本研究旨在探討以優勢觀點為基礎之社會工作實施場域中，社會工作者與情感性精神疾病個案助人關係歷程、雙向復元因素與意涵，與不同組織政策與文化對雙向復元之影響，進一步形成實務場域中助人關係與雙向復元之建議與策略。 　　本研究運用質性研究深度訪談法與詮釋現象學觀點，採立意與滾雪球抽樣，使用半結構式訪談大綱與研究者於田野之互動與觀察，再現八名受訪者（五名優勢觀點社工、三位情感性精神疾病個案）之生活經驗，回歸現象本質綜觀與探討。 　　本研究主要發現如下： 一、情感性精神疾病的重新詮釋：社會工作者正視個案憂鬱或躁狂發作而產生生理、心理與社會的排除，將疾病常態化、普同化，並經由多面向的宏觀檢視以打破原本負面框架與預設立場，包含：1.給予自殺的生命解套—給予選擇與自我決定；2.賦予反覆訴說的意義—重新詮釋生命的機會。 二、歷經「隧道」、不斷攀升—助人關係發展之歷程：歸納優勢觀點社會工作者與情感性精神疾病個案發展助人關係之歷程，可分為想像期、建立期、考驗期、合作期與復元期五大階段，形塑「穿越生命隧道之旅」般的助人關係意象，並發現差序格局文化下的助人關係連續體之特色。 三、雙向復元的實質意涵：由個案「置身死地而後生」與社會工作者「從助人意義中回觀自我」的復元經驗中，歸納「雙向復元」之實質意義與內涵，是一種助人關係與個人內、外在情境三者交互作用而成的超越狀態與主體終極目標，影響成因包含個人、人際與環境三大層面和七個項目。 四、組織政策與文化對雙向復元之影響：不同組織政策與文化之對雙向復元具有實質之影響，分析受訪社會工作者所屬的機構內部可發現「考驗」與「支持」的態樣，後者不但創造充分的人際支持與成長環境，更能促進社會工作者的復元、提升個案服務品質與績效、穩定社工流動率。 依據上述研究發現，提出以下建議： 一、情感性精神疾病個案之助人關係策略：1.增強個體權能：擱置並轉化問題、充分尊重與信任、著力優勢與能力、累積成功經驗、創造選擇性。2.善用關係影響：借重家庭的影響力、保持助人關係中的接觸與等待、建立分享與互惠的彈性關係、善用權力落差形成改變。3.導入環境資源：地緣與文化的親近性、開放的會談地點與時間、連結資源與網絡合作。 二、正視雙向復元之目標：回歸自身被忽略的正向經驗，賦予生命及工作狀態之意義，個案或社會工作者復元的同時也使對方進一步昇華和復元，像漣漪效應般能擴及旁人，間接影響家庭與社會系統，啟動整體社會文化的善循環。 三、機構推動優勢觀點模式之建議：瞭解如何有效學習並運用優勢觀點模式、適度激勵並給予充分支持、提供合理的保障與實質誘因。 四、未來研究之建議：瞭解情感性精神疾病之特性並有所應變、具備接近田野之管道並增加研究對象的多元性、學習與受訪對象共創新的復元價值。 / The study aimed to explore the process, elements and meanings of mutual recovery for social workers and the clients with mood disorder, the organizational influences on the mutual recovery, and to propose strategies for mutual recovery for social workers. The methodology adopted in this study was hermeneutic phenomenology. Using purposive/ snowball sampling, the researcher interacted, observed, and in-depth interviewed the participants using a semi-structured interview guide. Though this process, the living experiences of the eight interviewees (five strengths-based social workers and three clients with mood disorder) were represented to reveal the nature of the phenomenon of mutual recovery. The major discoveries of this study include: 1.Re-definition of mood disorder: social workers could recognize the consequence of clients being seriously excluded from the society due to their depressive or manic episode; they helped the clients to normalize their disease, as well as to break their own negative assumptions toward the disorder. The tactics that they used were such as like：a) Providing relief to suicide–personal choice and self-determination, b) giving meaning to repetitive narratives– opportunity to redefine life. 2.“Tunnel” process, continuing to rise, the process of helping relationship: the process of strength-based social workers in developing relationship with clients with mood disorder could be categorized into five stages: imagination stage, development stage, challenge stage, cooperation stage, and recovery stage. Hence, the nature of helping relationship was like “going through the life tunnel” . The characteristics of such a relationship reflected the differential association continuum among Chinese culture. 3.Essential meaning of mutual recovery: For the clients, the recovery experiences were as if being brought back to life. For the social workers, they rediscovered of themselves in the meaning of assisting others. The real meaning and essence of mutual recovery could be summed up as the interaction of within a person, internal and external environment, and in turn further shaping the transcendental force to help acquire the life goal. Moreover, those goal were affected by personal, relational and environmental factors. 4.Organizational influences on mutual recovery: by analyzing the effects of organizational policies and cultures on mutual recovery, we found that “supportive surrounding” creates an environment which was better for the development of interpersonal relationship than an “challenging surrounding”. The former could help facilitate the recovery and performance of social workers, as well as decrease the turnover rate of social workers. Based on these findings, we propose: 1.Strategy for forming the helping relationship with clients with mood disorder: 1) empowering individual: letting go and transform problems into respect, trust, and focusing on advantages, capabilities, and successful experiences to create options. 2) Better utilizing the effects of interpersonal relationship: by using the influences from family, maintaining the contacts in interpersonal relationship, building mutual and flexible relationship, and using the power differentiation to facilitate changes. 3) Introducing resources from surrounding: an open location and timing that connect the clients/social workers with their surrounding and culture, and enabling the linkage of resources and networks. 2.Emphasizing mutual recovery: stressing the positive experiences that were over sighted previously and finding meaning to life and work status. The recovery of the clients and social workers will further influence their families and the whole social system, and create a benign cycle accordingly. 3.Suggestions for organizations in promoting the strength-based model: to learn the effective ways of learning and applying strengths-based models, giving adequate encouragement and support, and providing reasonable assurance and incentives. 4.Recommendations for future research: should understand the characteristics of mood disorder and know how to handle the situations, to expand the sources of participants, and to have the intention of creating the new meaning of recovery with participants.

