem. This disease is one of the most important for sugarcane culture. The chronic phase is mainly characterized by the white band emergence along the central leaf vein, which causes total chlorosis of the leaf and plant death. Since the pathogen can be transmitted in many ways, his control demands high costs, and the development of tolerant cultivars is a good option for disease control. The plant tolerance and sensitivity to biotic factors is related to gene expression, and among these, the miRNAs (including miR397 and miR319), have been reported as important regulators in various plant response mechanisms. The aim of this work was to analyze the expression of two miRNAs (miR319 and miR397) in two sugarcane cultivars (RB86-7515 – tolerant, and SP78- 4467 - susceptible), infected by a strain of X. albilineans (IACXa11), the most virulent in Brazil. The plants were grown in vases, inoculated with X. albilineans and kept in a greenhouse. Samples of leaves and stems were collected in five periods (24, 72, 144, 360, and 720 h), and the miRNA expression was analyzed by Stem-loop RT-qPCR. The miR397 and miR319 expression were different between cultivars and tissues. In the susceptible cultivar (SP78-4467), during the first infection periods (24, 72 and 144 h), there was a late defense response when compared to the tolerant cultivar (RB86-7515). The miR319 presented the same expression profile in leaves and stems of the cultivar RB86-7515 (tolerant), suggesting that the pathogen recognition and defense mechanisms activation were modulated in both tissues. In general, miRNAs analyzes demonstrated that miR397 expression is lower when compared to miR319. The same pattern was observed for their respective target genes. The miR397 is a laccase regulator, important in lignin biosynthesis. Repression of this miRNA would increase lignification, suggesting a structural mechanism of response. The miR319 regulates the transcription factors (TFs) MYB and TCP, which are responsible for the abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. The repression of these plant hormones triggers salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, which is responsible for the defense against hemibiotrophic pathogens, such as X. albilineans. / CNPq: 153785/2014-4

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-08T21:45:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaniliaMedeirosGomesDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 3150801 bytes, checksum: 08a397a53df93607fba37a592fba7f1d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-13T20:14:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaniliaMedeirosGomesDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 3150801 bytes, checksum: 08a397a53df93607fba37a592fba7f1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T20:14:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaniliaMedeirosGomesDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 3150801 bytes, checksum: 08a397a53df93607fba37a592fba7f1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / A Fibrila??o Atrial (FA) ? a arritmia card?aca sustentada mais comum. Pequenos RNAs n?o codificantes (miRNAs) v?m demonstrando uma atividade regulat?ria na arritmog?nese, atuando em genes alvos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da FA. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a express?o de miRNAs candidatos em plasma de indiv?duos com FA e com FA aguda e suas futuras aplica??es como marcadores para o diagn?stico e monitoramento desta doen?a. Os miR-21, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-150, miR-328 e miR-499 foram selecionados para serem alvos do estudo atrav?s de uma pr?via revis?o liter?ria. Eles foram isolados do plasma de indiv?duos com faixa et?ria entre 20 e 85 anos com FA (n=17), FA aguda (n=5) e sem FA (n=15). Os resultados foram analisados atrav?s da t?cnica da PCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) atrav?s do m?todo miScript SYBR Green PCR. Observamos que os miR-21, miR-133b, miR-328 e miR499 foram diferentemente expressos entre os tr?s grupos (p<0,05). A eleva??o da express?o desses miRNAs miR-21 (0.6-fold), miR-133b (1.4-fold), miR-328 (2.0-fold) e miR-499 (2.3-fold) foi maior em pacientes com FA aguda quando comparados aos pacientes com FA e os controles. Os miR-133a e miR-150 n?o apresentaram diferen?as estat?sticas entre os grupos. Nossos dados sugerem que os miR-21, miR-133b, miR-328 e miR-499 podem ser potenciais biomarcadores para FA,bem como para a FA aguda, e para o diagn?stico e acompanhamento da doen?a. Estes resultados podem contribuir para a compreens?o do processo que desencadeia a FA, incentivando o desenvolvimento de novos estudos para avaliar a aplica??o destas mol?culas como futuros biomarcadores para esta doen?a. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. Some non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) have been involved in regulatory activity in arrhythmogenesis, targeting genes that contribute to the development of AF. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of candidate miRNAs in plasma from patients with AF and new-onset AF and its application as future markers for diagnosis and monitoring of disease. miR-21, miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-150, miR-328 and miR-499 were selected as targets in this study through a prior literature review. They were isolated from plas-ma of individuals aged from 20 to 85 years old with AF (n = 17), new-onset AF (n = 5) and without AF (n = 15), where the latter was the control group. The results were ana-lyzed by Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) with miScript SYBR Green PCR. We observed that miR-21, miR-133b, miR-328 and miR-499 had different levels of expression be-tween the three groups (p <0.05). Increased expression of miR-21 (0.6-fold), miR-133b (1.4-fold), miR-328 (2.0-fold) and miR-499 (2.3-fold) in patients with new-onset AF when compared to AF and control subjects. The miR-133a and miR-150 expression did not differ among the groups. miR-21, miR-133b, miR-328 and miR-499 may be potential biomarkers for AF as well as for new-onset AF, for monitoring and for the di-agnosis. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the process that trig-gers AF and suggest application these molecules as future biomarkers for AF.

O transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) é um dos transtornos psiquiátricos mais freqüentes da infância e adolescência, sendo caracterizado por sintomas de desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. A contribuição genética na etiologia do TDAH é uma das mais altas já verificadas para transtornos psiquiátricos, com herdabilidade média estimada de 76%. Dentre os fatores genéticos que contribuiriam para o desenvolvimento da doença, genes que codificam componentes do sistema dopaminérgico estão entre os principais candidatos. Entre estes, o gene que codifica o receptor D4 de dopamina (DRD4) é o loco mais intensamente investigado nos estudos moleculares com o TDAH. O polimorfismo mais estudado no DRD4 é um VNTR de 48 pb localizado no exon 3; porém outros polimorfismos, localizados na região promotora do gene – uma duplicação de 120pb e os SNPs -521C>T e - 616C>G – também vêm sendo propostos como polimorfismos de suscetibilidade ao TDAH. Além desses, novas variantes em regiões regulatórias do gene, os SNPs rs11246227 e rs11246228, foram observados recentemente em associação com sintomas de desatenção do TDAH. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi aumentar a compreensão acerca da participação do gene DRD4 na etiologia do TDAH na nossa população Para tanto, foi testada inicialmente a possibilidade de associação do SNP rs11246227, sendo em seguida investigado o significado funcional dos SNPs rs11246227 e rs11246228, e sua possível relação com a doença, através de ferramentas de bioinformática. O estudo de associação foi realizado em uma amostra composta por 478 pacientes com TDAH, diagnosticados segundo os critérios do DSM-IV, e seus pais biológicos. O rs112466227 foi investigado por abordagens baseada em família (FBAT) e dimensional (PBAT, ANOVA). A possibilidade de desequilíbrio de ligação (DL) com polimorfismos previamente investigados na presente amostra foi estimada pelo programa MLocus. A análise in silico foi realizada utilizando diferentes bases de dados genômicos e programas de predição de sítios alvo para miRNAs e de funcionalidade. A análise pelo FBAT mostrou um desvio significativo da transmissão do alelo C nos pacientes do subtipo desatento. Foram observadas evidências de DL com a duplicação de 120bp e com o VNTR do exon 3. As análises de bioinformática mostraram que os SNPs rs11246227 e rs11246228 estão localizadas na região 3’ do gene DRD4, e não na região 5’, como previamente descrito. Diferenças entre os alelos, com perda ou ganho de sítios de ligação para diferentes miRNAs, foram detectados em ambos os SNPs pelos programas MicroInspector, 5 smiRNAdb e miRecords, e apenas no rs11246227 pelos programas Human miRNA Target e Mirò. A grande variabilidade e a complexidade genética marcante do gene DRD4 aliada à heterogeneidade fenotípica do TDAH provavelmente contribuíram para nossos resultados de associação, divergentes dos descritos na literatura, os quais necessitam de replicação em estudos futuros. Nossos achados em bioinformática sugerem um possível envolvimento dos SNPs investigados com a ligação de miRNAs relacionados aos processos de neurogênese e neuroplasticidade. Genes envolvidos com estes processos vêm sendo identificados nos genome-wide association studies realizados com o TDAH, o que apóia nossos resultados in silico. Entretanto, mais estudos funcionais são necessários, tanto in silico como in vitro, para esclarecer o envolvimento dos polimorfismos analisados na regulação da expressão do gene DRD4 via miRNAs e, consequentemente, do possível efeito desses elementos na etiologia da doença. / Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence, characterized by inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive symptoms. Genetic contribution to ADHD etiology is one of the highest ever recorded for psychiatric disorders, with a mean heritability of 76%. Among genetic factors that could contribute to disorder development, genes encoding components from dopaminergic system are the main candidate. Of these, the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is the most extensively investigated locus in molecular studies of ADHD. The most studied polymorphism in DRD4 gene is a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of 48bp, located at exon 3, although other polymorphisms, located in promoter region – a 120bp duplication and the SNPs -521C> T and-616C> G – have also been proposed