This study investigates the depositional history of the Late Eocene sedimentary record in the northwest of the Thrace Basin in a sequence stratigraphic approach and estimates the contribution of regional tectonics, basin physiography and eustasy. Late Eocene sedimentary succession was analyzed in two third-order sequences based on two major data sets / seismic reflection and well data sets. Depositional Sequence-1, represented by progradational stacking patterns, comprises the coarse-grained Hamitabat turbidite system. The base of the Sequence-1 was defined as the base of channel fill deposits in the northern shelf setting and the base of slope fan deposits in the slope setting. This boundary separates Lower-Middle and Upper Eocene sediments. In the slope setting, the Hamitabat turbidite system was analyzed in three major depocenters / Western, Northwestern and Northeastern depocenters respectively. Hamitabat turbidite system was controlled by the interaction of regional tectonics, basin physiography and eustatic fluctuations in the Late Eocene. This study highlighted the role of the regional variables / tectonic influence and basin morphology on the submarine canyon formation. The facies distribution was controlled by the high subsidence rate of sea-floor dominantly instead of eustasy. Depositional Sequence-2, represented by mostly retrogradational stacking patterns, is a clastic-carbonate mixed system. Depositional Sequence-2 was subdivided into three higher-order sequences. The lower sequence boundaries were induced by the rapid relative sea-level rise. The upper boundary of the Depositional Sequence-2 was defined as the termination of clastic-carbonate mixed system and a candidate for the Eocene-Oligocene contact.

The mixed carbonate–siliciclastic Abrigo Formation of middle and late Cambrian age, which crops out in southeastern Arizona, was deposited during the Sauk transgression in the craton interior, landward of the passive margin of Laurentia. The Abrigo Formation consists of ten basic rock types: claystone, siltstone, sandstone, lime mudstone, wackestone, bioclastic grainstone, packstone, oolitic packstone, oncolitic packstone, and intraclastic conglomerate. These comprise fifteen lithofacies, which are grouped into eight facies associations. They represent an array of shallow-marine environments that were dominated by wave and storm activity. The interpreted paleoenvironments include lower offshore, upper offshore, offshore transition, and lower, middle and upper shoreface. One hundred eighty-two collections, yielding 940 trilobite remains have been found in the Abrigo Formation. They represent 69 species and 42 genera. Eight of the species are new. The fossil age ranges from early Marjuman to late Steptoean. Eight trilobite biofacies are defined from the generic relative abundance data: Ehmaniella, Olenoides–Bolaspidella, Blairella, Eldoradia, Modocia–Paracedaria, Cedaria, Coosella–Coosina, and Camaraspis. Trilobites collected and identified in this study are assigned to five biostratigraphic zones: Bolaspidella, Cedaria, Crepicephalus, Aphelaspis, and Elvinia zones. In addition, two subzones had been defined. Cedaria eurycheilos Subzone recognized in the upper part of Cedaria Zone and Coosella helena Subzone recognized in the upper part of Crepicephalus Zone. The stratigraphic succession was divided into six distinct phases associated with large-scale relative sea-level fluctuations. An initial flooding over the Bolsa Quartzite forming the transgressive systems tract was terminated by maximum flooding, and a subsequent highstand systems tract developed during Bolaspidella Biozone time. The second sequence starts with another transgressive systems tract, and is overlain by a final highstand systems tract during the Cedaria and Crepicephalus biozones. The uppermost part of the second sequence represents a falling stage systems tract that developed during Aphelaspis Biozone time. The presence of Elvinia Biozone trilobites near the base of the highest sandstone unit suggests that delivery and deposition of these sands took place during the lowstand that followed the protracted and widespread Sauk II–Sauk III hiatus. Sedimentary dynamics were controlled by storm-induced wave action and offshore flows. There are two carbonate factories that operated simultaneously in this Cambrian inner shelf region. Dominance of carbonate versus siliciclastic strata in the offshore transition setting is interpreted to reflect periods when siliciclastic input was depleted, such that increasing accommodation and reduction of clay and possibly nutrients promoted carbonate production. Clay and silt bypassed the nearshore carbonate-depositing zone. Siliciclastic sediment input and dispersal were not only restricted to the falls in sea level, but appear to have dominated the transgressive systems tract and late phase of the highstand. Thus, carbonate sedimentation does not dominate the entire highstand systems tract as is commonly held but, rather, only during the late phase of the transgressive and early highstand phase. The comparison of this Cambrian model with younger mixed carbonate-siliciclastic units will help reveal the subtleties of the carbonate factory and how it operated in response to biotic evolution.