While research highlights a number of risk factors for suicide, not all individuals displaying these characteristics will go on to attempt suicide. Depressed mood is a proximal indicator of suicide, with deterioration in already depressed mood increasing the likelihood of a suicide attempt. The overall aim of this thesis was to empirically test the Cognitive Model of Suicide by Wenzel and Beck (2008). This model proposes that each of the three components, dispositional vulnerabilities, mood disturbance and suicide related cognitions, may influence each other to enhance the propensity for a suicidal crisis. The thesis starts by examining the relationship between two personality characteristics (neuroticism and trait aggression) and current depressed mood, and then focuses on the relationship between suicidality and current depressed mood. Although autobiographical memories have been implied as a possible risk factor for suicidality, meta-analytical studies have highlighted discrepancies between sampling techniques which may limit interpretablity. Therefore, the first series of studies aimed to establish a protocol for assessing autobiographical memories. The second and third series of studies aimed to investigate whether the relationships between current depressed mood and specific personality factors (neuroticism and trait aggression) were indirectly influenced by other known risk factors that may affect cognitive processing of information (rumination, overgenerality, impulsivity). Moreover, these studies aimed to determine whether the same cognitive processing factors effected current depressed mood in non-suicidal and suicide attempt groups. The final series of studies aimed to determine whether these risk factors (neuroticism, trait aggression, brooding, impulsivity, and overgenerality) mediated the relationship between suicidality and current depressed mood. Findings indicated that compared to the non-suicidal group, individuals in the suicide attempt group was more likely to be influenced by the effects of trait aggression and brooding, and that the combination of these factors were positively associated with current depressed mood. In contrast, neuroticism and impulsivity appeared to influence individuals who had experienced suicidal ideation more than individuals who report never having suicidal thoughts or attempting suicide. Compared to the non-suicidal group, however, neuroticism and impulsivity did not show a significant association for current depressed mood in the suicidal ideation group. Findings supported the Interacting Sub-Systems model and are discussed in relation to the Cognitive Model of Suicide model.

Selective attention is a mechanism used to allocate resources to information processing. Both mood states and emotionally salient stimuli can influence which information is selectively attended. This information is subsequently processed in a more elaborative manner and affects task performance. The experiments presented in this thesis explore the influence of mood and emotional stimuli on selective attention and consequently task performance. Mood induction procedures were used to induce transient neutral, sad, and happy mood states in healthy volunteers. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 studies using sad mood induction procedures showed cognitive impairments in performance in the context of task neutral stimuli. In contrast biases in attention towards mood-congruent negative stimuli led to improved task performance. A series of three behavioural experiments with 197 participants demonstrated that participants made decisions on the basis of less information when that information was preceded by emotional but not neutral stimuli. Induced mood state did not affect performance. The behavioural and neural correlates of visual attentional processing to emotional stimuli were explored using magnetoencephalography in 24 healthy participants following sad, happy, and neutral mood induction procedures. The M300, a component associated with selective attention, had greater amplitude following presentation of negative compared with positive stimuli, which was associated with improved task performance. Reduced M300 amplitude and impairments in performance occurred following sad mood induction procedures. The experiments presented in this thesis demonstrate prioritized processing of emotional information and provide some evidence for impaired performance following sad mood induction procedures.