as susceptibility polymorphisms for ADHD. In addition, new variants in regulatory regions, the SNPs rs11246227 and rs11246228, have recently been associated with inattentive symptoms of the disorder. The overall objective of this study was to increase the understanding on the involvement of DRD4 gene in ADHD etiology in our population For this purpose, the possibility of association with the SNP rs11246227 was initially tested, being afterwards investigated the functional effect of both rs11246227 and rs11246228 and their possible relation to ADHD through bioinformatics approach. The association study was performed in a sample composed by 478 ADHD patients, diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and their biological parents. The rs112466227 was investigated by both family-based (FBAT) and dimensional (PBAT, ANOVA) approaches. The possibility of linkage disequilibrium (LD) with polymorphisms previously investigated in the present sample was estimated by MLocus software. In silico analysis was conducted using different genomic databases and programs to predict miRNA target sites and functionality. FBAT analysis showed a significant excess of C allele transmission in inattentive subtype patients. Evidences of LD with both 120bp tandem duplication and exon 3 VNTR were observed. Bioinformatics analyses showed that both SNPs rs11246227 and rs11246228 are located in the 3' region of DRD4 gene, and not at 5’ region, as previously described. Differences between alleles, with loss or gain of binding sites, were detected in both SNPs by MicroInspector, smiRNAdb and miRecords, and only in rs11246227 by Human miRNA Targets and miRò DRD4 huge variability and marked genetic complexity allied to ADHD phenotypic heterogeneity might have contributed to our 7 association results, distinct from the ones reported in literature, what needs to be replicated in future studies. Our bioinformatics findings suggest a possible involvement of investigated SNPs in binding properties of miRNAs related to processes of neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity. Genes involved in these processes have been identified in ADHD genome-wide association studies, reinforcing our in silico results. However, new functional studies, using both in silico and in vitro approaches, are needed to clarify the involvement of the investigated polymorphisms in DRD4 expression control mediated by miRNAs and, consequently, the possible effect of these elements in ADHD etiology.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translation repression or RNA degradation. Several groups pointed out that miRNAs play a major role in several diseases, including cancer. This is assumed since the expression level of several miRNAs differs between normal and cancerous cells. Further, it has been shown that miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation and cell death. Because of this role it is suspected that miRNAs could serve as biomarkers to improve tumor classification, therapy selection, or prediction of survival. In this context, it is questioned, among other things, whether miRNA deregulations in cancer cells occur according to some pattern or in a rather random order. With this work we contribute to answering this question by adapting two approaches (Beerenwinkel et al. (J Comput Biol, 2005) and Höglund et al. (Gene Chromosome Canc, 2001)), developed to derive graph models of oncogenesis for chromosomal imbalances, to miRNA expression data and applying them to a breast cancer data set. Further, we evaluated the results by comparing them to results derived from randomly altered versions of the used data set. We could show that miRNA deregulations most likely follow a rough temporal order, i.e. some deregulations occur early and some occur late in cancer progression. Thus, it seems to be possible that the expression level of some miRNAs can be used as indicator for the stage of a tumor. Further, our results suggest that the over expression of mir-21 as well as mir-102 are initial events in breast cancer oncogenesis. Additionally, we identified a set of miRNAs showing a cluster-like behavior, i.e. their deregulations often occur together in a tumor, but other deregulations are less frequently present. These miRNAs are let-7d, mir-10b, mir-125a, mir-125b, mir-145, mir-206, and mir-210. Further, we could confirm the strong relationship between the expression of mir-125a and mir-125b.