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T13:27:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Ana Clara de Oliveira Ferraz Barbosa - 2014.pdf: 7503883 bytes, checksum: 4ba2274e8cf2c886f8484854e4224c41 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T13:37:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Ana Clara de Oliveira Ferraz Barbosa - 2014.pdf: 7503883 bytes, checksum: 4ba2274e8cf2c886f8484854e4224c41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T13:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Ana Clara de Oliveira Ferraz Barbosa - 2014.pdf: 7503883 bytes, checksum: 4ba2274e8cf2c886f8484854e4224c41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The genetic structure of a species corresponds to the amount of genetic variability and its distribution within and among local populations and individuals. The patterns of variability among individuals in a local population are highly dependent of mating system. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mating system, the diversity and genetic structure in populations of E. dysenterica in local and regional scale. The assessment of the mating system and the analysis of genetic structure at the local scale were performed in a population of Mimoso – GO and for the analysis of genetic structure at the regional scale were analyzed 23 natural populations of E. dysenterica derived from six Brazilian states (Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Piauí). For all studies seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were used. Considering the 20 families analyzed, the multilocus outcrossing rates (tm = 0.918) and single locus (ts = 0.797) were high and significant. From a total of 399 seeds evaluated, it was possible to determine the pollen donor to 218 seeds (55%) with confidence level of 90%, 174 seeds (44%) with confidence level of 95% and 65 seeds (16%) with confidence level of 99%. In 15 families evaluated were possible to verify the occurrence of multiple paternity, with the number of pollen donor per fruit ranged from one to three. The results presented show that the species E. dysenterica presents mixed mating system and that there is multiple paternity in this species. The intrapopulational spatial genetic structure was positive (R2 = 0.01646, p < 0.001), which was expected since species generally have spatial restriction to disperse. The spatial genetic structure was significant (Sp = 0.0143) and genetic neighborhood (Nb) was equal to 69.93 km. On average, about 30 individuals were analyzed by subpopulation for all loci. The average number of alleles per locus was equal to 9, the genetic diversity was high (0.725) and the observed frequency of heterozygotes (Ho) was 0.610. Were found 18 private alleles in 10 subpopulations. The results for the fixation index ((f) in the subpopulations ranged between -0.058 and 0.338, with an overall value of 0.162, indicating excess of homozygotes in relation to the expected under HWE. The genetic differentiation between subpopulations can be considered relatively high (FST = 0.161). The Mantel test indicates that the genetic divergence of 24 subpopulations evaluated is structured in geographic space (r = 0.427, p < 0.001), suggesting that the model of isolation by distance or stepping-stone are adequate to explain the spatial pattern of genetic divergence among subpopulations of E. dysenterica evaluated. / A estrutura genética de uma espécie corresponde à quantidade da variabilidade genética e sua distribuição dentro e entre populações locais e indivíduos. Os padrões de variabilidade entre indivíduos em uma população local são altamente dependentes do sistema de cruzamento. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar o sistema de cruzamento, a diversidade e a estrutura genética em populações de E. dysenterica, em escala local e regional. A avaliação do sistema de cruzamento e a análise da estrutura genética intrapopulacional foram realizadas em uma população do município de Mimoso – GO e para a estrutura genética interpopulacional foram analisadas 23 subpopulações naturais de E. dysenterica oriundas de seis estados brasileiros. Para todos os estudos foram utilizados sete locos microssatélites polimórficos. Considerando as 20 famílias analisadas, as taxas de fecundação cruzada multiloco (tm = 0,918) e uniloco (ts = 0,797) foram altas. De um total de 399 sementes avaliadas, foi possível determinar o doador de pólen para 218 sementes (55%) com confiança de 90%, 174 sementes (44%) com confiança de 95% e 65 sementes (16%) com confiança de 99%. Em 15 famílias avaliadas foi possível verificar a ocorrência de paternidade múltipla, sendo que o número de doador de pólen por fruto variou de um a três. Os resultados apresentados revelam que a espécie E. dysenterica apresenta sistema de cruzamento misto e que existe paternidade múltipla nessa espécie. A estrutura genética espacial intrapopulacional foi positiva (R2 = 0,01646, p < 0,001), o que era esperado, uma vez que espécies vegetais geralmente possuem restrição espacial para se dispersarem. A estrutura genética espacial foi significativa (Sp = 0,0143) e a vizinhança genética (Nb) foi igual a 69,93 km. Em média, foram analisados aproximadamente 30 indivíduos por subpopulação para todos os locos. O número médio de alelos por loco foi igual a 9, a diversidade genética foi alta (0,725) e a frequência observada de heterozigotos (Ho) foi 0,610. Foram encontrados 18 alelos privados em 10 subpopulações. Os resultados obtidos para o índice de fixação (f) variaram nas subpopulações entre -0,058 e 0,338, com valor global igual a 0,162, indicando excesso de homozigotos em relação às frequências esperadas sob EHW. A diferenciação genética entre as subpopulações pode ser considerada relativamente alta ( P = 0,161). O teste de Mantel indica que a divergência genética das 23 subpopulações avaliadas está estruturada no espaço geográfico (r = 0,427; p < 0,001), sugerindo que o modelo de isolamento-por-distância ou stepping-stone são adequados para explicar o padrão espacial de divergência genética entre as subpopulações de E. dysenterica avaliadas.

