Les véhicules modernes sont équipés de périphériques permettant d'automatiser des tâches (changement de vitesse de transmission, régulation de vitesse, etc.) ou de fournir des services à l'utilisateur (aide à la conduite, détection d'obstacles, etc.). Les communications entre les véhicules permettent d'élargir ces services grâce à la collaboration de plusieurs véhicules (prévention des accidents, gestion du trafic routier, etc.). La multiplication de ces périphériques, de leurs interfaces et protocoles rend l'échange de données plus complexe. Par ailleurs, la communication inter- véhicules est plus contraignante à cause de la haute mobilité des véhicules. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons la conception d'un canal de communication Connect to All (C2A) qui permet d'assurer l'interopérabilité entre les périphériques embarqués dans un véhicule. En effet, il détecte la connexion à chaud d'un équipement, le reconnaît et lui permet d'échanger des données avec les autres périphériques connectés. La conception du canal commence par la modélisation de ce canal en utilisant deux techniques différentes (l'outil de modélisation et de vérification UPPAAL et le Langage de Description et de Spécification (LDS)). La vérification des modèles proposés a pour but de valider le fonctionnement. Ensuite, nous détaillons une implémentation réelle du canal sur une carte embarquée qui vise à démontrer la faisabilité du concept d'interopérabilité de C2A.Nous avons aussi étudié les effets de la mobilité dans la communication inter-véhiculaires grâce à une approche hybride mixant le routage et un service de localisation. Cette approche offre un mécanisme qui permet de réduire les coûts de la localisation des véhicules tout en augmentant les performances de routage. En plus, nous comparons deux applications de cette approche : Hybrid Routing and Grid Location Service (HRGLS) et Hybrid Routing and Hierarchical Location Service (HRHLS) avec des approches originelles pour démontrer la valeur ajoutée. Cette approche est enrichie avec un algorithme de prédiction de mobilité. Ce dernier permet de mieux cerner le déplacement des véhicules en les estimant. De même, l'approche hybride avec prédiction de mobilité Predictive Hybrid Routing and Hierarchical Location Service (PHRHLS) est comparée à HRHLS et l'approche originelle afin de révéler les bénéfices de la prédiction de mobilité. / Modern vehicles are equipped with various devices that aim to automate tasks (shift transmission, cruise control, etc.) or to provide services to the user (driver assistance, obstacle detection, etc.). Communications between vehicles help to expand these services through the collaboration of several vehicles (accident prevention, traffic management, etc.). The proliferation of these devices, their interfaces and protocols makes the data exchange more complex. In addition, inter-vehicle communication is more restrictive because of the vehicles' high mobility.In this work, we propose the design of a communication channel Connect to All (C2A) that ensures the interoperability between embedded devices in a vehicle. In fact, it detects the equipment connection, recognizes it and allows it to exchange data with other devices. The channel design starts by the modelling step using two different techniques (the model checker tool UPPAAL and the Specification and Description Language (SDL). Then, we validate the designed models. We also detail a concrete implementation of the channel on an embedded chip that aims to show the C2A interoperability concept feasibility.We also studied the mobility effects in the inter-vehicular communication through a hybrid approach mixing routing and location-based service. This approach provides a mechanism to reduce vehicle-tracking costs while increasing routing performances. Moreover, we compare two applications of this approach: Hybrid Routing and Grid Location Service (HRGLS) and Hybrid Routing and Hierarchical Location Service (HRHLS) with classical approaches to prove the added value. Then, this approach is improved with a mobility prediction algorithm. The latter allows a better understanding of the vehicle movements by estimating them. Similarly, the hybrid approach with mobility prediction Predictive Hybrid Routing and Hierarchical Location Service (PHRHLS) is compared with the basic approach and HRHLS in order to show the mobility prediction advantages.

