O estudo da resistência à compressão e da deformabilidade de paredes de alvenaria de blocos de concreto é de fundamental importância para a caracterização desse material e o desenvolvimento de análises de estruturas compostas por esse tipo de painel. Este trabalho trata desse tema, objetivando prever com maior acuidade os principais parâmetros de deformação e de resistência de paredes de alvenaria de blocos de concreto, a saber: resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade longitudinal nas direções paralela e perpendicular à junta de assentamento. Foi desenvolvido um trabalho experimental para estimar a influência da resistência dos blocos, da resistência da argamassa e da direção de aplicação de forças no comportamento mecânico da alvenaria de blocos de concreto não-grauteada, quando submetida a esforços de compressão. Para tanto, realizaram-se ensaios de laboratório em blocos, argamassas, prismas de três blocos e paredinhas com dimensões de 80 cm x 80 cm. Por inferência estatística não foram obtidas correlações aceitáveis entre as variáveis estudadas. Porém, obtiveram-se tendências de comportamento dos corpos de prova estudados, confirmando a influência das características da argamassa e do bloco no comportamento estrutural da alvenaria quando submetida a esforços de compressão / The study of strength and the curved stress/strain relationship of blockwork masonry walls is basic for the material characterization and the development of structural analysis of blockwork walls. This work deals with that subject, aiming at the evaluation of the main elastic parameters and the strength of concrete blockwork walls: the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity for masonry in two orthogonal directions, parallel and perpendicular to bed joints. An experimental program was developed to evaluate the influence of the strength of blocks and mortar, and the load application direction on the mechanical behavior of ungrouted concrete block masonry under compression. A series of laboratory tests was carried out with blocks, mortar, prisms of three blocks and wallets (80 cm x 80 cm). It was impossible to obtain acceptable correlations of the defined variables, using statistical inference. However, tendencies of the specimens behavior were obtained, confirming the influence of mortar and block properties on the structural behavior of concrete blockwork walls under compression

Uma das aplicações da análise modal experimental é a avaliação da integridade estrutural. O ensaio dinâmico fornece os valores de freqüência natural, cujas variações podem ser utilizadas para identificar a presença e a magnitude do dano e determinar a rigidez equivalente de peças já fissuradas. Atualmente, as pesquisas sobre o efeito dinâmico nas estruturas civis estão se tornando mais freqüentes. Dentre os vários aspectos de interesse relacionados ao comportamento dinâmico das estruturas de concreto armado, cita-se como relevante a questão da danificação progressiva de seus elementos. Com a evolução da fissuração, existe uma diminuição da freqüência natural e um aumento do amortecimento. Essa variação dos parâmetros permite obter os valores de rigidez equivalente para os diversos estágios de fissuração da peça, o que pode indicar a proximidade da ruptura. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a integridade de elementos estruturais de concreto, discutindo os resultados da análise modal experimental em função do nível de danificação. Foram realizados ensaios em elementos de concreto simples para avaliação do módulo de elasticidade, tanto pelo método estático como pelo método dinâmico, observando a sua variação em função da microfissuração, resistência à compressão e idade do concreto. Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos e prismáticos, sendo os resultados dos ensaios de vibração livre comparados aos resultados obtidos com os ensaios estáticos usuais. Também foram realizados ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos em vigas de concreto armado, de tamanho reduzido, para análise do comportamento de parâmetros dinâmicos ao longo de um processo de danificação. Demonstra-se a viabilidade dos ensaios não-destrutivos dinâmicos para a determinação das propriedades do material e dos elementos de concreto armado, além das vantagens econômicas, facilidade de execução e confiabilidade / Structural integrity assessment may be performed by experimental modal analysis. The dynamic tests provide natural frequencies values whose changes may be used to identify existent damage and to estimate the equivalent stiffness of cracked elements. Nowadays more researches about dynamic effects on civil structures are becoming available. Among all aspects related to the dynamic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures, the progressive damage of their elements is one of great relevance. According to the damage progress, the natural frequencies decrease and the damping factors increase. These dynamic characteristics changes allow getting the equivalent stiffness values for the various degrees of cracking, even indicating the closeness to failure. The objective of this research is to assess the concrete elements integrity and to discuss the results from experimental modal analysis due to different damage levels. There were carried through dynamic and static experiments to evaluate the modulus of elasticity of concrete. It was observed its changes related to concrete micro-cracking, compression strength and age. The experimental testings had been carried through in cylindrical and prismatic specimens. The results obtained from free vibration tests were compared with the ones obtained from the usual static tests. Reinforced concrete beams were also subjected to static and dynamic testings to assess the behavior of the dynamic parameters throughout a damage process. The dynamic non-destructive tests can be used to find out concrete and reinforced beam properties, beyond its economic advantages, easiness to do and trustworthiness

