The Monopoly Study of Authority was an institutional grant project designed to test the variables of authority and protection in a laboratory experiment conducted in the Small Groups Laboratory. Subjects (Ss) were recruited and paid a minimum wage to play Monopoly, while the Experimenter (E) manipulated the relevant variables, observed and video-taped the games. The hypothesis states that the greater the investment, the more likely will the individual make efforts to protect it. The dimensions of investment were ego involvement (desire to win, competitiveness), and resource commitment (Ss were offered rewards of double-time pay for winning the Monopoly game). Efforts to protect the investment were expected to take the form of personal authority, whereby Ss would overrule or otherwise ignore written rules/or rule changes instigated by E; or, delegated authority, whereby the Ss would accept E and/or the written rules as the legitimate authority over the game. Various and sundry administrative, technical and design problems resulted in the decision to prepare a research chronicle to provide a fuller accounting of investigative activity and to document the role of the circumstantial, the irrational, and nonrational, as well as the systematic logic and specific methodology of the research process. While the development of the research chronicle is well grounded in the work of William F. Whyte' s famous Appendix, the most useful rationale for this project was provided by Phillip E. Hammond's collection of chronicles, Sociologists at Work. This presentation is organized around the sequence of events in time and the sequence of ideas in the mind of E. The chronologic form is compatible with the underlying methodological approach of the project based on Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss' work, The Discovery of Ground Theory, wherein theory is understood to emerge from data and the notion of theory as process is presented, the research process was loosely structured, each day's design emerging from the previous experimental session. This methodology allowed that questions peripheral to the initial hypothesis could be examined, and, in fact, a follow-up questionnaire study is presented in Appendix D. The discussion of the chronicle form and the methodology of grounded theory comprises Section One of this thesis. To conduct the actual experiments chronicled in Section Two, five, four person Monopoly sessions were scheduled. Ss were recruited on the basis of sex and affectual relationship. The Trial Session consisted of two males and two females instructed to play "ordinary Monopoly." The session was video-taped, and from the resultant tapes a demonstration tape was prepared documenting S sensitivity to the laboratory situation. In Session I the Ss were required to play Monopoly 'strictly according to the written rules,' attempting to create an external authority condition. In Session II E instituted "Barry's Rule," an arbitrary variant of the basic income rule in Monopoly. This design change was intended to enhance a condition of arbitrary, external authority in the form of E's created rule. In addition, the Ss were advised that the winner would be paid double-time. Session III repeated the double-time pay for winners condition, and Session IV was cancelled. All the sessions were videotaped, and all the tapes were reviewed. However, no adequate coding system was developed, and no quantitative data was produced. Impressionistic analysis, fortunately, afforded several useful interpretations which are cited in Section Three. Firstly, the double-time incentive did not create an investment condition, most likely because the reward (paid by check, several weeks later) was too abstract and too small ($12.00). "Barry's Rule" condition did elicit a strong negative response from the Ss, but also netted compliance. Section Four presents an "ideal" research design, thus rounding out the thesis from a chronicle of a research process, to an examination of the results, to the articulation of an approved design

Since the end of the Cold War, private military and security companies have gained a prominent place on the international battlefield. In an attempt to reduce monetary and political costs, states have not only outsourced some of the defense functions previously performed by uniformed personnel; they have also partly privatised the provision of security. Traditional accounts of the rise of private military and security companies have explained this evolution in terms of changing demand and supply of military force after the Cold War, in a neoliberal ideological environment. This rationalist account, however, overlooks the role of norms, which, as the constructivist research tradition has demonstrated, constrain state behaviour even in the domain of national security. From this constructivist point of view, the rise of private military and security companies is surprising given the existence of an anti-mercenary norm and a norm on the state monopoly on violence, both of which have precluded the private exercise of violence. How, then, should the rise of private military and security companies be understood in light of this hostile normative environment? Against a realist-constructivist background, this text draws upon models of norm change and epistemic communities to show that private military and security companies have used their pragmatic legitimacy and epistemic power to decisively shape the discursive construction of a new regulatory framework that legitimises the exercise of non-state violence.