Cette thèse apporte quatre principales contributions : une méthode d'éliminateur de phénomènes de ''chattering'' d'automates hybrides, par calcul d'une dynamique régulière équivalente à l'aide d'une convexification de Filippov ; une méthode d'accélération de la simulation de certains comportements Zénon, dits géométriques, pour certains automates hybrides ; des preuves de préservation par les méthodes ci-dessus d'une sémantique des automates hybrides à base d'analyse non-standard ; développement de trois logiciels prototypes, l'un sous la forme d'une bibliothèque Simulink, le second sous la forme d'un environnement de simulation de composants FMI, et le troisième étant une implémentation de la méthode de régularisation dans le langage de modélisation de systèmes hybrides Acumen. / This thesis deals with Zeno behavior of hybrid systems, and it has four main contributions : a method of eliminating "chattering" phenomena of hybrid automata, by computing an equivalent dynamics using a new convexification approach ; a method for accelerating the simulation of geometric-Zeno behavior in which the solution converges to a Zeno limit point according to a geometric series ; a proof of preservation by the above methods of a semantics of hybrid automata based on non-standard analysis ; a development of three prototype software, one in the form of a Simulink library, the other in the form of an FMI simulation environment, and the third being an implementation of the regularization method in the Modeling and simulation tool Acumen.

any experiments demonstrate that isotropic ductile materials used in engineering applications develop anisotropic damage and shows significant variation in elongation to failure. This anisotropic damage is manifest by material microstructural heterogeneities and morphological changes during deformation. The variation in elongation to the failure could be attributed to the uncertainties in the material microstructure and loading conditions. To study this deformation induced anisotropy arising from the initial material heterogeneities, we first performed uncertainty analysis using current form on an internal state variable plasticity and isotropic damage model (Bammann, 1984; Horstemeyer, 2001) to quantify the effect due to variations in material microstructure and loading conditions on elongation to failure. We extend the current isotropic damage form of theory into an anisotropic damage form for ductile material in which material heterogeneities are introduced based on damage distribution functions converted into a damage tensor of second rank. The outcome of this research is a physically motivated, uncertainty-based, anisotropic damage constitutive model that links microstructural features to mechanical properties. This was accomplished by pursuing three sub goals: (1) develop and quantify uncertainty related to material heterogeneities, (2) develop a methodology related to a higher order tensorial rank of damage for void nucleation and void growth, and (3) integrate thermodynamically constrained damage with a rate dependent plasticity constitutive material model. Later, we also proposed a new ISV theory that physically and strongly couples deformation due to damage-related internal defects to metal plasticity.

Lubricated friction issues are central to all hydraulic actuation systems undergoing motion and any in-depth understanding of the nature of lubricated friction will advance future component design. The classic friction models of hydraulic actuation systems under steady state conditions and their dependency on velocity and temperature have been studied extensively over the past years. A model which is commonly employed to represent the characteristics of friction is that of Stribeck in which the dependency of the friction force is based on velocity alone. However, experimentally, it has been found that lubricated friction is dependent on acceleration. Thus, the Stribeck model can be considered as a subset of a dynamic friction model in which acceleration is zero. Thus, it can be concluded that the Stribeck model is best applied to cases when the change rate of the velocities is very small. This thesis considers the dependency of lubricated friction on acceleration when pressure and temperature changes are relatively constant. As such, the basic hypothesis for this study was proposed as follows: “Lubricated friction in hydraulic actuation systems is not only a function of velocity, but is also a function of both velocity and acceleration”. In this thesis several terms are defined which facilitate the description under which friction models are developed. For example, the term non-steady state friction is used to account for the effect of acceleration on lubricated friction force while in motion. Further, the lubricated friction models are divided into two groups: steady state friction models and non-steady state friction models. Nonlinear friction modeling and measuring methods are reviewed in this dissertation. This review also includes nonlinear lubricated friction modeling in hydraulic actuation systems. A conclusion from this review was that limited research has been done in documenting and explicitly demonstrating the role of acceleration on lubricated friction. The research first introduced a methodology to experimentally measure friction as a function of acceleration and to demonstrate this dependency in the form of a three dimensional graph. A novel technique to experimentally obtain data for the lubricated friction model was introduced. This allowed the lubricated friction forces to be measured as a function of velocity in a continuous manner, but with acceleration being held constant as a family parameter. Two different valve controlled hydraulic actuation systems (VCHAS) were studied under a wide variety of accelerations at constant temperature and pressure. To enable repeatable data collection for the different friction conditions and to accommodate for the effect of hysteresis, a periodic parabolic displacement waveform was chosen which enabled the acceleration to be a family parameter. The second phase of the research introduced a method of representing the data (lubricated friction model) in a lookup table form. The relationship of lubricated friction (in this work, pressure differential, ΔP across the