This thesis contains two parts: theoretical and experimental. In the theoretical part are described materials for production SCC and their effect on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Practical part is divided into two experiments. First experiment deals with the design, production and properties of hardened SCC strength classes C16/20, C20/25 and C25/30 with high volume fly ash and inert admixtures. The main endpoints were long-term compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Second experiment of practical part deals with designs SCC with modulus of elasticity more than 40 kN/mm2.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Paula Coelho Duarte.pdf: 2045883 bytes, checksum: 83ad2c04d2aba1d3d47b92dfb5d4359c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-05 / Amostras de madeira foram submetidas a ensaio de determinação de rigidez à flexão e à compressão paralela às fibras. A deflexão sofrida pela amostra foi medida por intermédio de relógio comparador (como na norma NBR 7190), para efeito de comparação e por meio de imagens digitais colhidas por câmera. As imagens também permitiram determinar a equação da linha elástica e o ângulo de curvatura apresentada pela amostra a cada valor de carga. Essas quatro metodologias para obter deformações permitiram calcular, portanto, o módulo de elasticidade de quatro maneiras. Mediu-se também a deformação específica de corpos-de-prova submetidos à compressão, seja pela maneira tradicional, com extensômetros elétricos, como de modo diferente, por análise de imagens. Concluiu-se que a análise de imagens permite inferir com exatidão o valor da rigidez, quando se usam a medida da deflexão no centro do vão ou quando se obtém por regressão os parâmetros utilizados na derivação da curva elástica. A definição do ângulo de curvatura por interpretação das imagens nem sempre apresentou bons resultados. Amostras maiores de madeira talvez permitam maior precisão nessa definição. Os resultados do cálculo da rigidez por compressão da madeira foram pouco satisfatórios, isso certamente porque a deformação é excepcionalmente pequena. Uma câmera de maior qualidade ótica será suficiente para resolver essa falha / Wood samples were submitted to standard bending and compression tests to determine their stiffness. To compare values, modulus of elasticity was first measured using a dial gage (in bending) or strain-gage (in compression). The samples were filmed at the same time and the film, captured by a Leica V-lux-20, yielded still images in the .jpg format, that were later analysed using a MatLab program. In the case of bending, three values of MOE were obtained from each image and compared to the first. One of the new methods, that permitted to calculate the deflection at the center of the sample in the image, gave values that were very close to those given by the dial. Data were also collected from the images that allowed the calculation by regression analysis of the elastic curve of the beam. MOE values so obtained were also very similar to those of the dial, with a few exceptions. The angle that subtended the curvature of the deflected beam was also found from the images, but gave MOE values quite different, in most cases. It is presumed, in this case, that the sample (a 2 by 2 by 24 cm parallelepiped) was probably too small to allow calculating with precision the lines by regression. In compression, the technique used here, the filming of two parallel lines that should become closer as the sample was loaded, did not also give good estimates of MOE. The calculated strain should amount here to only about 2 or 3 pixels, too few to guarantee a precise capture by the camera. The techniques used in this work are simple, the necessary equipment, cheap, and only one person is needed. A better camera will certainly be sufficient to make them practical and precise

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The genera Corymbia and Eucalyptus although used by industries face limitations such as high levels of growth stresses, drying problems and high shrinkage. Thus, methods such as heat treatment are studied to improve these properties. The objective of this research was to study the effect of heat treatment on physical and mechanical properties of wood of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus saligna. From each species 3 trees were sampled, with approximately 40 years of age, which were sectioned with the first two logs in lengths of 3 meters each. The heat treatment was applied with final temperature of 140 º C, 160 º C and 180 º C for 2.5 hours using an oven with forced air circulation. To determine the physical and mechanical properties there were used the procedures of ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000) and NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997). The physical properties analyzed were the equilibrium moisture content, weight reduction, loss of density, swelling coefficient, total (linear and volumetric) and coefficient of anisotropy. Mechanical properties evaluated were modulus of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR) in bending, compression parallel to grain and impact resistance. The results, in general, demonstrated for all physical properties that the heat treatment is effective in reducing the hygroscopicity and increasing dimensional stability of both species, with best results in treatments with higher temperatures. The results of the mechanical properties have shown that impact resistance for both species was reduced compared to control in all treatments. The test results static bending, for both species, increased in temperature of 140 ° C and decreased at temperatures of 160 º C and 180 º C. Compression parallel to the grain in wood of Corymbia citriodora increased with heat treatment at temperature of 140 ° C and presented a reduction at other temperatures. The wood of Eucalyptus saligna, the evaluation of compression parallel to the grain, presented a decrease in strength with increasing temperature. In accordance with the results of the study the thermally treated material can be used in places where humidity is higher, however it is not suitable for structural use, because its strength is reduced with increasing temperature. / Os gêneros de Corymbia e Eucalyptus apesar de utilizados pelas indústrias enfrentam limitações como altos níveis de tensões de crescimento, problemas de secagem e alta retratibilidade. Dessa forma, métodos como o tratamento térmico são estudados para melhorar essas propriedades. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito do tratamento térmico nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus saligna. Foram amostradas 3 árvores de cada espécie, com aproximadamente 40 anos de idade, as quais foram seccionadas as duas primeiras toras com comprimento de 3 metros cada. Para o tratamento térmico foram aplicadas temperaturas finais de 140ºC, 160ºC e 180ºC, durante 2,5 horas, utilizando estufa com circulação de ar forçada. Para a determinação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas foram utilizados os procedimentos estabelecidos nas normas ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000) e NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997). As propriedades físicas avaliadas foram umidade de equilíbrio, redução de massa, perda de massa específica, coeficiente de inchamento total (linear e o volumétrico) e coeficiente de anisotropia. As avaliações de resistência mecânica foram realizadas pelo módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e ruptura (MOR) em flexão estática, compressão paralela às fibras e resistência máxima ao impacto. Os resultados, em linhas gerais, demonstraram para todas as propriedades físicas avaliadas que o tratamento térmico é eficiente na redução da higroscopicidade e aumento da estabilidade dimensional de ambas as espécies, com melhores resultados, nos tratamentos com maiores temperaturas. Os resultados das propriedades mecânicas demonstraram que a máxima resistência ao impacto, para ambas as espécies, foi reduzida em relação à testemunha em todos os tratamentos. Os resultados do ensaio de flexão estática, para as duas espécies, teve um aumento na temperatura de 140ºC e diminuiu nas temperaturas de 160ºC e 180ºC. Para a compressão paralela as fibras a espécie Corymbia citriodora teve aumento na temperatura de 140ºC, reduzindo nas demais temperaturas. A espécie de Eucalyptus saligna, na avaliação da compressão paralela as fibras, reduziu com o aumento da temperatura. De acordo, com os resultados do estudo o material tratado termicamente pode ser utilizado em locais com umidade mais elevadas, entretanto não sendo indicado para uso estrutural, pois sua resistência é reduzida com o aumento da temperatura.

