In Spain, the monopoly provision of potable water supply struggles with means to obtain that resource from other sources. The viability of the public service requires mechanisms of protection against such supplies. This study analyzes the foundation and meaning of the declaration of monopoly; legal exceptions to that regime, particularly self-consumption cases; and mechanisms to protect public service provision and, if necessary, restore the monopoly and its balances. / En España, la prestación del servicio de suministro de agua potable en régimen de monopolio pugna con la existencia de medios que permiten obtener ese recurso de fuentes alternativas. La viabilidad del servicio público requiere mecanismos de tutela frente a esas conductas. El presente estudio analiza el fundamento y el significado de la declaración de monopolio; las excepciones legales a ese régimen, en particular los supuestos de autoconsumo; y los mecanismos existentes para proteger ese régimen y, en su caso, restablecer el monopolio y sus equilibrios.

A presente tese busca corroborar a hipótese inicial, segundo a qual, no México e no Brasil, o processo de introdução das relações capitalistas na agricultura foi configurado por uma modernização agrícola crescente e de uma tendência ao monopólio. A conjunção desses processos deu consequência à agroindústria que, em um sentido amplo, se tornou a nova forma dominante da estrutura agrícola capitalista, em substituição às antigas formas pré-capitalistas, herdeiras do colonialismo moderno no México e no Brasil, respectivamente, as haciendas e as plantations. Nesses países, a modernização agrícola, que se iniciou ainda no século XIX, se intensificou após 1930, culminando nas décadas de 1960 e de 1970, quando convergiram para a mesma direção, as empresas transnacionais de grande aporte de capital estrangeiro e a acentuação dos processos de inovação tecnológica. Para ilustrar essa relação plena entre modernização agrícola, organização da agroindústria, tendência ao monopólio e transnacionalização, foi escolhida a abordagem, em particular, da Cargill, conhecida empresa do ramo alimentar e de comércio e beneficiamento de grãos, entre outros / The present thesis targets the confirmation of the initial hypothesis, in which, in Mexico and in Brazil, the process of capitalistic relations into agriculture was configured by an improved agriculture modernization and a tendency to monopoly. The conjunction of these processes resulted in agroindustry that in a comprehensive sense became the new dominant way to the capitalistic agriculture structure, in substitution of the former pre-capitalistic models, the Mexican and Brazilian modern colonialism heirs, respectively, the haciendas and the plantations. In these countries, the agriculture modernization, which began in the 19th century, intensified after 1930, culminating in the decades of 1960 and 1970, when converged to the same direction, the transnational enterprises with large capital support and an increment of the technological innovation process. Illustrating this complete relation of agriculture modernization, agroindustry organization, tendency to monopoly and transnational change, was chosen the approach, in particular, of Cargill, acquainted enterprise of alimentary sector and of grain merchandising and processing, among others