Tourism is considered as an economic force in modern society, not only is it asource of revenue, but also a means of connecting cultures and traditions withpeople from all over the world. Wine tourism especially is a form of tourismthat brings visitors to vineyards to experience the authentic taste of a region.Sweden as the youngest wine country that is still being discovered and thereare untapped potentials to be fully realized. Being involved in the wineindustry in Sweden means a direct relationship between the winemakers andSystembolaget as the main body that is responsible for sales of alcohol.Therefore, the major source of income for winemakers, called direct sales(sale at the cellar), is not a viable option for the Swedish winemaker. Whatchallenges these winemakers face and what opportunities lies within theemerging industry, that is wine tourism in Sweden, is the motivation behindthis project.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. / Les provinces canadiennes sont présentement aux prises avec des dépenses élevées en matière de médicaments. Afin de contrôler ces dépenses, plusieurs d'entre elles ont adopté différentes politiques visant à promouvoir et à accélérer la vente de médicaments génériques, lesquels sont équivalents aux médicaments novateurs mais de trente à quarante pourcents moins chers. Le gouvernement canadien, en vertu de son pouvoir de réglementation en matière de brevets, pourrait contribuer aux efforts des gouvernements provinciaux en assouplissant les règles relatives aux brevets pharmaceutiques pour ainsi promouvoir l'accélération de la mise en marché de médicaments génériques. Le gouvernement hésite toutefois à le faire en raison de sa politique en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques dont les effets se veulent équilibrés tant pour l'industrie pharmaceutique novatrice que pour l'industrie du médicament generique. Précisément, cette politique vise, d'une part, à encourager les investissements en recherche et développement par l'industrie novatrice et, d'autre part, à garantir la vente rapide de médicaments génériques au Canada pour que soient contrôlées les dépenses en matière de médicaments. Ce mémoire consiste en un examen du cadre juridique de la politique canadienne en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques. Nous y soulevons et analysons particulièrement ses glissements, quant à l'objectif d'équilibre recherché de la politique canadienne, qui résultent de son application dans le contexte juridique, politique, scientifique et économique actuel. Notre intention est de démontrer que, dans l'intérêt des Canadiens à court et à long terme, la politique canadienne en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques ne doit pas être assouplie en faveur de l'industrie du médicament générique seulement, ceci malgré la croissance des dépenses en matière de médicaments. En effet, l'intérêt des Canadiens ne peut être maximisé que si cette politique est rééquilibrée en tenant compte de l'ensemble de ses glissements juridiques observés. / All Canadian provinces are presently facing increasingly growing drug expenditures. In order to control these expenditures the provinces have adopted different policies to promote and accelerate the sale of generic drugs, these drugs being equivalent to brand-name drugs but thirty to fourthly percent less expensive. Considering its jurisdiction in the field of patents, the Canadian government could contribute to the efforts of the provincial governments in making more flexible the Canadian patent rules, thus promoting the marketing ofgeneric drugs in Canada. The government is however hesitating to do so because of its policy on pharmaceutical patents, which policy aims at balancing the interests of both the brand-name and generic drug industries. Effectively, the purpose ofthe poltey is to promote, on the one hand, the investments in research and development of new drugs in Canada and, on the other hand, to guarantee the rapid marketing of generic drugs, thus controlling drug expenditures. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the judicial framework of the Canadian policy on pharmaceutical patents. Its weaknesses, with regard to the balanced objective of the policy, resulting from its application in the present judicial, political, and economical and scientific context are the focus of this analysis. Our goal is to demonstrate that, to reach the Canadian social benefit, both in the short and long run, the Canadian policy on pharmaceutical patents should not be relaxed for the sole benefit of the generic drug industry, although the drug expenditures are growing. Rather, the social Canadian benefit would only be maximised by re-balancing the Canadian policy in the light of all its demonstrated weaknesses.

