Summary: Consilia played an important role in medieval but also early modern professional health literature. Literary "consilium" contained a written statement of one particular case, the patient's condition and disease as well as advice on a medical procedure where a doctor in accordance with the contemporary discourse analyzed symptoms, determined the diagnosis, prognosis and recommended its pharmacological treatment including possible technical interventions (venesection etc.). In the 16th century, the Consilia Literature was a common part of many eminent physicians' practice whereas nowadays it is unjustly neglected source of history of medicine, pharmacology, dietetics and so on. The first part of the dissertation is devoted to the definition of genre, the initial stages of its development and description of the specifics of the Middle Ages. However the results of fifteen eminent physicians of Italy (B. Vettori, G. B. Da Monte, V. Trincavelli, A. M. Venusti, G. Capodivaccio, C. Guarinoni), France (J. Fernel, G. de Baillou) and of the German-speaking areas of Central Europe (J. Crato, R. Solenander, L. Scholz, D. Cornarius, J. Wittich, T. Mermann, J. Matthaeus), became the main theme of work of early modern consultative collections. On examination of nearly seven thousand consilia from twenty two...

The body and the sin. One of a woman{\crq}s image in the moralist literature in the early modern period Annotation The diploma work is aimed at an early modern woman seen from the moralist authors´view. The work ranks among the contributions connected with gender roles research in the society of the studied period. The sources that it takes on come from the 16th and 17th centuries and they are aimed against woman{\crq}s wickedness which were connected with woman{\crq}s carnality. The body as a tool of a trespass is represented as a connecting unit through the individual chapters and at the same time it work as the main symbol of the woman{\crq}s trespass. In connexion with the carnality the most feared sins are mentioned, such as pride, adultery or fornication. In additoin to these particular trespasses the moralist authors also pointed out possible snares or potential ways leading to the trespass, such as dance or a pure and simple woman{\crq}s glimpse. Even these opinions show it was very important to keep out women of ill fame because even a simple slander could raise doubts of everyone{\crq}s probity. The aim of the diploma work is an elucidation of images of women dominated in the society in the early modern period. The work should outline a certain bipolarity that is, in connexion wiht a women, evident in the moralist authors` writings. In this a woman of the early modern period was conceived either as a redeemer or on the other hand as a wicked woman whereas the main thought of the work elucidation of period opinions of a woman as a sinner is.

The goal of this work was to determinate and analyse osteological material from an archeological site, which was dated from high Middle Ages to early modern period. Then, the results were compared to other literature engaging in similarly dated localities.

The thesis focuses on the problems of Early Modern Period duels concentrating on aristocratic milieu in Bohemia. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 outlines the problems based on up to now findings especially foreign historical science. A necessary part is the evaluation of the existing literature on up-to-date subject, brief introduction of the methodological approach and an outline of the possible thematic areas. In association with the thematic areas, it is possible to pay attention to the problems of duels. In this Chapter is also a detailed introduction to the chosen methodological solution {--} historical-anthropological draft of honour in the Early Modern Period. The Early Modern Period is based on many categories as e.g. inward and outward honour, honour of a male and a female or individual and collective honour. Chapter 2 puts the Early Modern Period in a spatiotemporal context and tries to introduce not only the predecessor in the way of medieval court duels, aristocratic hate perhaps even knightly tournaments but also his successors in the way of strictly ritualistic duels of the long 19th century. A special attention is paid to an analysis of duel books of references of the 19th century, which is supposed to serve as a solution for the third chapter. Chapter 3 is a personal analysis of the Early Modern Period considering all possible aspects which are possible to be discovered in the context. Attention is paid to all possible reasons of the beginning of the Early Modern Period duels, direct and indirect participants, circumstances which accompanied the Early Modern Period as well as potential results for all parties concerned. The Early Modern duel should be roughly outlined as an original development in the history of duels in terms of untold references in the source of personal nature and personal research. The same emphasis is put in the involvement of a duel as a indivisible part of the intellectual world of the Early Modern period of a human being with a special consideration to the milieu of the noble people. The aim of the thesis is to prove the peculiarity of the Early Modern Period duel and to refer to the characteristic place in the inward world of the then noble rank as well as other ranks of the society.