actuator) as a function of velocity and acceleration was presented in a unique semi-empirical 2D lookup table (2D LUT). Limitations of this experimental approach were identified, but the dependency on acceleration was clearly established. The last phase of the study implemented this 2D LUT model into a practical software model of an actuator and demonstrated its accuracy when compared to its experimental counterpart. The semi-empirical model (2D LUT) was experimentally verified by implementing the semi-empirical and Stribeck models into a real time simulation of an actuator and by comparing the experimental outputs against simulated outputs for a common sinusoidal input. A sinusoidal actuator displacement input was chosen to test the simulations as it was not used in the collection of the original data. The output of the simulation was compared to the experimental results and it was evident that for the range in which data could be collected in developing the model, the proposed 2D LUT model predicted an output that was superior to a model which used a standard Stribeck model. It was concluded that the semi-empirical model could be integrated into a simulation environment and predict outputs in a superior fashion when compared to the Stribeck friction model. Thus it was concluded that the stated hypothesis is consistent with the experimental evidence shown by all hydraulic actuators considered. Further, it was also observed that the traditional Stribeck form (steady state dynamic friction) does change with increasing acceleration to the point that the standard breakaway friction almost disappears. It is evident that the 2D LUT is a viable tool for modeling the non-steady state friction of hydraulic actuation systems. The semi-empirical 2D LUT model so developed is a more global representation of hydraulic actuator lubricated friction. In this research, only linear hydraulic actuators were considered; however, the novel nonlinear semi-empirical 2D LUT lubricated friction model can be applied to any actuator (linear and rotary) and provides a new way in which the dynamic friction can be viewed and modeled.

The solar hot water storage tank is off great importance in the solar collector array. It allows transformed energy accumulation thus deals with the inconsistency between supply and demand. The suitable design of the storage tank can improve system efficiency. The storage capacity represents the balance between the amount of stored hot water and the tank's heat losses. The design of the storage capacity is based on three hypotheses. The coverage of hot water demand by solar energy, the ratio between storage capacity and solar thermal collector area and the prediction that the storage capacity corresponds to one- to twofold hot water demand. The purpose of this thesis is to share an understanding of the solar storage tanks design and to improve the design through numerical simulation, experimentations and general calculations. It also focuses on the confirmation of the used hypotheses and determination of the best way to design the solar storage tank for general practice and further potential discussions. The simulation model has three variables – the storage capacity, collector area and the number of occupants. The intent is to find the interdependence of these three variables. The purpose of the simulations is to modify the design of the solar tank based on the mutual influence of studied parameters. The modifications are performed based on the users' needs.

Le sujet de la thèse porte sur la mise en place d’approches numériques avancées pour la simulation et l’optimisation de structures mécaniques présentant une géométrie complexe. Il se focalise sur l’analyse isogéométrique (IGA) qui a reçu beaucoup d’intérêt cette dernière décennie dû à sa grande flexibilité, précision, et robustesse dans de nombreux contextes industriels comparé à la méthode des éléments finis (FEA) classique. En particulier, la technologie IGA fournit un lien direct avec les logiciels de CAO (les mêmes fonctions sont utilisées pour la représentation de la géométrie et l’analyse numérique) et facilite les procédures de maillage.Dans ce contexte, et comme première partie du travail, une méthode de vérification basée sur la dualité et le concept d’erreur en relation de comportement (ERC) est proposé. Il permet d’obtenir des estimateurs d’erreur a posteriori à la fois garantis et entièrement calculables pour les solutions numériques issues de simulation par IGA. Ces estimateurs, valables pour une large gamme de modèles linéaires ou non-linéaires en mécanique des structures, constituent donc des outils performants et utiles pour le contrôle quantitatif de la qualité numérique et pour la conduite de procédures adaptatives. Un intérêt particulier est porté sur la construction de champs équilibrés, qui est un point clé du concept ERC, et qui jusqu’à présent était essentiellement développée dans le cadre de la méthode des éléments finis. L’extension au contexte IGA nécessite d’aborder plusieurs problèmes techniques, liés à l’utilisation de fonctions de base B-Spline/NURBS. Le concept ERC est aussi mis en oeuvre avec les techniques d’adjoint pour faire de l’estimation d’erreur sur des quantités d’intérêt.Dans une seconde partie du travail, la technologie IGA est couplée avec une procédure de réduction de modèle pour obtenir des solutions certifiées, et en temps réel, de problèmes avec une géométrie paramétrée. Après avoir défini le paramétrage sur la transformation permettant de passer de l’espace paramétrique IGA à l’espace physique, un modèle réduit basé sur la technique PGD (Proper Generalized Decomposition) est introduit pour résoudre le problème multi-dimensionnel. Avec une stratégie hors-ligne/en-ligne, la procédure permet alors de décrire l’ensemble des solutions paramétrées avec un coût de calcul réduit, et de faire de l’optimisation de forme en temps réel. Ici encore, l’estimation a posteriori des diverses sources d’erreur venant de la discrétisation et de la réduction de modèle PGD est menée à partir du concept ERC. Cela permet de contrôler la qualité de la solution PGD approchée (globalement ou sur des quantités d’intérêt), pour toute configuration géométrique, et de nourrir un algorithme adaptatif qui optimise l’effort de calcul pour une tolérance d’erreur donnée.Le