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-03T14:07:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriquegarcia.pdf: 7575599 bytes, checksum: 5f088290c1ce19e54a605c6adc84e54f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T12:27:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriquegarcia.pdf: 7575599 bytes, checksum: 5f088290c1ce19e54a605c6adc84e54f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T12:27:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriquegarcia.pdf: 7575599 bytes, checksum: 5f088290c1ce19e54a605c6adc84e54f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / O concreto de agregado leve é conhecido pelo reduzido peso específico e alta capacidade de isolamento térmico e acústico. Um dos grandes desafios relacionados a esse tipo de concreto é a obtenção de algumas propriedades mecânicas dos agregados leves, tais como o módulo de elasticidade e a resistência à compressão, em função de suas dimensões reduzidas, o que gera dificuldades na realização de ensaios experimentais. É possível encontrar trabalhos na literatura que tentam determinar as propriedades mecânicas dos agregados leves por meio de métodos baseados em formulações matemáticas e deduções empíricas. Uma alternativa a tais métodos é o emprego de modelos de simulação e a resolução de um problema inverso para a previsão de tais propriedades. O objetivo do trabalho é a aplicação de um procedimento inverso para obtenção do módulo de elasticidade e da resistência à compressão de agregados leves presentes em concretos via simulação computacional de ensaios de compressão uniaxiais em corpos de prova. O corpo de prova de concreto é representado por um modelo computacional mecânico bidimensional e bifásico, constituído por argamassa e agregados leves de formato circular, e as simulações foram conduzidas no programa Abaqus R. Os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios em comparação com outros métodos da literatura, chegando a casos com diferenças menores que 2% para um corpo de prova com 15% de agregados. A abordagem proposta emerge como uma possível solução para análises de propriedades mecânicas de agregados leves em concretos com um reduzido tempo e custo, sendo aplicada para diversos tipos de curvas granulométricas, tipos de argamassa e diferentes porcentagens de agregados no corpo de prova. Além da previsão das propriedades mecânicas dos agregados em concretos leves, a abordagem traz um melhor entendimento da relação dos diversos conjuntos de agregados leves com as argamassas. / The lightweight aggregate concrete is known for its low specific weight and high thermal and acoustic insulation capacity. One of the great challenges related to this type of concrete is to get some mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate, such as the modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength, due to its reduced size, which generates difficulties to carry out experimental tests. It is possible to find works in the literature that try to determine the mechanical properties of the lightweight aggregate through methods based on mathematical formulation and empirical deductions. An alternative to such methods is the use of simulation models and the resolution of an inverse problem for the prediction of lightweight aggregate properties. The objective of this study is the application of an inverse procedure to obtain the modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength of lightweight aggregates present in concrete by computational simulation of uniaxial compression tests in specimens. The concrete specimen is represented by a two-dimensional and biphasic mechanical computational model, constituted by mortar and circular lightweight aggregates, and the simulations were conducted in the Abaqus R program. The results were satisfactory compared to other methods in the literature, reaching cases with differences of less than 2 % for a test specimen with 15 % of aggregates. The proposed approach emerges as a possible solution for the analysis of mechanical properties of lightweight aggregates in concrete with reduced cost and time, being applied for several types of grain sizes, mortar types and different percentages of aggregates in the concrete specimen. In addition, the approach brings a better understanding about the connection between lightweight aggregates and mortars.

