LL.D. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The theoretical part is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with competition, the second chapter is about Czech law advertising regulation and about Community law. The third chapter describes misleading advertising and the fourth chapter deals with FMCG. The practical part analyzes current ads. The first chapter describes the method of analysis. The second chapter deals with use of misleading and the third chapter analyzes misuse of truthful information in advertising. The last chapter focuses on the advertising hyperbole.

Förnyelselagen innebär att sådana avtalsrättigheter som upprättats och skrivits in i fastighetsregistret innan 1 juli 1968 tagits bort ur registret om inte någon anmälan om förnyelse gjordes till Lantmäteriets Fastighetsinskrivning innan 31 december 2018. Syftet med lagen var att få ett mer aktuellt och tillförlitligt fastighetsregister genom att ta bort inaktuella eller missvisande inskrivningar ur registret. Att inaktuella eller missvisande inskrivningar finns kvar i fastighetsregistret medför olägenheter för såväl rättighetshavare, kommuner som för allmänheten som använder sig av fastighetsregistret för att finna aktuell och relevant information om fastigheter. Inaktuell information i fastighetsregistret medför bland annat merarbete och högre förrättningskostnader i samband med lantmäteriförrättningar. Lagen anses vara effektiv för att komma till rätta med problemet med inaktuella inskrivningar, samtidigt som det framförts oro över rättighetshavarnas utredningsarbete. Syftet med studien är att bidra till en bredare förståelse för hur lagen påverkat rättighetshavare samt att lägga grunden för vidare utredningar inom ämnet. Studien mål är att undersöka hur ett antal utvalda bolag arbetat inför förnyelselagens verkställande. Målet är vidare att klargöra om lagstiftningen, utifrån studiens omfattning, kan anses ha bidragit till ett mer tillförlitligt fastighetsregister som är bättre anpassat till aktuella förhållanden. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes dels med utvalda bolag som är några av de rättighetshavarna för att se hur de arbetat och genomfört eventuella utredningar av inskrivna avtalsrättigheter inför förnyelselagens verkställande. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes även med representanter från Statliga Lantmäteriets divisioner Fastighetsbildning och Fastighetsinskrivning för att ta reda på vad Lantmäteriets roll varit i arbetet inför och efter förnyelselagen. Slutsatser som kan dras är bland annat att förnyelselagen kan anses ha medfört ett mer tillförlitligt fastighetsregister som är bättre anpassat till aktuella förhållanden samt att bolagen gjort utredningar av inskrivningar i den mån de ansett vara möjlig. / The Renewal Act means that such contractual rights that were registered in the real property register before 1 July 1968 have been removed from the registration if no notification of renewal was made to Lantmäteriet's Property Registration before December 31, 2018. The purpose of the Act is to obtain a more current and reliable real property register by removing outdated or misleading entries from the registry. The fact that outdated or misleading registrations which remains in the property register results in inconveniences for both right-holders, municipalities and the public who use the real estate register to find up-to-date and relevant information about properties. Outdated information in the real estate register entails, among other things, additional work and higher execution costs in cadastral procedures. The law is considered to be effective in overcoming the problem of outdated registered rights. The purpose of the study is to contribute to a broader understanding of how the law influenced rights holders and to lay the foundation for further investigations within the subject. The aim of the study is to investigate how a number of selected companies have worked for the implementation of the renewal act. The aim is also to clarify whether the legislation, based on the scope of the study, can be considered to have contributed to a more reliable property register that is better adapted to current conditions. The study is based on a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with selected companies, which are some of the biggest right-holders, to see how they worked and carried out any investigations of registered contract rights prior to the renewal law's implementation. Semi-structured interviews were also carried out with representatives from the Lantmäteriet's Real Estate formation and Real Estate Enrollment divisions to find out what Lantmäteriet's role was in the work before and after the Renewal Act. Conclusions that can be drawn are among other things that the Renewal Act can be considered to have resulted in a more reliable property register that is better adapted to current circumstances and that the companies have made investigations of enrollments to the extent that they are considered possible.

Miscellaneous examples of misleading statistical data or interpretation are presented in a form suitable for students in mathematics or Social Sciences during a first course of statistics. The aim is to promote critical thinking when confronted (mainly by the media or scientific papers) by information that is biased, incomplete, poorly defined, or deliberately oriented towards a preconceived target. Starting with the simple manipulation of Simpson paradox, the emphasis is put on the need for counfounding in the analysis of relationship between variables.

European Law Against Unfair Competition Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the "European law against unfair competition" and the emphasis is placed on providing understandable and comprehensive summary of European law represented by two leading directives of the European Union. The first one is called Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and it focuses on relations between businesses and customers, while the second one, called Misleading and Comparative Advertising Directive, concentrates on business to business relations. Moreover, the realm of unfair competition is richly complemented by the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which dedicates many of its rulings to this problematic due to its indispensable significance. The content of diploma thesis is divided into several chapters. The chapter following the Introduction gives brief definitions of the terms typical for this branch of law, for example competition or average consumer. The third chapter takes into account historical development of unfair competition at European union level and its direct impact to Czech legislation. For this reason, the fourth chapter includes a short discourse about unfair competition from the point of view of the latest Czech Civil Code. Questions relating to consumers and protection of their...