travail de recherche dans son ensemble fournit donc des outils pertinents et pratiques pour les activités de simulation en ingénierie mécanique. Le potentiel et les performances de ces outils sont montrés à travers plusieurs exemples numériques impliquant des problèmes académiques et industriels, et des modèles linéaires et non-linéaires (endommagement). / The topic of the PhD thesis deals with the construction of advanced numerical approaches for the simulation and optimization of mechanical structures with complex geometry. It focuses on the Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) technology which has received much attention of the last decade due to its increased flexibility, accuracy, and robustness in many engineering simulations compared to classical Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In particular, IGA enables a direct link with CAD software (the same functions are used for both analysis and geometry) and facilitates meshing procedures.In this framework, and as a first part of the work, a verification method based on duality and the concept of Constitutive Relation Error (CRE) is proposed. It enables to derive guaranteed and fully computable a posteriori error estimates on the numerical solution provided by IGA. Such estimates, which are valid for a wide class of linear or nonlinear structural mechanics models, thus constitute performing and useful tools to quantitatively control the numerical accuracy and drive adaptive procedures. The focus here is on the construction of equilibrated flux fields, which is key ingredient of the CRE concept, and which was until now almost exclusively developed in the FEA framework alone. The extension to IGA requires to address some technical issues, due to the use of B-Spline/NURBS basis functions. The CRE concept is also implemented together with adjoint techniques in order to perform goal-oriented error estimation.In a second part, IGA is coupled with model reduction in order to get certified real-time solutions to problems with parameterized geometry. After defining the parametrization on the mapping from the IGA parametric space to the physical space, a reduced model based on the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) is introduced to solve the multi-dimensional problem. From an offline/online strategy, the procedure then enables to describe the manifold of parametric solutions with reduced CPU cost, and to further perform shape optimization in real-time. Here again, a posteriori estimation of the various error sources inheriting from discretization and PGD model reduction is performed from the CRE concept. It enables to control the quality of the approximate PGD solution (globally or on outputs of interest), for any geometry configuration, and to feed a robust greedy algorithm that optimizes the computational effort for a prescribed error tolerance.The overall research work thus provides for reliable and practical tools in mechanical engineering simulation activities. Capabilities and performance of these tools are shown on several numerical experiments with academic and engineering problems, and with linear and nonlinear (damage) models.

<p>Many industrial organizations invest heavily in modeling and simulation (M&S) to support the design process. The primary business motivation for M&S is as a cheaper and faster alternative for obtaining information towards a better understanding of system behavior or to help with decision making. However, M&S predictions are known to be inexact because models and simulations are mathematical approximations of reality. To ensure that models are applicable for their intended use, organizations must collect evidence that the M&S is credible. Verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification (VVUQ) are the established methods for collecting this evidence. Structured frameworks for building credibility in M&S through VVUQ methods exist in the scientific literature but these frameworks and methods are generally not well developed, nor well implemented in industrial environments. The core motivation of this work is to help make existing VVUQ frameworks more suitable for industry.</p> <p>As part of this objective, this work proposes a new credibility assessment that turns VVUQ results into an intuitive, numerical decision-making metric. This credibility assessment, called the Credibility Index, identifies the important aspects of credibility, extracts the relevant VVUQ results, and converts the results into an overall Credibility Index score (CRED). This CRED score is unique for each specific prediction scenario and serves as an easy-to-digest measure of credibility. The Credibility Index builds upon widely accepted definitions of credibility, well-established VVUQ frameworks, and decision theory.</p> <p>The Credibility Index has been applied to several prediction scenarios for two publicly available benchmark problems and one Rolls-Royce funded subsystem case; all examples relate to the aerodynamic design of turbine-engine compressors. The results from these studies show how the Credibility Index serves as a decision-making metric, supplements traditional M&S outputs, and guides VVUQ efforts. A product feedback study, involving model end-users in industry, compared the Credibility Index to three other established credibility assessments; the study provides evidence that CRED consistently captures all key aspects of information quality when informing end-users on the credibility of model predictions. Due to the industry partnership, this research already has multiple avenues of practical impact, including implementation of the structured VVUQ and credibility framework in an industrial toolkit and workflow. </p>

The diploma thesis deals with experimental determination of hydrodynamic load on the overflowed bridge deck model. In the first part of the thesis the author describes the analysis of the problem together with the basic physical laws and principles that are used or assumed in the measurement itself. In the second part the author describes the measurements in the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and its gradual processing. At the end of the work are described the results of measurement, their comparison with numerical modeling, other authors and their possible use in practice.