The Green Light letter from President Franklin Roosevelt to Major League Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis gave MLB permission to continue throughout World War II. The team owners felt relief that MLB is the only professional sport to survive during the years of World War II (1941-1945). MLB became a primary contributor toward the war effort. While war-supporting efforts were conducted, team owners positioned themselves to benefit from the bond between baseball and the American people. MLB portrayed itself through the commissioner’s office policy as a patriotic partner by providing entertainment for American factory workers and contributing equipment to servicemen overseas. MLB also remained a monopoly without Congressional inquiries or public challenge. Since MLB was exempt from anti-trust laws, team owners operated within MLB’s anti-trust exemption and strengthened position for the post war period.

Este estudo analisa a intervenção do Estado sobre e na indústria do petróleo em uma perspectiva histórica e argumenta que as recentes reformas do setor expressam um novo padrão de intervencionismo estatal o neodesenvolvimentismo. A intervenção sobre essas atividades econômicas é modalidade de intervenção indireta que se expressa no monopólio público do art. 177 da CF/88 e nas regras infraconstitucionais para o setor. Por sua vez, a intervenção na própria atividade econômica, ou direta, é instrumentalizada principalmente por meio de empresas estatais. A Lei n° 2.004/53 é marco do Estado desenvolvimentista brasileiro e instituiu monopólio legal em regime de exclusividade pela Petrobras. No modelo de Estado regulador da década de 1990, reformas jurídicas permitiram a contratação de empresas privadas para exercício do monopólio estatal que, no entanto, permanece intacto como poder de escolha. As recentes descobertas do Pré-sal revolucionaram o horizonte do setor no Brasil e resultaram na edição de novo marco legal composto pelas Leis n° 12.351/10, Lei n°12.304/10 e Lei n° 12.276/10. Sem prejuízo do contrato de concessão da Lei n° 9.478/97, esse novo marco estabeleceu contrato de partilha de produção, nova empresa estatal (PPSA) e reforçou o papel atribuído à Petrobras no setor. O novo arcabouço é representativo do Estado neodesenvolvimentista. As rendas petrolíferas podem ser maldição ou bênção, a depender da política econômica adotada. / This dissertation analyses the modalities of State intervention in the Brazilian oil industry in a historical perspective to sustain that a new pattern of State intervention takes place Neodevelopmentalism. Indirect interventionism is a byproduct of the public monopoly of Article 177 of the Federal Constitution and of applicable legal regulation. Direct Interventionism is pursued mainly through state enterprises. Law No. 2.004/53 is representative of the Brazilian Developmental State and creates an exclusive monopoly for Petrobras. In the context of the Regulatory State of the 90s legal reforms opened the sector to the private initiative, without revoking the monopoly that still remains as a comprehensive power to regulate activities related to the oil industry. Recent discoveries in the Pré-Sal layer revolutionized Brazilian oil production horizon and resulted in the enactment of a new legal framework: Law No. 12.351/10, Law No. 12.304/10 and Law No. 12.276/10. In addition to the concession agreement of Law No. 9.478/97, this new framework regulates the execution of production sharing agreements, the creation of another state enterprise (PPSA) and provides new powers to Petrobras. This new framework is representative of the Neodevelopmental State. Oil revenues can be a blessing or a curse, depending on the economic policies that are adopted.