Os microRNAs são pequenos RNAs, não-codificantes que funcionam como reguladores a nível pós-transcricional da expressão gênica. Nos últimos anos, novas evidências demonstram o papel importante dos microRNAs na regulação e desenvolvimento do sistema imune. Apesar da função de poucos microRNAs ser conhecida, a sua expressão alterada vêm sendo associada a patogênese de diversas doenças autoimunes, incluindo a artrite reumatóide (AR). Recentemente a expressão desregulada de uma série de microRNAs está sendo descrita em pacientes com AR, e o papel patogênico de apenas uma parte deles foi investigada em modelos animais. A artrite reumatóide é uma doença autoimune sistêmica caracterizada por um intenso processo inflamatório na sinóvia, podendo causar destruição óssea e articular. Os linfócitos T apresentam papel importante na indução, manutenção e progressão da doença. A artrite induzida por colágeno é um modelo animal amplamente utilizado por suas características fisiopatológicas muito similares à doença em humanos. A linhagem de camundongos DBA-1/J desenvolve a doença após imunização e booster com colágeno do tipo II, enquanto que a linhagem DBA-2/J se mostra refratária. Isso confere um sistema modelo de susceptibilidade/resistência à artrite, que pode ser estudado em diferentes abordagens. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi identificar o perfil transcricional e as redes de interação entre um grupo de microRNAs e seus respectivos alvos nos timócitos e linfócitos T CD3+ periféricos nos camundongos da linhagem DBA-1/J e DBA-2/J. Para a avaliação da expressão gênica, utilizou-se a tecnologia de microarrays. O uso de programas de análise e para a construção das redes foi imprescindível. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam uma expressão diferenciada de mRNAs e microRNAs em timócitos e linfócitos T CD3+ periféricos entre as duas linhagens utilizadas. Novos microRNAs foram encontrados nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento do linfócito T. Nas redes de interação microRNA-RNAm obtidas, genes importantes associados aos processos de sistema imune, adesão e diferenciação celular, apoptose, recombinação, ativação de linfócitos T e resposta inflamatória, foram encontrados como potenciais alvos. Além disso, em uma perspectiva clínica, baseados nos resultados obtidos em camundongo, nos encontramos a expressão do miR-505 nos linfócitos T de pacientes com AR. Nossos resultados contribuem para a melhor compreensão dos mecanismos molecular envolvidos na resistência/susceptibilidade a CIA. / MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that modulate the expression of multiple protein-encoding genes at the post-transcriptional level. During the last several years, evidence has emerged to show their critical role for the regulation and development of immune system. Although the function of most mammalian miRNAs has yet to be determined, their aberrant expression has been associated with several autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, the deregulated expression of a dozen miRNAs has been reported in patients with RA, and the pathogenic role of only a few of these has been investigated in experimental mouse models. RA is a systemic autoimmune disorder mainly characterized by the inflammation of synovial tissue that can lead to destruction of bone and cartilage. The role of effectors T cells in induction, maintenance and progression of the disease is now becoming better understood. Collagen-induced arthritis is an animal model widely studied due to its similarities to human disease. The DBA-1/J mouse strain develops arthritis after immunization process and booster with Type II collagen, and the DBA-2/J strain is refractory to the disease induction. This offers an useful susceptibility/resistance model-system to study RA. The aim of this study was to identify the expression profiles and interaction networks between a set of microRNAs and their mRNA targets in thymocytes and peripheral CD3+ T lymphocytes in DBA-1/J and DBA-2/J mice strain. For this purpose we used the microarray technology to evaluate the expression of the miRNAs and mRNAs as possible targets involved in this process. The use of bioinformatics software to reconstruct the networks was essential. The results show differential expression of mRNAs and miRNAs in thymocytes and peripheral CD3+ T lymphocytes between both strains. New miRNAs were found during all the stages of T cells development. The microRNA-mRNA interaction networks obtained in this study showed that important genes related to apoptose, immune system, recombination, cell adhesion and differentiation, inflammatory process and T cell activation were found as potential targets. In addition, in a clinical prospects, based on the results obtained in mice, we found the expression of the miRNA miR-505 in T cells of RA patients. Our results contribute to a better understand of the molecular mechanisms evolved in the resistance/susceptibility to CIA.