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No primeiro ensaio deste estudo estima-se uma fronteira estocÃstica de custo translog para o setor de saneamento bÃsico do paÃs, com o objetivo de verificar as propriedades inerentes à tecnologia de produÃÃo e, ainda, estimar o grau de ineficiÃncia tÃcnica presente no setor. Constata-se que o setor nÃo opera com retornos crescentes de escalas, alÃm do mais, o baixo Ãndice de hidrometraÃÃo e a participaÃÃo excessiva das despesas de pessoal nos custos totais constituem os principais determinantes da ineficiÃncia do setor. No segundo ensaio, funÃÃes de demanda residencial de Ãgua sÃo estimadas considerando-se o esquema de tarifas em bloco praticado pelas companhias de Ãgua. A progressividade dessas tarifas, ainda que preserve a convexidade do conjunto orÃamentÃrio, torna as equaÃÃes da restriÃÃes orÃamentÃrias do consumidor nÃo lineares, o que viola o suposto clÃssico da exogeneidade das variÃveis explanatÃrias do mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios. Uma conclusÃo importante do estudo à que a elasticidade-preÃo do consumo de Ãgua à aproximadamente unitÃria. Finalmente, no terceiro ensaio, busca se determinar, atravÃs do modelo de regulaÃÃo Ramsey-Boiteux, o par preÃoquantidade que maximiza o bem-estar social no setor de saneamento bÃsico, preservando o equilÃbrio financeiro do setor. RestriÃÃes tÃcnicas na distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua e coleta de esgoto levam as companhias de saneamento a operarem sob regime de monopÃlio. A soluÃÃo para evitar o abuso de poder de mercado desse regime seria a regulaÃÃo de preÃo pelo custo marginal, mas esta soluÃÃo nÃo garante o equilÃbrio econÃmico-financeiro do setor. O resultado principal do estudo à que qualquer esquema de reajustamento tarifÃrio deve ser precedido por medidas de incentivo à reduÃÃo do grau de ineficiÃncia econÃmica observada no setor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Ajaj.pdf: 529330 bytes, checksum: bb5986f902252bda0c224502b3f426b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-27 / The present search studies the transformation and development of Brazilian petroleum sector, from the law point of view and also about politics and economics sector. Historically, the Brazilian petroleum monopoly question was legalized from Law 2.004/53 that excepted only aspects of distribution. This monopoly was changed in constitutional rule with the Constitution of 1967 and transformations done by Constitutional Amendment n. 01/69 that expected the petroleum search and cultivation in national territory constitute Federal monopoly, in terms of law, designated by article 169 of referred Federal Constitution. The Federal Constitution of 1988 refers, in the article 177, afterward changed by Constitutional Amendment 9/95, remain the petroleum monopoly of the State that is the owner of the patrimony above mineral resources, instituted in article 29, IX. Nevertheless, with the modification in the text of the first paragraph of article 177, instituted by Constitutional Amendment 9/95, occurs an innovation in to allow to the State in system of search and cultivation, the option of to adopt a new system of agreement private enterprises or State control enterprises in order to execute this job or to maintain the regular system, according to law. It s necessary to mention yet, Law 9.478/97, (Petroleum Law) and the new period of petroleum industry with juridical modifications already mentioned, Petrobras role by loosing exclusiveness in monopoly execution and the creation of Petroleum National Agency, to regulate State monopoly. Therefore, the present search intends in an objective way, to show the occurrence of petroleum monopoly pliable, maintaining State patrimony above subsoil mineral resources, characterizing thus legal State petroleum monopoly like a State intervention in economics property. / O presente estudo trata das transformações e do desenvolvimento do setor petrolífero brasileiro sob o ponto de vista jurídico e faz breves abordagens econômicas e políticas sobre esse setor. Historicamente, a questão do monopólio do petróleo no Brasil foi legalizada a partir da Lei n. 2.004/53, a qual excetuava somente o aspecto da distribuição. Esse monopólio foi transformado em norma constitucional com a Constituição de 1967 e sofreu alterações promovidas pela Emenda Constitucional n. 1/69, prevendo que a pesquisa e a lavra de petróleo em território nacional constituem monopólio da União, nos termos da lei , instituídas pelo art. 169 da referida Carta Magna. A Constituição Federal de 1988, no art. 177, posteriormente alterado pela Emenda Constitucional n. 9, de 1995, mantém o monopólio do petróleo para a União, que permanece titular do domínio sobre os recursos minerais disposto no art. 20, IX. Porém, com a alteração da redação do § 1º do art. 177, instituído pela EC n. 9/95, ocorre inovação no sentido de permitir à União, no sistema de pesquisa e lavra, a opção de contratar empresas privadas ou estatais para a execução desse trabalho ou a manutenção do atual sistema, sempre nos termos da lei. Há de se citar ainda a Lei n. 9.478/97 (Lei do Petróleo) e a nova fase da indústria do petróleo, com as alterações jurídicas mencionadas, o papel da Petrobras com a perda da exclusividade na execução do monopólio estatal e a criação da Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP) para regular o monopólio da União. Assim, o presente trabalho pretende, de maneira objetiva, demonstrar a relativização do monopólio do petróleo, com a manutenção do domínio da União sobre os recursos minerais do subsolo, caracterizando-se, então, o monopólio legal do petróleo pela União como uma intervenção do Estado no domínio econômico.

A pesquisa objetivou verificar de que modo se dá a territorialização do monopólio (OLIVEIRA, 1999; 2001a; 2004; 2007a) gerada pela produção de celulose e papel a partir da plantação de extensas áreas de eucaliptos no Brasil. Atualmente, o Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de celulose de mercado de fibra curta (originada do eucalipto), e a Bahia, o estado com maior área ocupada com essa cultura para esse fim. A análise partiu do entendimento da reposição de um capitalismo rentista (MARTINS, 1994) no país, processo imbricado à manutenção de uma aliança de classes entre proprietários fundiários e capitalistas, que mantém uma estrutura fundiária extremamente desigual em função da corrida pela renda fundiária, assim trazendo, inelutavelmente, a face violenta e conflitiva do campo. Esses processos ganham novas mediações a partir das décadas de 1960 e 1970, com a modernização da agricultura e, em especial, pela nova roupagem na qual se reveste o latifúndio no país em tempos de mundialização do capital, qual seja, o agronegócio (ALMEIDA, 2008). Nessa perspectiva, verticalizou-se a análise, a partir da bibliografia consultada e também de dados cartoriais e entrevistas obtidos em trabalho de campo, no lugar ocupado pelo Extremo Sul da Bahia na divisão territorial do trabalho, pela especialização da produção, e em como vêm se dando os arranjos territoriais e as mudanças e permanências na estrutura fundiária nessa parcela do território, a partir da implementação da Veracel Celulose. Essa empresa, entendida aqui como produtora e produto da territorialização do monopólio, detém a hegemonia da propriedade privada da terra e da produção no campo e na política econômica da região. Além disso, nesse contexto, torna-se disparadora de diversos conflitos por terra e território no Extremo Sul da Bahia, e os aprofunda. / The research aimed to verify how the territorialization process of monopoly happens (OLIVEIRA, 1999; 2001a; 2004; 2007a) generated by the cellulose and paper production through large areas of eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Currently, Brazil is the worlds biggest producer of market cellulose of short fiber (made of eucalyptus), and Bahia, the state with the largest area occupied with eucalyptus for this end. The analysis started on the understanding of a reposition of a rent capitalism (MARTINS, 1994) in the country, process imbricated to the maintenance of a class alliance between landowners and capitalists, that keep the agrarian structure extremely unequal because of a race for the ground rent, therefore, bringing, ineluctably, the violent and conflictive side of the countryside. These processes get new dimensions since the 1960 and 1970 decades, with agriculture modernization and, specially, through the new clothing that the country land properties wear during times of capital globalization, which is the agribusiness (ALMEIDA, 2008). In this perspective, the analysis was vertical, starting on the consulted bibliography and, also, notary data and interviews obtained on field work, in the place occupied by the extreme south of Bahia on the territorial division of labor, by the production specialization, and how it is happening on the territorial arrangements, changes and continuities on the agrarian structure in this part of the territory, since de implementation of Veracel Celulose. This company, understood here as a producer and a product of the territorialization process of monopoly, has the hegemony of private land and rural production and in the economic policies of the region. Besides, in this context, it becomes the starter of many land and territory conflicts in the extreme south of Bahia, and deepens them.