Este trabalho busca identificar os entraves e perplexidades jurídicas no setor postal apontará as consequências da falta de clareza legislativa, doutrinária, jurisprudencial e regulatória no setor, aprofundando-se na análise de jurisprudência, especialmente do Supremo Tribunal Federal chamando atenção para a possibilidade de serem adotadas novas soluções para resolvê-los. O trabalho estrutura-se a partir de dois eixos intimamente relacionados: a) saber o que é serviço postal, qual é sua relevância na atual conjuntura das comunicações e qual é a realidade de prestação dos serviços nesse setor, objeto dos Capítulos 1 e 2, e b) desenvolver uma discussão crítica sobre serviço (público ou não) postal e monopólio postal, objeto do Capítulo 3 e núcleo central do trabalho. Ainda que o foco desta análise não seja a discussão mais ampla sobre a importância do planejamento e dos arranjos jurídico-institucionais do setor, procurar-se-á chamar atenção para esses aspectos no âmbito do setor postal. A conclusão final da pesquisa, que confirma a hipótese central do trabalho, é a de que o regime jurídico do setor postal se constrói predominantemente a partir da atuação da ECT. O regime jurídico do setor tem sido delimitado a partir das políticas públicas voltadas à ECT, dos serviços postais por ela prestados e das decisões judiciais em que a estatal é autora ou ré, o que lhe confere um regime jurídico privilegiado e protetivo. A análise de todo esse arcabouço jurídico revela que, em grande medida, objetiva-se preservar a empresa pública ECT, em detrimento da avaliação do quadro maior do setor postal brasileiro. Esse entrave do setor leva à reflexão sobre a possibilidade de serem adotadas novas soluções para resolver os problemas setoriais, que podem abarcar desde soluções interpretativas a uma revisão do quadro normativo atualmente aplicável ao setor. / This dissertation aims to identify the legal obstacles and perplexities in the postal sector will point the consequences of the lack of clarity of the legislative, doctrinal, case law and regulatory treatment of the sector, deepening the analysis of case law, especially of the Supreme Court calling attention to the possibility of adopting new solutions to solve them. The work is structured from two closely interconnected axes: a) one, to know what is the postal service, what is its relevance in the current communications, and the reality of service provision, the subject of Chapters 1 and 2; b) two, to develop a critical discussion about postal service (public or not) and post monopoly, the subject of Chapter 3 and the central core of the work. Although the focus of this analysis does not correspond to the wider discussion about the importance of planning and of legal and institutional arrangements in the sector, this dissertation will seek to draw attention to these aspects within the postal sector. The final conclusion of the study, which confirms the central hypothesis of the work, is that the legal system of the postal sector is built predominantly from the action of ECT. The legal system has been delimited from public policies to ECT, from the postal services it provides and from judicial decisions in which the public company is either plaintiff or defendant, and which gives to ECT a privileged and protective legal system. The analysis of all this legal framework reveals that, to a great extent, the objective is to preserve the public company ECT, rather than the evaluation of the bigger picture of the postal sector in Brazil. This obstacle of the sector leads to a reflection on the possibility of adopting new solutions to solve the problems, which can range from interpretative solutions to a review of the regulatory framework currently applicable to the sector.

A presente tese trata de discussões que ocorreram no âmbito do Instituto de Pesquisa Social em seu exílio nos Estados Unidos na primeira metade da década de 1940. O trabalho segue a constituição da crítica do capitalismo monopolista de Horkheimer e Adorno a partir de um debate sobre o nacional-socialismo organizado pelo Instituto na Universidade de Columbia em 1941, do qual tomaram parte Friedrich Pollock, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Arcadius R. L. Gurland e Herbert Marcuse. Nesse percurso, a abordagem da sociedade monopolista do capitalismo tardio por Horkheimer e Adorno se alia a uma crítica do processo civilizatório. A confluência da crítica do presente histórico com a crítica da civilização vai encontrar seu ápice na Dialética do Esclarecimento, livro em coautoria concluído em 1944. Encarando o livro como uma resposta ao debate de Columbia, a tese reconstrói este último e, na sequência, procura estabelecer mediações entre ele e a produção de Horkheimer e Adorno até a Dialética do Esclarecimento, analisando as transformações que se operaram e as novas determinações que ganharam lugar na trajetória intelectual dos dois autores nesse período. / This dissertation deals with discussions that took place at the Institute of Social Research during its exile in the United States in the first half of the 1940\'s. By approaching a debate on National Socialism organized by the Institute at Columbia University in 1941 attended by Friedrich Pollock, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Arcadius R. L. Gurland and Herbert Marcuse , it tracks the formation of Horkheimer and Adornos critique of monopoly capitalism. As the dissertation shows, the approach of monopolistic society adopted by Horkheimer and Adorno fuses with a critique of the process of civilization. The conflation of the critique of historical present with the critique of civilization culminates in the Dialectic of Enlightenment, a jointly authored book that was concluded in 1944. By viewing this work as an answer to the Columbia debate, the dissertation reconstructs the debate and, furthermore, seeks to establish mediations between it and Horkheimer and Adornos theoretical output up to and including the Dialectic of Enlightenment. The dissertation analyzes the transformations that occurred as well as new determinations that emerged in the intellectual trajectory of the two authors during this period.