Ce travail de thèse présente une étude concernant la caractérisation des effets électrothermiques dans les transistors bipolaires à hétérojonction (HBT) en SiGe. Lors de ces travaux, deux procédés technologiques BiCMOS à l’état de l’art ont été analysés: le B11HFC de Infineon Technologies (130nm) et le B55 de STMicroelectronics (55nm).Des structures de test dédiées ont étés conçues, pour évaluer l’impact électrothermique du back end of line (BEOL) de composants ayant une architecture à un ou plusieurs doigts d’émetteur. Une caractérisation complète a été effectuée en régime continu et en mode alternatif en petit et en grand signal. De plus, une extraction des paramètres thermiques statiques et dynamiques a été réalisée et présentée pour les structures de test proposées. Il est démontré que les figures de mérite DC et RF s’améliorent sensiblement en positionnant des couches de métal sur le transistor, dessinées de manière innovante et ayant pour fonction de guider le flux thermique vers l’extérieur. L’impact thermique du BEOL a été modélisé et vérifié expérimentalement dans le domaine temporel et fréquentiel et aussi grâce à des simulations 3D par éléments finis. Il est à noter que l’effet du profil de dopage sur la conductivité thermique est analysé et pris en compte.Des topologies de transistor innovantes ont étés conçues, permettant une amélioration des spécifications de l’aire de sécurité de fonctionnement, grâce à un dessin innovant de la surface d’émetteur et du deep trench (DTI).Un modèle compact est proposé pour simuler les effets de couplage thermique en dynamique entre les émetteurs des HBT multi-doigts; ensuite le modèle est validé avec de mesures dédiées et des simulations TCAD.Des circuits de test ont étés conçus et mesurés, pour vérifier la précision des modèles compacts utilisés dans les simulateurs de circuits; de plus, l’impact du couplage thermique entre les transistors sur les performances des circuits a été évalué et modélisé. Finalement, l’impact du dissipateur thermique positionné sur le transistor a été étudié au niveau circuit, montrant un réel intérêt de cette approche. / This work is focused on the characterization of electro-thermal effects in advanced SiGe hetero-junction bipolar transistors (HBTs); two state of the art BiCMOS processes have been analyzed: the B11HFC from Infineon Technologies (130nm) and the B55 from STMicroelectronics (55nm).Special test structures have been designed, in order to evaluate the overall electro-thermal impact of the back end of line (BEOL) in single finger and multi-finger components. A complete DC and RF electrical characterization at small and large signal, as well as the extraction of the device static and dynamic thermal parameters are performed on the proposed test structures, showing a sensible improvement of the DC and RF figures of merit when metal dummies are added upon the transistor. The thermal impact of the BEOL has been modeled and experimentally verified in the time and frequency domain and by means of 3D TCAD simulations, in which the effect of the doping profile on the thermal conductivity is analyzed and taken into account.Innovative multi-finger transistor topologies are designed, which allow an improvement of the SOA specifications, thanks to a careful design of the drawn emitter area and of the deep trench isolation (DTI) enclosed area.A compact thermal model is proposed for taking into account the mutual thermal coupling between the emitter stripes of multi-finger HBTs in dynamic operation and is validated upon dedicated pulsed measurements and TCAD simulations.Specially designed circuit blocks have been realized and measured, in order to verify the accuracy of device compact models in electrical circuit simulators; moreover the impact on the circuit performances of mutual thermal coupling among neighboring transistors and the presence of BEOL metal dummies is evaluated and modeled.