[pt] O dimensionamento de estruturas de edifícios de aço com ligações do tipo semi-rígidas ainda enfrenta uma série de resistências por parte dos engenheiros estruturais. Este fato se deve em parte à falta de normas específicas, programas de computadores adequados e informações mais detalhadas sobre as vantagens econômicas das ligações semi- rígidas. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo paramétrico de uma edificação considerando o dimensionamento das ligações no regime semi-rígido. Estas investigações consideram parâmetros como: a rigidez das ligações, sistemas com estruturas em aço ou mistos e estabilidade lateral dos pórticos. A edificação analisada foi uma habitação popular padronizada de quatro pavimentos desenvolvida pela USIMINAS, muito difundida no Brasil. Em uma primeira etapa cada edifício foi estudado com uma rigidez de ligação semi- rígida padrão para todas as ligações da estrutura. Posteriormente ligações semi-rígida individualizadas foram adotadas para os diversos pórticos estudados. Este trabalho a princípio apresenta uma metodologia de análise e dimensionamento de estruturas em aço com ligações semi- rígidas com base no modelo de molas proposto pelo Anexo J Revisado do Eurocode 3. Com base nesta metodologia propõe- se um modelo simplificado de ligações semi-rígidas viga/coluna com o uso do programa ANSYS. Os modelos estruturais foram estudados com a inclusão dos efeitos da não linearidade geométrica dos pórticos e o comportamento elasto-plástico do material de forma a se obter resultados consistentes com os resultados experimentais e sem a introdução de coeficientes de correção. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram apresentados, discutidos e comparados com os desenvolvidos pela USIMINAS de forma a se analisar o comportamento das ligações e sua eficiência. Para os edifícios considerados neste trabalho, onde se fez uso de ligações semi-rígidas padrão, o sistema mais econômico, com relação à peso de aço, foi a estrutura mista com contraventamentos (40 por cento da capacidade rígida) que teve uma economia de até 48 por cento em relação aos outros edifícios e de até 10 por cento aos sistemas da USIMINAS. Quando no uso de ligações otimizadas estas economias aumentam para 53 por cento e 15 por cento. Os resultados apresentados confirmam a vantagem da utilização deste tipo de ligação em edifícios residenciais em aço de pequena altura. / [en] Nowadays, despite the substantial increase in structural design knowledge, the semi-rigid connections steel design is still facing resistance from the structural engineers. This fact can be in part explained by few design standards that allows and explains their use, suitable computer programs and the lack of detailed information of the economical advantages of the semi-rigid design philosophy. This work presents a parametric analysis performed on a residential low-rise steel building considering all the steps necessary to a semi-rigid design. This analysis considered parameters like: beam-to-column connection stiffness and strength,structural system (steel or composite) and lateral frame stability (sway and non-sway frame solutions). The analysed structure consisted on a standard four pavements residential building proposed by a Brazilian Steel Mill Usiminas for low-cost popular constructions. Initially all the structure beam-to-column connections adopted a standard connection stiffness. The study continued with optimised connection stiffness for each of the designed structural frames. The first part of the present work is devoted to a full description of the design procedures proposed in the Eurocode 3, revised annex J for semi-rigid connection design. Based on this methodology a simple design model was proposed and implemented with the aid of the finite element program Ansys. The model included geometrical and material non- linearities and considered the connections semi-rigid behaviour avoiding the conventional approximations suggested in several current steel design standards. The results of this investigations are presented, discussed and compared to standard designs like the Usiminas proposal as means to access the economic potential and efficiency of the semi-rigid solutions. The best structural solution for the investigated construction was a non-sway composite semi- rigid (40 percent of the rigid capacity). The economy achieved were: 48 percent and 10 percent when compared to other semi-rigid solutions and the conventional Usiminas solution, respectively. This figures changed to 53 percent and 15 percent when optimised connections were used in each structural frame. The presented results confirm the advantage of the use of this connections kind in residential buildings in steel of low height.