O presente estudo discute o papel dos miRNAs na fisiopatologia molecular de Esclerose Múltipla Recorrente Remitente (EMRR). O estudo demonstrou que em linfócitos T CD4+ de pacientes com EMRR em surto ocorre a diminuição da expressão do miR-15a e do miR16-1 em contraposição ao aumento de seu gene alvo BCL-2, um importante gene regulador da apoptose. Esses achados sugerem a participação desses miRNAs no controle da apoptose na EM. Para explorar essa associação, foi analisado a expressão global de miRNAs nas subpopulações de linfócitos T de pacientes com EMRR no estágio de remissão. O resultado dessa análise determinou de forma inédita o aumento significativo da expressão de 9 miRNAs (miRNAs-16, miRNAs-20a, miRNAs-21, miRNAs-24, miRNAs-155, miRNAs-221, miRNAs-222, miRNAs-720 e miRNAs-1281) nos linfócitos T CD8+ de memória central. A análise in silico dos alvos desses miRNAs indicou que três vias canônicas, relacionadas à ativação da apoptose, eram enriquecidas com alvos preditos e validados experimentalmente desses miRNAs. Desse modo sugerimos a forte relação desses miRNAs no controle da apoptose nos linfócitos T dos pacientes com EMRR. A fim de aprofundar nossos estudos, selecionamos os miRNAs miR-21 e miR-24, para a realização de experimentos funcionais in vivo. Foi verificada a indução da expressão miR-21 somente nos linfócitos T CD4+ de modelo experimental da EM. Adicionalmente, experimentos in vitro demonstraram que a expressão do miR-21 e restrita as populações de células Th2 e Th17. Nesse caso, miR-21 parece ser regulado pelo fator de transcrição STAT3, sugerindo assim que o aumento da expressão do miR-21 verificada no modelo animal possa estar relacionada com a presença de linfócitos T CD4+ de perfil Th17 nesse tecido. Em resumo, o conjunto desses resultados demonstra a relevância dos miRNAs na fisiopatologia da EMRR, principalmente no controle da apoptose. / This study discusses the role of miRNA in the Molecular Pathophysiology of Relapse Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). The study has shown that CD4+ lymphocytes from relapsed RRMS patients had lower expression of miR15a and miR-16-1 in contraposition of higher expression of the target gene BCL-2, a key regulator of apoptosis. These findings suggest the role of those on the control of apoptosis in MS. In order to explore this association, the global expression of miRNAs was analysed in T lymphocyte subpopulations from remission RRMS patients. The result of this analysis has demonstrated for the first time a significant higher expression of 9 miRNAs (miRNAs-16, miRNAs-20a, miRNAs-21, miRNAs-24, miRNAs-155, miRNAs-221, miRNAs-222, miRNAs-720 e miRNAs-1281) in central memory T CD8+ lymphocytes. In silico analysis of the miRNAs targets indicates that three canonical pathways related to the activation of apoptosis were enriched with predicted and experimental validated gene targets for those miRNAs. In this way, we suggest the strong relation of these miRNAs in the control of apoptosis in the lymphocytes from RRMS patients. In order to intensify our studies we selected miR-21 and miR-24 to perform in vivo functional experiments. It was verified miR-21 induction only in T CD4+ lymphocytes from MS animal model. Additionally, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that miR-21 expression was restricted to Th2 and Th17 cell populations. In this way, miR-21 seems to be regulated by the STAT3 transcription factor, thereby suggesting that the increase of miR-21 expression observed in vivo could be related with Th17 CD4+ present in this tissue. In summary, this set of results showed the relevance of miRNAs in the RRMS pathophysiology, mainly in the control of apoptosis.