Propôs-se investigar nesta pesquisa de que modo os autores europeus no período moderno conceituaram e representaram o harém islâmico. Para tanto, foi examinado um conjunto de narrativas de viagem produzidas entre os fins do século XVI e o século XVIII, além de dicionários e enciclopédias da mesma época. Aquelas eram resultado das viagens de europeus com perfis e projetos distintos para o Império Otomano, para a Pérsia e para o Norte da África, cujos relatos foram publicados originalmente em língua inglesa e francesa. Dentre os dezesseis relatos de viagem principais analisados aqui, o último deles, publicado em 1791, descrevia a experiência de um médico inglês em dois haréns do Reino de Marrocos. Diante disso, o debate sobre os pressupostos médicos europeus em contato com as práticas médicas mouras recebeu especial atenção. Após o exame deste cenário textual, e das indicações sobre a luxúria característica das sociedades islâmicas, buscou-se responder a seguinte questão: em que medida as representações construídas por estes autores teriam incitado um imaginário sobretudo sexual acerca do harém? / The purpose of this research is to investigate how the European authors in the modern period conceptualized and represented the Islamic harem. In this sense, we examined a set of travel narratives, produced between the late sixteenth century and the eighteenth century, as well as dictionaries and encyclopedias from the same era. The former were the result of travels undertaken by Europeans with different profiles and projects towards the Ottoman Empire, Persia and North Africa, whose accounts were originally published in English and French. Among the sixteen main travel reports analyzed here, the last one published in 1791 described the experience of an English doctor in two harems of Morocco. Thus, the debate about the European medical assumptions in contact with the Moorish medical practices received special attention. After examining this textual scenario, and of indications on the characteristic lust of Islamic societies, we sought to answer the following question: the representations constructed by these authors would have incited an imaginary especially sexual about the harem?

Plusieurs biais inhérents à l’estimation de l’âge au décès individuel ont conduit à privilégier l’âge populationnel en paléodémographie mais la cémentochronologie a récemment montré une forte corrélation entre âge biologique et âge réel et une précision affinée. L’annualité de l’apposition cémentaire permet de proposer une alternative à la population de référence. Notre objectif consiste à réaliser une étude paléodémographique à partir d’estimations d’âge au décès individuel obtenues par comptage des lignes d’incrément cémentaires. Nous sélectionnons la série ostéoarchéologique moderne de la cathédrale paroissiale Notre-Dame du Bourg à Digne, composée de 563 individus inhumés du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle. Suite à l’analyse des pratiques funéraires, les données des registres paroissiaux exhaustivement dépouillés de 1671 à 1721 sont comparées aux résultats biologiques et paléodémographiques des 421 adultes et 142 immatures. Les archives indiquent une population préindustrielle typique subissant une crise de mortalité en 1691-1692 et un recrutement funéraire aspécifique. L’estimation de l’âge au décès par comptage des lignes d’incrément cémentaires est appliquée à 109 adultes et aux dents déciduales et permanentes de 42 immatures. La distribution probable par âge est obtenue en calculant les probabilités d’appartenance individuelles aux différentes classes d’âges. L’analyse du recrutement est concluante puisque le profil de mortalité par âge obtenu est conforme au schéma de mortalité archaïque et à celui des archives historiques pour les adultes jeunes et matures. Notre approche est novatrice puisqu'elle rétablit l’âge individuel en paléodémographie grâce au cément dentaire. / Several biases related to age estimation led to privilege assessing age structures of populations. But cementochronology provides a better accuracy and a strong correlation coefficient with chronological age. The annual apposition of dental cementum offers an alternative to the reference population. We aim to achieve a paleodemographic study using classical age estimates obtained by cementochronology. We select the modern osteoarcheological series of the cathedral Notre Dame du Bourg at Digne-les-Bains (France), composed by 563 individuals who were buried between the 16th to the 18th century. To monitor the biological results, we examine all the parish registers from 1671 to 1721. After analyzing funerary practices, data from parish records are compared to biological and paleodemographic results from the 421 adults and 142 subadults. Historical records indicate a typical preindustrial population suffering a mortality crisis in 1691-1692. Biological data are consistent with historical sources about an unspecific funerary admission in the cathedral Notre Dame du Bourg. Cementochronology is applied to 109 adults' permanent canines and to 42 subadults' deciduous and permanent single-root teeth. We calculate the probability density function of each individual and belmonging probabilities to every age class. Our interpretation of funerary admission obtained by tooth cementum analysis is conclusive for young and middle-aged adults since the age pattern of mortality is consistent with both the archaic mortality pattern and historical records. Our approach innovates by restoring age estimates in paleodemography through the biological specificity of cementum.