The main aim of my thesis is to identify various forms of consumer deception. These include misleading and aggressive practices that consumers encounter in everyday life and which often exceed limits of acceptability regulated by legislation. The thesis emphasises primarily advertising which strongly affects consumer decision-making for buying. Legal means of protection against deception are included in the thesis as well. The deception of consumers in German, Austrian and Spanish legislation is the topic of the final chapter. The thesis is supplemented with practical examples and judicial practice.

Miscellaneous examples of misleading statistical data or interpretation are presented in a form suitable for students in mathematics or Social Sciences during a first course of statistics. The aim is to promote critical thinking when confronted (mainly by the media or scientific papers) by information that is biased, incomplete, poorly defined, or deliberately oriented towards a preconceived target. Starting with the simple manipulation of Simpson paradox, the emphasis is put on the need for counfounding in the analysis of relationship between variables.

Digitaliseringens ständiga utveckling inom samhället och verksamheter har lett till nya fenomen och förutsättningar vilket har medfört nya utmaningar. Desinformation är ett avdessa begrepp som har fått allt större betydelse inom det digitala samhället som finns idag. Begreppet som har uppmärksammats alltmer syftar till missvisande, felaktig och falskutformad information. Desinformation blir allt vanligare och det problemområde som identifierats är hur verksamheter hanterar existensen av desinformation. Därmed strävade studien mot att svara på frågeställningen: Vilka tillvägagångssätt har verksamheter för att hantera desinformation i sin användning av digital teknik? Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ forsknings- och metodansats som syftar till att skapa förståelse kring begreppet desinformation, dess bakomliggande faktorer samt vilka tillvägagångssätt verksamheter använder sig av samt hanteringen av begreppet för att minska risken av dess konsekvenser. Datainsamling genomfördes genom en intervjustudie med sju verksamheter samt fem stycken fokusgruppsintervjuer. Resultatet från datainsamlingen påvisade att det finns en bred definition kring betydelsen av desinformation samt att det inom verksamheterna inte finns någon uttalad strategi eller tillvägagångssätt för att hantera desinformation. Det upplevdes finnas tillräckligt med stort förtroende för medarbetarnas egna ansvar i att agera källkritiskt. Befintlig litteratur identifierar att det finns svårigheter kring att upptäcka om informationen är sann eller inte men även att den mänskliga faktorn har betydelse för bedömningen av informationen. Även individens tidigare erfarenheter har betydelse. Det som däremot framkom som studiens slutsats var att följande faktorer var en del av verksamhetens tillvägagångssätt för att avgöra trovärdigheten i information: arbeta med kända aktörer och källor, agera källkritiskt, avgränsa hur intern information hanteras inom verksamheten och bedöma utseende av informationen såsom grammatik och språkbruk. / The digitalization’s constant development in society and in businesses has led to new phenomena and concepts that have not previously existed, which have caused problems. Misinformation is a new concept that has gotten a greater meaning with the digital society that exists today. Misinformation has received increasing attention and refers to misleading, incorrect and falsely designed information. The problem area that is identified is how companies handle the existence of misinformation. The purpose of the study was to answer the research question: What approaches do businesses apply to handle misinformation in their use of digital technology? The study was conducted with a qualitative research and method approach that aims to create an understanding of the concept of misinformation, its underlying factors and what approaches business use when dealing with misinformation to reduce the risk of its consequences. Data collection was conducted through an interview study with seven businesses and five focus group interviews. The results from the data collection showed that there is a broad definition of misinformation and that there is no stated strategy or approach within the operations to deal with misinformation. It was identified that there was enough confidence in the employee's own responsibility in acting source critical. Existing literature identifies that there are difficulties in discovering whether the information is true or not. The human factor has meaning and whether the information is in line with the individual’s opinions. The study's conclusion was that the following factors were a part of the business's approach to determining credibility in information: working with well-known sources, acting with source criticism, defining how information is handled within the business and assessing the appearance of the information such as grammar and language usage.

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Financial fraud rampages onwards seemingly uncontained. The annual cost of fraud in the UK is estimated to be as high as £193bn a year [1] . From a data science perspective and hitherto less explored this thesis demonstrates how the use of linguistic features to drive data mining algorithms can aid in unravelling fraud. To this end, the spotlight is turned on Financial Statement Fraud (FSF), known to be the costliest type of fraud [2]. A new corpus of 6.3 million words is composed of102 annual reports/10-K (narrative sections) from firms formally indicted for FSF juxtaposed with 306 non-fraud firms of similar size and industrial grouping. Differently from other similar studies, this thesis uniquely takes a wide angled view and extracts a range of features of different categories from the corpus. These linguistic correlates of deception are uncovered using a variety of techniques and tools. Corpus linguistics methodology is applied to extract keywords and to examine linguistic structure. N-grams are extracted to draw out collocations. Readability measurement in financial text is advanced through the extraction of new indices that probe the text at a deeper level. Cognitive and perceptual processes are also picked out. Tone, intention and liquidity are gauged using customised word lists. Linguistic ratios are derived from grammatical constructs and word categories. An attempt is also made to determine ‘what’ was said as opposed to ‘how’. Further a new module is developed to condense synonyms into concepts. Lastly frequency counts from keywords unearthed from a previous content analysis study on financial narrative are also used. These features are then used to drive machine learning based classification and clustering algorithms to determine if they aid in discriminating a fraud from a non-fraud firm. The results derived from the battery of models built typically exceed classification accuracy of 70%. The above process is amalgamated into a framework. The process outlined, driven by empirical data demonstrates in a practical way how linguistic analysis could aid in fraud detection and also constitutes a unique contribution made to deception detection studies.