L’objectif de ce projet de recherche était de vérifier la présence de changements de sensibilité de la rétine et du système circadien suite à deux semaines d'exposition à un milieu faiblement ou fortement éclairé, dans des conditions contrôlées en laboratoire. De plus, comme un changement de sensibilité peut modifier l'ajustement du système circadien au cycle jour-nuit extérieur, nous voulions également vérifier si la phase circadienne serait modifiée par le traitement et si la vigilance et l’humeur seraient affectées. Dix sujets ont été exposés à de la lumière tamisée (70 lux [LT]) et 10 ont été exposés à de la lumière vive (3000 lux [LV]) pendant 12 jours consécutifs en laboratoire de 8h45 à 19h00 tous les jours. L’exposition à la lumière a été mesurée 5 jours avant l’entrée au laboratoire dans l’habitat naturel du sujet et pendant la période en laboratoire à l’aide de l’Actiwatch-L®. La sensibilité rétinienne a été mesurée avant et après le traitement lumineux, par un électrorétinogramme (ERG) et la sensibilité circadienne, par le test de suppression de mélatonine salivaire. Tout au long du protocole, la vigilance, la somnolence et l'humeur ont été évaluées à plusieurs moments de la journée à intervalles prédéterminés. Après 12 jours d’exposition en lumière contrôlée, l’amplitude de l’onde-a au Vmax à l’ERG photopique a diminué en LV alors qu’elle a augmenté en LT. À l’ERG scotopique, une différence de sensibilité rétinienne (log K) entre les groupes avant le traitement expérimental s’est amenuisée à la fin du traitement (p=.053). La suppression de mélatonine après 90 minutes d’exposition au test de suppression a diminué en LV alors qu’il n’y a pas eu de modification en LT, cependant cette interaction n’était pas significative (p=.16). La phase circadienne des sujets exposés à LV a été devancée de 58 minutes (p=.04) alors qu’elle a été retardée de 26 minutes en LT (p=.32). Les mesures de vigilance subjective (EVA) ont indiqué que les sujets LV se considéraient plus éveillés que les sujets LT après le traitement (p=.02). Par contre, aucune différence n’est apparue quant aux mesures de performance psychomotrice ni de l’humeur. L’histoire lumineuse n’a pas modifié la sensibilité rétinienne dans le sens prévu par les hypothèses alors qu’il y a eu une tendance vers une augmentation de la sensibilité circadienne en condition de lumière tamisée. L’amélioration de la vigilance subjective après l’exposition en LV n’a pas été soutenue par les résultats de la performance psychomotrice. L’histoire lumineuse n’a eu aucun effet sur l’humeur des sujets. Cette étude souligne l’importance d’utiliser des mesures permettant de départager les effets immédiats d’un traitement lumineux des effets à long terme autant sur le plan rétinien que circadien. Il reste également complexe d’étudier en laboratoire des changements adaptatifs qui se produisent dans le milieu naturel en raison du confinement et des modifications physiologiques et psychologiques pouvant y être associées. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of two weeks exposure in a dim or bright light environment on retinal and circadian sensitivity to light in a controlled laboratory setting. Given that a change in sensitivity to light could modify the circadian adjustment to the external light-dark cycle, it was expected that the circadian phase would be modified with the light treatment and have an effect on alertness and mood. Ten participants were exposed to a dim light (DL) environment (70 lux) and 10 participants to a bright light (BL) environment (3000 lux) 10 hours per day for 12 consecutive days. Light exposure was measured 5 days prior to the onset of the experiment in the subject’s natural environment and during the entire laboratory experiment with an Actiwatch-L®. Retinal function was assessed with the electroretinogram (ERG). Circadian light sensitivity was evaluated with a salivary melatonin suppression test. Retinal and circadian sensitivity measures were taken before and after the experimental condition. Alertness, sleepiness and mood were measured several times per day at fixed intervals. After 12 days of controlled light exposure, the amplitude of amax of the photopic ERG was decreased in BL whereas it was increased in DL. In scotopic ERG, there was a difference in the retinal sensitivity (log K) between the two groups before light treatment that disappeared at the end of light exposure (p=.053). The percentage of melatonin suppression after 90 minutes exposure to the melatonin suppression test was decreased in BL while it did not changed in DL condition. This interaction, however, did not reach significance (p=.16). We measured a 58 minutes phase advance in the BL condition (p=.04) and a 26 minutes phase delay in DL (p=.32). Measures of subjective vigilance (EVA) suggested that BL subjects were more alert after the light treatment than DL subject (p=.02). However, there was no difference in the psychomotor vigilance task or mood. Light history did not modify the retinal sensitivity as predicted by the hypotheses. However, there was a trend toward an increased circadian sensitivity in the dim light condition. The improvement of subjective vigilance in the BL condition was not supported by the results at the psychomotor vigilance task. Light history had no effect on the mood of the subjects. Long-term effects of a light treatment are difficult to isolate from shorter direct effects of light. Moreover, the study of adaptative environmental changes that spontaneously appeared in the field are possibly masked in a laboratory setting where confinement could induce physiological and psychological changes.