Esta dissertação insere-se nas áreas de qualidade laboratorial e de ensaios de controle de concreto, especificamente quanto à propriedade módulo estático de deformação ou módulo de Young. A motivação do trabalho é a elevada variabilidade de resultados experimentais observada pelo meio técnico nacional em ensaios interlaboratoriais, cujos resultados indicam desvios-padrão totais da ordem de 3,5 GPa, valor significativo para o controle tecnológico de obras de construção civil. Os objetivos buscados foram a identificação das parcelas da variabilidade oriundas da produção e do ensaio, com especial atenção àquela originada na instrumentação para medida das deformações durante o ensaio, e a discussão da aplicabilidade do conceito semiprobabilístico normativo à propriedade módulo de deformação do concreto. Além disso, a própria discussão da aplicabilidade da sistemática de pesquisa e análise sobre este tipo de ensaio e de material constou como um objetivo do trabalho. Para tal, desenvolveu-se um programa experimental em duas etapas: a primeira foi destinada às avaliações de acurácia (precisão e exatidão) do método de ensaio. As avaliações se deram segundo roteiros da área metrológica para validação de métodos e sistemas de medida. De quatro instrumentações para medida das deformações testadas, uma se mostrou mais precisa (identificada como clip gages) e outra se mostrou a mais suscetível a erros sistemáticos e aleatórios entre as testadas (identificada como compressômetro com dois relógios comparadores). Recomendou-se a ampliação do programa experimental para o âmbito interlaboratorial, pois, a rigor, o método de ensaio vigente não poderia ser considerado validado em termos de acurácia baseando-se unicamente nos resultados deste programa experimental. Porém, concluiu-se pela possibilidade de aceitação prática do método independentemente da utilização de três de um total de quatro tipos de instrumentação para medida das deformações testados em ensaio, sem que houvesse prejuízo para a produção ou o controle tecnológico usual desta propriedade. Na segunda etapa, obteve-se um Diagrama de Dosagem e estudou-se um cenário de fornecimento de concreto sob critérios estatísticos diferentes de atendimento à especificação de módulo de deformação: utilização do valor característico e do valor médio, com diferença de 4 GPa entre eles. Estimou-se um aumento da ordem de 9% no deslocamento vertical de uma viga simples bi-apoiada quando executada com o concreto de menor módulo em relação à execução com o de maior módulo. Por sua vez, o concreto de maior módulo exigiria um aumento no consumo de cimento da ordem de até 200 kg/m3, se conservados todos os insumos materiais e os demais parâmetros tecnológicos contidos nos traços. Concluiu-se pela aplicabilidade do uso da sistemática empregada na avaliação da acurácia do método de ensaio e do uso do conceito semiprobabilístico para esta propriedade. / This work is developed into the areas of laboratorial quality and concrete control tests, specifically focusing on the static modulus of elasticity or Young´s modulus. The motivation of this work is the high variability of experimental results observed by national technicians in interlaboratorial tests. These results show total standard deviations of around 3.5 GPa, a significant value for the technological control for civil construction. The main objectives are the identification of the variability fragments derived from the production and test, specially the ones related to the instrumentation for measuring deformations during the test, and the discussion of the semi-probabilistic concept applicability on the concrete Young´s modulus control. Moreover, the discussion of the applicability of the procedure used in this work and its analysis are also objective pursued here. The experimental program was developed in two steps: the first step covered the accuracy assessments (precision and exactness) of test method. The assessments were carried out according to instructions from Metrology concepts for the validation of the methods and the measure systems. One out of four instrumentations for measuring the tested deformations proved to be more precise (identified as clip gages) and another one proved to be more susceptible to systematic and random errors (identified as a compressometer with two dial indicators). The extension of the experimental program to an interlaboratorial scope is recommended because the current test method could not be considered valid based only on the results of this experimental program. However, it was shown that the practical acceptance of the test method for three among the four kinds of instrumentations analyzed, without damaging the production or the usual technological control of this property, is possible. On the second step, a mix design diagram was obtained and a case of supply of concrete under different statistical criteria (fulfillment the modulus of elasticity specification): the use of the characteristic value and the average value, with difference of 4 GPa between them. An increase of 9% on the vertical transference of a simple dual supported beam was observed when using a lower modulus concrete, when compared to another one with a higher modulus. On the other hand, the modulus increase would require an increment in the cement consumption up to 200 kg per cubic meter, if all the material inputs and further technological parameters is maintained. The final conclusion was that the procedure used on the assessment of the test method accuracy and the semi-probabilistic concept on this material property is applicable.