[pt] Este trabalho consiste na determinação dos valores e da distrbuição dos módulos de elasticidade com a profundidade de maciços de solo estratificados através de retroanálises de provas de carga em estaca instrumentada, com medição de recalques no topo e na base, publicadas na literatura para depósito de solos resuduais, argila rija e areia. Nas retroanálises utilizou-se um programa computacional baseado numa versão simplificada do método dos elementos de contorno, sugerida por Poulos (1968), com adaptações da formulação de Mindlin (1936) para permitir também a consideração de maciços estratificados. Seus resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por vários tipos de ensaios de campo ou de laboratório, com o objetivo de indicar quais destes ensaios são os mais adequados para a determinação dos parâmetros de deformação do solo, visando o cálculo do recalque de estacas. Os valores de módulo de elasticidade computados nas retroanálises compararam-se satisfatoriamente com aqueles determinados com base nos ensaios que, durante a execução, induzem pequenas deformações no solo, ocorrendo, por outro lado, uma significativa subestimativa destes valores quando determinados em ensaios envolvendo grandes deformações. Este comportamento permitiu então concluir que uma escolha adequada do nível de deformações associada ao tipo de ensaio é essencial para a determinação das características de compressibilidade do solo na engenharia de fundações. / [en] This work consists of the determination of values and distribution of the modulus of elasticity with depth in layered soils through backanalysis of instrumented pile load tests, published in literature for residual soils, stiff clay and sand. In the backanalysis was used a simplified version of the boundary element method, originally introduced by Poulos and Davis (1968), with adaptations of Mindlin´s formulation to allow for the consideration of layered soils. The results of the backanalysis were compared with those obtained through many ´in situ´ and laboratory tests, with the aim of indicating which of those tests are more suitable for the determination of the deformation parameters of the soil, to be used in the evaluation of pile settlement. The values of elasticity modulus computed in the backanalysis agreed well with those determined from the tests which transmit small strains to the soil during its execution. On the other hand, these values were subestimated when obtained from tests that involve high strains. This behavior permitted the conclusion that an appropriate choice of the strain level, associated to the type of the test, is essential to the determination of the compressibility characteristics of the soil in foundation engineering problems. / [es] Este trabajo aborda la determinación de los valores de los módulos de elasticidad con profundidad de macizos de suelo estratificados así como su distribución. Dicha determinación se efectua a través de retroanálisis de pruebas de carga en estaca instrumentada, que aparecen publicadas en la literatura para depósito de suelos residuales, arcilla dura y arena. En el retroanálisis se utilizó un programa computacional basado en una versión simplificada del método de los elementos de contorno, sugerida por Polos (1968), con adaptaciones de la formulación de Mindlin (1936) que permiten considerar macizos estratificados. Con el objetivo de indicar cuál de estos ensayos resulta más adecuado para la determinación de los parámetros de deformación del suelo y para el cálculo del recalque de estacas, se compararon sus resultados con los obtenidos por varios tipos de ensayos de campo o de laboratorio. Los valores de módulo de elasticidad computados en el retroanálisis se compararan satisfactoriamente con los determinados con base en los ensayos que, durante la ejecución, inducen pequenas deformaciones en el suelo, teniendo, por otro lado, una significativa subestimación de estos valores cuando son determinados en ensayos con grandes deformaciones. Este comportamiento permitió entonces concluir que una selección adecuada del nível de deformación asociada al tipo de ensayo es esencial para la determinación de las características de compresibilidad del suelo en la ingeniería de fundaciones.