[pt] Ao longo dos anos, a interação aço-concreto tem obtido um lugar de destaque do ponto de vista estrutural, ampliando a gama de soluções em concreto armado e aço, o que permite atender aos novos desafios arquitetônicos e às exigências que o mercado impõe. O objetivo do sistema misto é a combinação desses dois materiais, formando um único sistema estrutural em que a capacidade portante de cada elemento possa ser explorada ao máximo, tirando-se proveito da grande capacidade do concreto resistir a esforços de compressão, e de o aço, à tração. Essas características singulares de sistemas mistos aço-concreto conduzem a frequências naturais mais próximas da faixa de frequência de excitações associada às atividades humanas. Sendo assim, as considerações relacionadas ao projeto estrutural obrigam os engenheiros a fazer verificações quanto à resistência e à estabilidade de sistemas estruturais (estados limites últimos), mas os problemas relacionados ao estado limite de utilização desses sistemas devem ser analisados de forma mais cuidadosa. Embora o assunto de vibrações em lajes de edifícios induzidas por atividades humanas tem sido de continuado interesse a pesquisadores e a engenheiros ao longo dos últimos dois séculos (1828-2009), inexiste na literatura técnica, até onde o autor tem conhecimento, análise de correlações teórico-experimentais de vibrações de estruturas mistas aço-concreto sob ação de atividades humanas, na qual são consideradas a ortotropia, a interação parcial e as ligações semirrígidas. Com o objetivo de contribuir nessa direção, o presente trabalho investiga o efeito da interação aço-concreto sobre a resposta dinâmica de sistemas de pisos mistos. / [en] Over the years the steel-concrete interaction have been achieving excelent results, in terms of structural performance. This fact have enlarged the range of applications of concrete and steel structures enabling the development of efficient solutions that attend the demands claimed by the market and by increasinly daring architectures. The composite action main objective is to combine steel and concrete into single structural system where the optimum performance of the combined elements could be explored. The concrete is used to sustain compressive while the steel is better used when submitted to tension. These singular characteristics of the composite systems, on the other hand, lead to composite structural systems with natural frequencies close to the frequency associated to human induced loads. Usually the design of composite structures is focused on verifications related to ultimate limit states associated to strength and stability, but the problems related to serviceability limit states should also be carefully considered. Despite the fact that floor vibration induced by human activity has been extensively investigated in the past (1828-2009) there is still a lack of published information on theoretical-experimental correlations on the dynamic response of composite structures specially after considering effects releted to partial interaction, orthotropy and semi-rigid connections. The present study has the objective of contributing in the direction of better understand the effect of the steel-concrete interaction on the composite floor system dynamic response.

Le Haut-Atlas central est un bassin salifère structuré autour d’étroites rides diapiriques (i.e. salt walls) orientées ENE-OSO qui bordent de larges mini-bassins. L’impact de la compression cénozoïque étant relativement limitée, les structures diapiriques y sont particulièrement bien préservées. L’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser les relations entre la sédimentation et la croissance des rides diapiriques dans le cadre imposé par l’évolution du système sédimentaire, durant le Jurassique inférieur et moyen, dans la région d’Imilchil, au cœur du haut-Atlas central. Le Lias-Dogger enregistre le comblement du bassin atlasique à travers six séquences de transgression-régression de troisième ordre. Cette grande tendance régressive se manifeste par la succession de trois systèmes de dépôts. Un système carbonaté, du Toarcien au Bajocien supérieur, dont l’éventail de faciès oscille entre la rampe moyenne et la rampe externe distale. Au Bajocien supérieur l’apport de sédiments terrigènes dans le bassin provoque la disparition du système carbonaté qui est recouvert par une épaisse série sédimentaire mixte peu profonde. Ce système mixte perdure jusqu’au Bathonien inférieur puis il est progressivement remplacé par un système fluviatile silico-clastique. Les relations entre les mouvements diapiriques et la sédimentation peuvent être mises en évidence par une modification de la géométrie des dépôts, par des variations de faciès aux abords des diapirs, et/ou par des événements sédimentaires particuliers (surfaces d’érosion, brèches, niveau condensé). L’analyse de ces interactions en fonction des séquences de transgression-régression permet de définir une chronologie de l’activité diapirique. Elle est continue pendant le Jurassique inférieur et moyen mais connait une évolution polyphasée comprenant deux périodes d’activité majeure, du Toarcien à l’Aalénien terminal et du Bajocien supérieur jusqu’à ce que les diapirs soient scellés au Bathonien supérieur-Callovien inférieur. Ces deux périodes