Learning of a positive diagnosis of HIV may be one of the most challenging and stressful events in life. The memory of this event is emotionally laden, and even years later evokes an emotional response. Similarly, many people living with HIV (PLH) have memories of the first time they were treated differently because of their diagnosis. While research frequently examines the subjective of stress, few studies have examined biological markers of stress in people living with HIV. Heart Rate Variability offers a non-invasive measure of stress. Beyond serving as a biological marker for stress, changes in HRV are also associated with emotional functioning. Research demonstrates decreased HRV levels in patients with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD. We conducted a repeated measures MANOVA to examine effects of stress induction on HRV in individuals with high and low levels of HIV-related stigma. We found that the high stigma group was significantly different from the low stigma group in regard to changes in participants’ HRV, Wilks’ λ = .50, F (1, 51) = 11.63, p < .001. A hierarchical linear regression examined the relationship between HRV and other measures of stress (Heart Rate and Blood Pressure). We found that systolic blood pressure and heart rate in the stress condition were predictive of HRV (adjusted R2=.29, F (5,46) =4.07, p<.01). Results of our study support the use of HRV as a measure of stress in HIV-positive adults. Additionally, the results of our study demonstrate significant relationships between stigma, social support and stress in HIV-positive adults.

Au niveau mondial, la mort par suicide occupe fréquemment la deuxième ou troisième place des causes de décès chez les adolescents (AIPS, 2009). Afin de prévenir le suicide chez les jeunes, une meilleure compréhension des facteurs associés s’avère donc nécessaire. La présente étude avait pour but d’identifier les facteurs de protection d’adolescents atteints d’un trouble de l’humeur et présentant un risque suicidaire. Pour ce faire, un questionnaire relatant les habitudes de vie et facteurs psychosociaux a été analysé. Le risque suicidaire a été évalué à partir de la version adaptée pour adolescents du SAD PERSONS Scale (Juhnke, 1994). L’échantillon de l’étude comprenait 101 jeunes de 12 à 17 ans atteints d’un trouble de l’humeur et présentant un risque suicidaire. Des analyses descriptives, des tests de t, des analyses de variance, des corrélations et des régressions ont été utilisées afin de vérifier la relation entre le risque suicidaire et les facteurs de protection. Il ressort que, pour les adolescents de l’étude, être satisfait du soutien reçu, avoir un bon soutien affectif parental, avoir plusieurs sources de lecture par semaine, souper plusieurs fois avec sa famille par semaine, ne pas fumer de cigarette, ne pas avoir beaucoup d’amis qui fument la cigarette, ne pas consommer d’alcool, ne pas consommer de drogue ainsi que de ne pas mélanger la consommation d’alcool et de drogue peuvent tous agir, individuellement, comme facteurs de protection du suicide chez des adolescents atteints d’un trouble de l’humeur et présentant un risque suicidaire. Par ailleurs, les analyses effectuées ne révèlent aucune relation significative entre les habitudes scolaires, l’activité physique, les habitudes de sommeil, l’estime de soi et le risque suicidaire des adolescents de l’étude. Enfin, miser sur les facteurs de protection du suicide identifiés par la présente étude constitue une nouvelle piste intéressante pour les infirmières et des recommandations pour la recherche et la pratique infirmière sont suggérées. / Adolescent suicide often represents the second or third leading cause of death for this age group throughout the world (AIPS, 2009). In order to prevent adolescent suicide, a better understanding of the factors associated with suicidal risk is necessary. The aim of this study was to identify the protective factors of adolescents with mood disorders and suicidal risk. Life habits and psychosocial factors were evaluated by an auto-administrated questionnaire. The adapted version of the SAD PERSONS Scale (Patterson, Dohn, Bird & al, 1983) for children and adolescents (Juhnke, 1994) was used to evaluate the suicidal risk. The sample of this study included 101 teenagers, aged between 12 and 17 years old, who had a mood disorder and a suicidal risk. Descriptive analysis, T-tests, variance analysis (ANOVA), correlation analysis and multiple regressions were conducted to examine the relationship between the suicidal risk (dependant variable) and the life habits and psychosocial factors (independent variables). The results indicate that, for 12 to 17 year olds, being satisfied with the support received, having good parental support, having many different sources of reading, eating supper with their family frequently, not smoking cigarettes, not having many friends who smoke cigarettes, not drinking, not doing drugs and not drinking and doing drugs simultaneously can all act as individual protective factors for suicidal risk. On the other hand, the results of this study do not show any statistically significant relations between school habits, physical activity, sleep habits, self-esteem and suicidal risk for teenagers with mood disorders. Finally, examining protective factors seems to be useful in helping teens with mood disorders and suicidal risk. The results of this study encourage nurses to include protective factors in their evaluation of suicidal adolescents and interventions. Research and clinical recommendations are therefore suggested.