The Master’s thesis is focused on the research influence the dose and type of scattered reinforcement in a reference concrete on physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composite. The investigated properties of composite belongs compressive strength, tensile strength in the flexural and tensile strength in the transverse, static modulus of elasticity in compressive strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity determined using NDT tests. The reference concrete mixture is certified as structural concrete of the class, which is commonly used on construction sites.

Today’s bridge design work in many cases demands a trustworthy dynamic analysis instead of using the traditional dynamic amplification factors. In this thesis a reliable 3D Bernoulli-Euler beam finite element model of the New Årsta Railway Bridge was prepared for thorough dynamic analysis using in situ bridge monitoring for correlation. The bridge is of the concrete box girder type with a heavily reinforced and prestressed bridge deck. The monitoring system was designed for long term monitoring with strain transducers embedded in the concrete and accelerometers mounted inside the edge beams and at the lower edge of the track slab. The global finite element model used the exact bridge geometry but was simplified regarding prestressing cables and the two railway tracks. The prestressing cables and the tracks were consequently not included and an equivalent pure concrete model was identified. A static macadam train load was eccentrically placed on one of the bridge’s two tracks. By using Vlasov’s torsional theory and thereby including constrained warping a realistic modulus of elasticity for the concrete without prestressing cables and stiffness contribution from the railway tracks was found. This was allowed by comparing measured strain from strain transducers with the linear elastic finite element model’s axial stresses. Mainly three monitoring bridge sections were used, each of which was modelled with plane strain finite elements subjected to sectional forces/moments from a static macadam train load and a separately calculated torsional curvature. From the identified modulus of elasticity the global finite element model was updated for Poisson’s ratio and material density (mass) to correspond with natural frequencies from the performed signal analysis of accelerometer signals. The influence of warping on the natural frequencies of the global finite element model was assumed small and the bridge’s torsional behaviour was modelled to follow Saint-Venant’s torsional theory. A first preliminary estimation of modal damping ratios was included. The results indicated that natural frequencies were in accordance between modelling and signal analysis results, especially concerning high energy modes. Estimated damping ratios for the first vibration modes far exceeded the lower limit value specified in bridge design codes and railway bridge dynamic analysis recommendations. / QC 20101124

No description available.

Sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua, is a diffuse-porous hardwood occurring in the southeastern United States. In this observational study, trees from two plantations of sweetgum were evaluated for mechanical properties. The two plantations were similar in age, soil type, competition control, and water availability, but differed in nutrient availability, growing season, and growth rate. Three trees representing different crown classes were removed from both plantations. Each tree was sampled for compression strength parallel to grain along the height of the merchantable stem. Oven-dry specific gravity was then calculated for each sample. The results indicate that young sweetgum trees grow weaker wood than mature trees. It was observed that dominant trees were stronger and denser than other trees. Denser wood was formed in the plantation with the shortest growing season and smallest growth rate. Three of six trees showed significant correlations of strength and stiffness with height in the tree. / Master of Science

The thesis deals with the measurement of the elastic modulus of concrete in existing structures and possibilities of applicability of equations for the calculation of characteristic values of concrete compressive strength on the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity is determined by dynamic and static methods on specimens taken from the concrete blocks, whose composition varies by a water cement ratio and varying amounts of admixtures. In conclusion, the results of the measurements are compared and the characteristic values of the modulus of elasticity is determined.

<p>U disertaciji su prikazani rezultati sopstvenog eksperimentalnog istraživanja na osnovu kojih je izvršena komparativna analiza uticaja različitih vrsta lakih agregata i vrste i količine cementa na osnovna fizičko-mehanička svojstva lakoagregatnih betona. Takođe, analizirana je i mogućnost zamene dela cementa mineralnim dodacima u cilju smanjenja negativnih uticaja proizvodnje betona na životnu sredinu. Rezultati su pokazali da je primenom svih analiziranih vrsta agregata moguće dobiti konstrukcijski lakoagregatni beton, čak i sa manjim količinama cementa, odnosno sa zamenom dela cementa mineralnim dodacima, kao i da je moguće uspostaviti pouzdane korelacione veze između pojedinih svojstava betona i primenjenih komponentnih materijala.</p> / <p>In dissertation are presented results of own experimental research of a<br />comparative analysis of the impact of different types of lightweight<br />aggregates and the type and quantity of cement on basic physical and<br />mechanical properties of structural lightweight concrete. Also, the possibility<br />of replacing part of cement with mineral admixtures is analyzed in order to<br />reduce the negative impact of concrete production on the environment. The<br />results showed that it is possible to obtain structural lightweight aggregate<br />concrete with all types of lightweight aggregates and even with lower<br />quantities of cement or with a replacement of part of a cement with mineral<br />admixtures. Also, it is possible to establish a reliable correlation between<br />certain properties of concrete and used component materials.</p>