encadrent un épisode de plus faible intensité pendant la progradation et le développement de la rampe carbonatée bajocienne. Les interactions entre diapirisme et sédimentation sont synthétisées dans un modèle empirique à travers quatre types de prismes de dépôts, définis selon des critères géométriques et sédimentologiques, et qui rendent compte de la configuration du système sédimentaire, ainsi que de la position du diapir et de sa couverture au moment du dépôt : A plus grande échelle l’influence du développement des mini-bassins sur la sédimentation s’exprime par une distribution préférentielle des faciès sédimentaire dans les systèmes de dépôt carbonaté et mixte. Les faciès proximaux, et en particulier les faciès granulaires de haute énergie, se regroupent autour des rides diapiriques tandis que les faciès distaux de basse énergie se concentrent dans l’axe des mini-bassins. / The High-Atlas salt basin is formed by a set of ENE-WSW-trending and 15-to-80-kilometers-long narrow diapiric ridges (i.e. salt walls) bounding large mini-basins mildly deformed during Cenozoic shortening. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the relationships between sedimentation and diapiric growth during the Lower and Middle Jurassic in the Imilchil region (Central High-Atlas). In this area, the Lias and Dogger series form a large regressive trend composed by six third-order transgression-regression (T/R) sequences and characterized by the succession of three sedimentary systems. A carbonate system develop from Toarcian to Upper Bajocian, with a facies range from middle ramp to distal outer ramp. From Upper Bajocian, a terrigenous supply in the basin causes the end of the carbonate system and leads to the deposition of a thick shallow mixed unit. From Lower Bathonian, this mixed sedimentary system is gradually replaced by an alluvial silici-clastic system. Relationships between diapiric movements and sedimentation are interpreted from depositional geometries, facies variations in the vicinity of diapirs and/or particular sedimentary events (erosional surfaces, breccia, condensed levels). The analysis of these interactions, based on T/R sequences, enables to define a chronology of the diapiric activity in the Imilchil area. The activity is continuous during the Lower and Middle Jurassic but shows a non-linear development with two phases of high-intensity, one from Toarcian to Uppermost Aalenian, and one from Upper Bajocian. These two phases surround a period of low-intensity during the progradation and the development of the bajocian carbonate ramp system. Interactions between diapirism and sedimentation are summarized in an empirical model consisting of four types of depositional prisms defined by geometrical and sedimentological criteria. On a larger scale, the impact of the mini-basin on the sedimentation is characterized by a specific facies distribution in the carbonate and mixed depositional system. The high-energy granular facies are concentrated around the diapiric structures and the distal low-energy facies are deposited in the axis of the mini-basins.

In addition to a loss of potential revenues from Utah's $393 million sport fishing industry, the state expends millions of dollars every year on costs associated with whirling disease mitigation and prevention. A state fish hatchery at Midway, Utah was closed when the shallow unconfined aquifer being used for fish culture by spring discharge was deemed to be contaminated by whirling disease. An alternative water source may exist in a confined aquifer below this contaminated unconfined aquifer. However, the complex hydrostratigraphy presents a challenge in determining if this source is a viable resource for fish culture. Geological, physical, chemical, geophysical, and isotopic data were combined to create a conceptual model of the groundwater flow at the site and to determine the interactions this confined aquifer may have with the contaminated aquifer. This model divides groundwater at the hatchery into a shallow unconfined system, an upper confined system, and a lower confined system. The shallow unconfined system is characterized by a water table ~1m below ground surface, several active springs, fast travel times, modern water mixed with ancient hydrothermal water, relatively high TDS, and relatively enriched isotopic values. The confined aquifers have a smaller hydrothermal component, relatively depleted isotopic values, lower TDS, and modern recharge components. Two orthogonal shallow high-resolution seismic reflection profiles indicate substantial heterogeneity in the subsurface at the level of the confined systems at the hatchery. Several north-south trending normal discontinuities were interpreted as possible faults from the seismic profile oriented as a dip line, whereas the strike profile shows discontinuous layering without noticeable faulting. A well log profile for the site shows discontinuous tufa layers amid heterogeneous alluvium material. These tufa layers separate upward leaking confined aquifers from the unconfined system. It is only through the integration of several methods that such mixed systems, can be understood. In this study, the lower confined aquifer was found to be a sufficient and safe resource through the integration of numerous methods.