Abstract This research examines the relationship between the product and labor market in a situation when there is imperfect competition in the product market. The subjects studied are the existence of the mark-up factors implied by imperfect competition and their impacts on labor demand. The dependency of labor demand on the product demand is also examined. In the research the existence of the mark-up factors in Finnish companies can be verified. In addition, according to results, the mark-up factors have negative impact on labor demand. Product demand has a significant positive effect on labor demand. However, the transmission mechanism from the product demand changes to labor demand remains to some extent unsolved.

The thesis deals with the problem of the monopoly structure of the modern justice system and the heavy regulation of most fields of dispute resolution. In this system, judges themselves comprise a self-interested group seeking relaxed regulation and increased rights from the government. The thesis describes inefficiencies and dangers stemming from the lack of market control of the modern justice system and suggests an alternative in the form of a private justice system. The purpose of this paper is to examine both the problem of successful implementation of competition into the current justice system, while describing various models as to how the private justice system could function without state control, with examples from history. This paper further examines the economic differences between private and public justice systems in terms of incentives, efficiency, the process of law creation, speed, and consumers' satisfaction, as well as the conditions under which different systems work best. The main conclusion of this paper is that society should allow all subjects desirous of opportunities to provide goods and services through new enterprises, even in areas currently the exclusive domain of the state, as doing so brings an increase in quality, speed of solution/service, and innovation.

The present thesis deals with topic of monopolies and ability of new entities to enter mar-kets where such monopoly is present. For a deeper understanding of this field various views on monopolies in history of economic thinking are mentioned in introduction. In connection with possibility of new companies establishing themselves on the market there is analyzed creation and current practice of anti-monopoly legislation. In this part, certain arguments favoring protectionist policies are impugned. On particular examples it is dem-onstrated that more than privileges from the part of the state it is ensuring of free access to a given field which helps to a starting company. The state should be a guarantor of law enforcement and oversee observation of generally binging rules. In the conclusion of the work a difference is also shown between a situation where a monopoly originates in a natu-ral way as a result of exceptionality, which the clients positively value and a monopoly which exists due to support by state. A new company, as a continuous potential competitor, presents a good-quality feedback for a dominant entity and a driving engine for enhancing its efficiency. A free economic competition is shown also here as an effective tool for de-velopment of business, and it is the consumer who derives major benefits from such situa-tion.

El presente trabajo describe las principales características del mecanismo de regulación por precios tope, incluyendo su ubicación dentro de las posibilidades de acción regulatoria, las críticas que se han planteado al mismo, así como los mecanismos complementarios utilizados y los riesgos involucrados en su desarrollo.---This article describes the main characteristics of the price cap regime of price regulation, including its location among other regulatory possibilities, critics received, complementary mechanisms and risks involved in its development.

Extending Brennan and Buchanan’s model of leviathan, in which rulers represent the residual claimants of constitutionally unconstrained tax revenue, this paper presents a model in which the government provides the level of public goods that maximizes its revenue surplus as a function of the cost of emigration. To the extent that emigration is impeded, government converges toward pure monopoly provision, generating monopoly rents that facilitate the rent-seeking society. In contrast with Niskanen’s model, in which governments tend to overproduce public goods, this model suggests that governments tend toward underproduction. This result undermines the notion that government must provide public goods to overcome the underproduction of private provision; in reality, government provision may be less efficient than private provision.