This thesis work focuses mainly on the application of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods on wood-based panels (WBP) in order to estimate the bending properties. To prove the accuracy and applicability of these methods on WBP, their results are correlated with results from a standardized static bending test. The behavior in different climate conditions and the application on panels of larger sizes is also questioned to provide an indication about strong points and boundaries of NDT methods applied on WBP.The bending properties are of major importance, especially for materials suited to bear loads. Bending stiffness, represented by the modulus of elasticity (MOE), is an expression of the deflection rate of a material under load. The bending strength, represented by the modulus of rupture (MOR), is an expression of the maximum load withstood by a material before rupture.Before testing, the material is acclimatized in three climate conditions: dry (20°C, 35% RH), standard (20°C, 65% RH) and wet (20°C, 85% RH), to understand the bending properties variation and how the NDT methods are affected by the variation in moisture content.The materials used are seven types of WBP, in particular four types of particleboards (PB), one type of high-density fiberboard (HDF), one type of dual density PB (with high and low density areas along the production direction) and one type of light-weight panel (Board-on-stiles, a composite panel of HDF, PB and paper honeycomb).To test the bending properties the following NDT methods are considered: transversal resonance vibration and longitudinal resonance vibration with the use of the BING system and the time-of-flight with the use of Fakopp Ultrasonic Timer and Silvatest Trio. The resonance vibration methods, transversal and longitudinal, are based on the relation between resonance vibration properties and bending properties of a material. The relation with bending properties also exists for the stress wave velocity (SWV) through a material, calculated with the time-of-flight method. The dynamic MOE resulting from these tests is then correlated with the static MOE and MOR from the static bending test.The NDT methods resulted to be reliable on WBP, with generally high levels of correlation between dynamic MOE and static MOE and MoR. The highest correlation value for MoE is with the transversal resonance vibration while the highest for MOR is with the longitudinal resonance vibration. The results of the dynamic MOE for all the NDT methods are higher than the static MOE, as confirmed also in the literature; the average ratio between the dynamic and the static MOE is, for example, up to 1,6 for WBP in standard climate condition, tested with Fakopp U.T.. These results are extremely higher than values suggested by previous studies. Moreover, the ratio increases with increasing relative humidity of the climate condition. The results from the tests on larger sizes suggest a possible application in this field. The time-of-flight method is suitable for in-plane uniform materials, like the PB and HDF, while the transversal resonance methods give also a good representation of the properties of the dual density PB and the light-weight panel.

This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of different properties of fibre-reinforced concrete according to the type of fibres. The main monitored property is flexural strength, tested on prisms with a cross section of 150x150 mm and a length of 600 mm. Four concretes of natural aggregate and four concrete of lightweight aggregate were prepared for the experiment. There were 2 reference concrete and 6 fibre-reinforced concrete. Three types of fibres were used: steel, polypropylene and glass. More than 2500 kg of concrete was produced. The aim of the thesis is to assess the influence of fibres on the flexural strength and other characteristics of fibre-reinforced concrete.

The aim of the theoretical part of this Master´s thesis is to make a research of possible ways in repairing PCC pavements without anchoring transverse joints. The pratical part is focused on the design of PCC pavements segmentations in experimental sections and evaluation measurement by testing muted impact.

Thesis describes properties of HPC compared to concretes of normal and high strength. It further describes the input materials and the procedure for designing the composition of the mixture. It gives examples of already completed structures made of HPC. The experimental part describes the optimization of concrete mix and production of specimens. In the end results of testing the properties of the developed mixes from tests of dynamic and static modulus of elasticity, compressive strength and tensile strength by bending are described.

This thesis focuses on the verification of physical and mechanical characteristics of hardened concrete, especially concrete compressive strength, static and dynamic modulus of elasticity. The job description is to perform a series of laboratory analyzes for structural concrete and evaluate the test results meet requirements that are specified in the European standards for designing buildings. The work also includes selected techniques for risk assessment (FMEA, Pareto diagram, Ishikawa diagram) and their application to selected process. Part of the work is also a static comparison of measured characteristics and consideration of the risks associated with variations in the monitored quantities.

In this manuscript, distinct problems concerning carbon-bonded materials processing and characterization were analyzed, from bulk to cellular samples. The main motivation was to address central topics that would enhance the comprehension of the material’s behavior, as well as trigger targeted improvements. Some of the topics this thesis covers are: Non-linear Young’s modulus behavior of carbon-bonded alumina at high temperatures; Influence of the processing route on the cold crushing strength of carbon-bonded alumina foam filters; Geometric characterization of ceramic foam filters as a tool to understand processing parameters; Use of advanced techniques such as computer tomography and finite element modelling to correlate processing parameters and mechanical behavior. In most of the analyses, non-standard computational strategies were adopted. In those cases, algorithms were written to facilitate the evaluations, or even enable it in the first place. All the algorithms’ concepts are described in this thesis and their codes are available in the Appendices. The current work was carried out within the framework of the Collaborative Research Center 920 (CRC 920) “Multifunctional filters for metal melt filtration - a contribution to zero defect materials” at the Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).