This dissertation examines the role of aesthetic activity in the pursuit of political agency in readings of several of Shakespeare’s plays, including Hamlet (1600), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595), The Tempest (1610), the history plays of the second tetralogy (1595-9), Julius Caesar (1599), and Coriolanus (1605). I demonstrate how Shakespeare models political subjectivity—the capacity for individuals to participate meaningfully in the political realm—as necessitating active aesthetic agency. This aesthetic agency entails the fashioning of artistically conceived public personae that potential political subjects enact in the public sphere and the critical engagement of the aesthetic and political discourses of the subjects’ culture in a self-reflective and appropriative manner. Furthermore, these subjects should be wary auditors of the texts and personae they encounter within the public sphere in order to avoid internalizing constraining ideologies that reify their identities into forms less conducive to the pursuit of liberty and social mobility. Early modern audiences could discover several models for doing so in Shakespeare’s works. For example, Hamlet posits a model of Machiavellian theatricality that masks the Prince's interiority as he resists the biopolitical force and disciplinary discourses of Claudius's Denmark. Julius Caesar and Coriolanus advance a model of citizenship through the plays’ nameless plebeians in which rhetoric offers the means to participate in Rome’s political culture, and Shakespeare’s England for audiences, while authorities manipulate citizen opinion by molding the popularity of public figures. Public, artistic ability affords potential political subjects ways of not only framing their participation in their culture but also ways of conceiving of their identities and relationships to society that may defy normative notions of membership in the community.

Military music in Sweden in early modern times is an understudied area of research. Shawm and oboe playersat Swedish regiments during the reigns of Charles XI and XII have previously not been the focus of aconfined study. This study aims to highlight these musicians and their place within Sweden’s musical life ofthe period. The study comprises five sections looking at different aspects of the shawm and oboe players work andlife within the military. Theses aspects include employment, work assignments, education, instruments, andrepertoire. Information on these topics was collected from various contemporary sources, e.g. muster rollsand letters to and from the regiments. The study takes the viewpoint that military music was an integral partof noble culture and identity. The study shows that these shawm and oboe players were an important part of Swedish musical lifeand highlights these musicians’ ties to the noble officers. Likewise, it suggests that shawm and oboe playersin Europe were important for the spread and dissemination of music and musical instruments.

This diploma thesis focuses on the issue of oral and written communication through the groups of couriers, who mediated between smaller royal dowry town Dvůr Králové nad Labem and its own villages as well as another distant locations situated in another dominion. Diploma thesis applies to region called Podkrkonoší in the advanced Early Modern Period, describes and analyses some of the preserved archival primary sources of knowledge dedicated to the courier services in Dvůr Králové nad Labem. It mentions the enviroment in which the gateke- epers and other couriers fulfilled their services. This thesis attempts to define the relationship between the distance and courier's income in Dvůr Králové nad Labem's domain and outside of it. In the context of diverse contents of oral and written messages the thesis mentions sever- al other topics, for example the actual filling work of corvée (or statute labour), showing by gatekeepers the way to hussar-soldier at surveying, transport of beggars and vagabonds and even the beginning of postal services in this area. Working method is based on detailed archival probe into rarely preserved municipal bookkeeping, especially into records of gate- keeper's courier services and records of other settled couriers both from the year 1740 and 1768. Results are presented...

Historical anthropology is a relatively young science discipline. On many projects in the framework of theoretical tasks so far. This work is a bunch of strangers to focus on inter-cultural comparison in the context of historical anthropology. This work will be conducted following the line of the official sources of the history. Rather than the actor himself, will be viewed for what could, in theory, the player or what was his academic freedom. By comparing the two locally so different areas, such as the Czech lands, and Beninese imperium, has a bunch of strangers try to show a comparison as possible in varying degree. The work aims to compare the rights and that mountain obligation the lowest classes of the two States. It has to happen, implanted in the reality of time known as the early modern period in Europe. The work will be based mainly on the strands of legal provenance. Work gives the objective comparison of these facts, without any claims to their binding evaluation.