A noção de serviço público, desde sua incorporação ao direito brasileiro, na primeira metade do século XX, sofreu profundas alterações. A atividade privativa do Estado, destinada à satisfação de necessidades coletivas e sujeita a um regime jurídico especial de direito público passa a ser questionada e desafiada por uma lógica de mercado cada vez mais crescente da qual decorre um anseio cada vez maior pela abertura dos mercados e pela eliminação de monopólios e privilégios. O serviço público como atividade exclusivamente estatal tem que ser revisto. Contudo, não tem que ser revisto para sua extinção. Tem que sê-lo para sua adequação, a qual deve ser empreendida em face do atual conteúdo da Constituição Federal de 1988. Na esteira do constitucionalismo da segunda metade do século XX, a carta constitucional brasileira foi farta na criação de direitos aos cidadãos. Nessa óptica, assegurou o direito fundamental da livre iniciativa e instituiu o princípio constitucional da livre concorrência, o que não pode passar despercebido no processo de revisão dos serviços públicos. O acesso de particulares às atividades constituídas como serviços públicos passa a ser cada vez mais constante, sob o pálio dos mais diversos regimes e instrumentos jurídicos. Como resultado, deve se procurar quais os contornos atuais do serviço público, quais os impactos do regime concorrencial sobre sua essência e quais os instrumentos que devem ser manejados pelo direito administrativo para superar os efeitos desses impactos. É esse, com precisão, o objetivo da presente tese. / The concept of public service has been through deep changes since its incorporation in Brazilian law system. The monopolistic activity of the State, aiming at satisfying social necessities and subject to a special public law regime is nowadays questioned and challenged by a rising market oriented logic that gives rise to the desire of a complete market opening and the elimination of monopolies and privileges. The public service must be revisited and reviewed. However, it must not be revisited to be extinguished. It must be revisited to become more accurate and adequate in view of the content of the Federal Constitution of 1988. In accordance with the constitutionalism of the second half of the 20th Century, the Brazilian Constitution created in favor of the citizens a considerable list of fundamental rights. In this perspective, it guaranteed the fundamental right of freedom of profession and created the constitutional principle of the free competition, what must have impacts upon the concept of public service. The accessibility of third private parties to the development of activities of public services is each day more common, under the protection of several legal instruments and legal regimes. As a result, the current configuration of the public service must be investigated, as well as the impacts of the competition thereon and the instruments that must be managed by the administrative law to mitigate the results of such impacts. This investigation is precisely the scope of this dissertation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio Herbeth Teixeira da Silva.pdf: 19455793 bytes, checksum: 3c60ec3b46081985f348aa1e576ae8af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation examines the relationships between public officials and marching in formation of monopolies and control the market supply of fresh meat, in Bethlehem, from the discourses of scarcity of this kind between the years 1897-1909. It also analyzes the publications of the press at the time on the issue of green meat and interventionist strategies of the government in providing this food. Assuming that the lack of meat was a political creation and fruit of the action of the marchers, selected years, would overcome such occurrences, thus the explanations linked in climate problems, diseases, in theft and transportation, among others, as was recurrent the official rhetoric, the journalists of the time and in the chronicles of foreign travelers, and respected by the authors of the scarce work on this theme in the Amazon region / Esta dissertação analisa as relações entre os administradores públicos e os marchantes, na formação de monopólios e no controle do mercado de abastecimento da carne verde, em Belém, a partir dos discursos de escassez desse gênero entre os anos de 1897-1909. Analisa ainda as publicações da imprensa da época sobre a questão das carnes verdes e as estratégias intervencionistas do governo no fornecimento desse alimento. Pressupondo que a falta de carne foi uma criação política e fruto da ação dos marchantes, nos anos selecionados, tais ocorrências superariam, desse modo, as explicações pautadas em problemas climáticos, em doenças, em roubos e no transporte, entre outros, como era recorrente nos discursos das autoridades, dos jornalistas da época e nas crônicas dos viajantes estrangeiros, e acatados pelos autores dos parcos trabalhos existentes sobre o tema, na região Amazônica