No description available.

Le virus associé au sarcome de Kaposi (KSHV) code pour un cluster de 12 précurseurs de micro (mi)ARN abondamment exprimés pendant les phases lytiques et latentes de l’infection. Des études précédentes ont rapporté que KSHV est capable d’inhiber l’apoptose pendant l’infection latente ; nous avons donc testé si les miARN du virus étaient impliqués dans ce processus. Nous avons trouvé que des cellules HEK293 et DG-75 exprimant de manière stable les miARN de KSHV étaient protégées de l’apoptose. Les cibles cellulaires potentielles qui étaient significativement négativement régulées lors de l’expression des miARNs de KSHV ont été identifiées par analyse transcriptomique par microarray. Parmi celles-ci, nous avons validé par tests rapporteurs luciférase, PCR quantitative, et western blot, Caspase 3 (CASP3), un facteur jouant un rôle critique dans le contrôle de l’apoptose. Via le biais de mutagenèse dirigée, nous avons montré que trois miARN de KSHV, miR- 12-1, 3 et 4-3p, étaient responsables du ciblage de CASP3. L’inhibition spécifique de ces miARN dans des cellules infectées par KSHV a résulté en une augmentation des niveaux d’expression de CASP3 endogène, et en une apoptose plus accrue. Vus dans leur ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que les miARN de KSHV participent directement à l’inhibition précédemment rapportée de l’apoptose par le virus, et donc qu’ils jouent probablement un rôle dans l’oncogenèse induite par KSHV. / Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a cluster of twelve micro (mi)RNA precursors, which are abundantly expressed during both latent and lytic infection. Previous studies reported that KSHV is able to inhibit apoptosis; we thus tested the involvement of viral miRNAs in this process. We found that both HEK293 epithelial cells and DG-75 cells stably expressing KSHV miRNAs were protected from apoptosis. Potential cellular targets that were significantly down-regulated upon KSHV miRNAs expression were identified by microarray profiling. Among them, we validated by luciferase reporter assays, quantitative PCR and western blotting Caspase 3 (CASP3), a critical factor for the control of apoptosis. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we found that three KSHV miRNAs, miR-K12-1, 3 and 4-3p, were responsible for the targeting of CASP3. Specific inhibition of these miRNAs in KSHV infected cells resulted in increased expression levels of endogenous CASP3 and enhanced apoptosis. Altogether, our results suggest that KSHV miRNAs directly participate to the previously reported inhibition of apoptosis by the virus, and are thus likely to play a role in KSHV-induced oncogenesis.

Pattern formation is the process by which undifferentiated cells divide and differentiate to generate complex tissues and organs. In plants, pattern formation begins in embryogenesis and continues post-embryonically with the function of the meristems. microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small regulatory RNAs that repress gene expression, are involved in a variety of patterning processes in plants, including the formation and function of the meristems and establishment of polarity. For example, regulation of the class III HOMEODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors by miR165/6 is not only involved in the formation and function of the meristems, but also in polarity establishment in the leaf, and in axial patterning during embryogenesis. To gain a better understanding of the role of miRNAs in embryonic patterning, I investigated the tissue-specific functions of the miRNA biogenesis protein SERRATE (SE), which is required for the regulation of the HD-ZIP IIIs via miR165/6. By expressing SE in various domains in se-5 null mutant embryos, I revealed that although SE is expressed throughout the embryonic body, tissue-specific expression of SE from either the upper or lower tier of the embryo is sufficient for correct patterning. This observation suggests a SE-dependent non-cell autonomous and bi-directional mechanism that influences patterning in Arabidopsis embryos. Furthermore, through a suppressor screen of a se-3 loss-of-function mutant allele, I identified mutants in genes that likely function upstream of SE, and downstream or in parallel of the HD-ZIP IIIs. One of those se-3 suppressors is likely to be a mutant in the BELL homeobox gene POUND-FOOLISH (PNF).