This theses is dedicated to the use of the verbal paradigms hablara and hablase in contemporary Spanish. We demonstrate that due to historical reasons the usage of paradigm hablara is much wider than that of hablase, which can be used only in the subjunctive meaning. According to the valid linguistic norm, the paradigm hablara (and not hablase) can be used instead of the Past Perfect (although it is not recommended). The same is evidenced with the conditional tense of the modal verbs querer, deber and poder as well as with the main clause of the unreal conditional clauses in the present tense. This means that these two verb paradigms can be arbitralily substituted only when used in the subjunctive function. On the basis of our own frecuency analysis of twenty most used Spanish verbs in the language corpus CREA, we prove that the frecuency of the hablase on average 18% in Spain and 10% in Latin America. Our analysis of this corpus material does not confirm the statement of some linguists that the frecuency of -se form is generally slightly higher in negative sentences. However, our analysis of a parallel corpus InterCorp seems to indicate that it is higher (by 7%) after the conditional conjunction ‚si'.

Whereas in Czech there are three verb moods, in French a fourth one is to be found, being defined as the "subjunctive mood". The subjunctive does not exist in Czech which often makes it hard to handle by students as well as teachers. The main aim of the thesis is to map the ways of presenting the French subjunctive verb mood in selected grammar handbooks intended for students and teachers of French and outline the different approaches to describing its parameters. Subsequently, the second objective here is to analyse the methods of presenting the subjunctive in selected textbooks and workbooks used when teaching French at Czech schools. The thesis is divided in three parts. In the initial one, the different approach to presenting the subjunctive in the referential grammar book of P. Charaudeaua - Grammaire du sens et de l'expression is analysed together with the ones applied in the FLE grammar books by G. D. de Salins - Grammaire pour l'enseignement/apprentissage de FLE, M. Callamand - Grammatique vivante du français and in the slightly different grammar book by A. Monnerie-Goarin - Le français au présent. To be able to meet the target of the analysis and find out how a verb mood of a typologically different language is presented to an exclusively Czech audience, the Czech-written grammar book of...

Title: The influence of dance training on mood and feelings of people with paraplegia Objectives: The objective of this work was to detect using POMS questionnaire, whether the dance education has a positive effect on mood of people with paraplegia. Specifically, we focused on feelings such as depression, activity, anxiety and fatigue. Methods: The survey is a quantitative type using the POMS questionnaire (Profile of Mood State). Research has become a set of 40 people with paraplegia. 20 people were the control group and 20 persons were experimental group. Results: Dance education has significantly reduce the feeling of depression, anxiety, fatigue, and increase activity in patients with paraplegia. Dance in our case, show better results than any other sporting activity. Keywords: Dance education, paraplegia, mood, feelings, emotions, sports, music, adapted physical activities

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Candidate: Lucie Ambrožová Supervisor: Doc. MUDr. Josef Herink, DrSc. Title of diploma thesis: Intestinal microbiota and mood disorders The intestinal microbiom is composed mainly of two dominated strains - Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The other strains are just not numerous like the previous ones. The specimens have the invariable core of microbiom which doesn't change in time. Nevertheless they have also the transient gut bacteria, which change during their life. Intestinal microbiom is influenced by many factors. Between them we can categorize for example the way of the childbirth, the breast - feeding, the alimentation, the state of health, and the medicaments. Every specimen has own specific microbiom. It was found that human population is possible to divide into three intestinal groups or enterotypes. To each enterotype dominates different bacterial strain. It was proved that intestinal microbiom communicates with the brain and it works also vice versa. This communication system is called "brain - intestine" and takes several ways in several body systems (such as nervous, endocrine, metabolic, and immune). To normal development of the brain is needed the right colonisation of non...