Cette thèse porte sur l'intégration de ressources lexicales et syntaxiques du français dans deux tâches fondamentales du Traitement Automatique des Langues [TAL] que sont l'étiquetage morpho-syntaxique probabiliste et l'analyse syntaxique probabiliste. Dans ce mémoire, nous utilisons des données lexicales et syntaxiques créées par des processus automatiques ou par des linguistes afin de donner une réponse à deux problématiques que nous décrivons succinctement ci-dessous : la dispersion des données et la segmentation automatique des textes. Grâce à des algorithmes d'analyse syntaxique de plus en plus évolués, les performances actuelles des analyseurs sont de plus en plus élevées, et ce pour de nombreuses langues dont le français. Cependant, il existe plusieurs problèmes inhérents aux formalismes mathématiques permettant de modéliser statistiquement cette tâche (grammaire, modèles discriminants,...). La dispersion des données est l'un de ces problèmes, et est causée principalement par la faible taille des corpus annotés disponibles pour la langue. La dispersion représente la difficulté d'estimer la probabilité de phénomènes syntaxiques apparaissant dans les textes à analyser mais qui sont rares ou absents du corpus ayant servi à l'apprentissage des analyseurs. De plus, il est prouvé que la dispersion est en partie un problème lexical, car plus la flexion d'une langue est importante, moins les phénomènes lexicaux sont représentés dans les corpus annotés. Notre première problématique repose donc sur l'atténuation de l'effet négatif de la dispersion lexicale des données sur les performances des analyseurs. Dans cette optique, nous nous sommes intéressé à une méthode appelée regroupement lexical, et qui consiste à regrouper les mots du corpus et des textes en classes. Ces classes réduisent le nombre de mots inconnus et donc le nombre de phénomènes syntaxiques rares ou inconnus, liés au lexique, des textes à analyser. Notre objectif est donc de proposer des regroupements lexicaux à partir d'informations tirées des lexiques syntaxiques du français, et d'observer leur impact sur les performances d'analyseurs syntaxiques. Par ailleurs, la plupart des évaluations concernant l'étiquetage morpho-syntaxique probabiliste et l'analyse syntaxique probabiliste ont été réalisées avec une segmentation parfaite du texte, car identique à celle du corpus évalué. Or, dans les cas réels d'application, la segmentation d'un texte est très rarement disponible et les segmenteurs automatiques actuels sont loin de proposer une segmentation de bonne qualité, et ce, à cause de la présence de nombreuses unités multi-mots (mots composés, entités nommées,...). Dans ce mémoire, nous nous focalisons sur les unités multi-mots dites continues qui forment des unités lexicales auxquelles on peut associer une étiquette morpho-syntaxique, et que nous appelons mots composés. Par exemple, cordon bleu est un nom composé, et tout à fait un adverbe composé. Nous pouvons assimiler la tâche de repérage des mots composés à celle de la segmentation du texte. Notre deuxième problématique portera donc sur la segmentation automatique des textes français et son impact sur les performances des processus automatiques. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes penché sur une approche consistant à coupler, dans un même modèle probabiliste, la reconnaissance des mots composés et une autre tâche automatique. Dans notre cas, il peut s'agir de l'analyse syntaxique ou de l'étiquetage morpho-syntaxique. La reconnaissance des mots composés est donc réalisée au sein du processus probabiliste et non plus dans une phase préalable. Notre objectif est donc de proposer des stratégies innovantes permettant d'intégrer des ressources de mots composés dans deux processus probabilistes combinant l'étiquetage ou l'analyse à la segmentation du texte

A challenge exists for understanding the origin of color for structurally colored, 3-dimensional bioorganic nanostructures, such as the scales of butterflies, beetles, and moths. Complex, hierarchical structures found within such scales create the overall scale appearance. The controlled alteration of color through material deposition and the addition of new optical functionalities to such structures are other areas of scientific interest. This dissertation addresses these challenges with a first-of-its-kind, systematic isolation (deconstruction) of scale component nanostructures, followed by evaluation of optical property/structure correlations. The additive deposition (constructive alteration) of emissive materials to structurally-colored templates complements this deconstructive approach towards understanding the origin of color in butterfly scales. Discoveries made through this work may help advance the bioinspired design of synthetic optical structures and subsequent color control through the addition of multilayered, emissive optical components.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3459199 bytes, checksum: ea24760008f9bcd3a0a4a612ab8f61e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ficus L., with about 750 species, is the richest of the family Moraceae, widely distributed in tropical regions of the world. The genus is characterized by lactescentes plants, woody, shrubs and lianas, often hemiepiphytes growing on tree branches or in the leaf axils of palms. In Brazil, there are about 100 species of Ficus, popularly known as "figueiras" and/or "gameleiras", many of which are exploited as sources of textiles, food and used in folk medicine. This study aimed to conduct an analysis of leaf morpho-anatomy of three species of Ficus sugb. Urostigma (Gasp.) Miq. Found in Paraíba: Ficus cyclophylla (Miq.) Miq., Ficus elliotiana S. Moore and Ficus caatingae R. M. Castro, and a review of the ethnomedicine of the species of the genus. Cross sections of leaves (blade and petiole) were performed in microtome in material embedded in methacrylate, stained with toluidine blue. The study of venation, epidermal cells, histochemical analysis and SEM were carried out using standard methods for each analysis. A review of the ethnomedicine of Ficus was performed, through literature search and various databases. The three species share the following characters: dorsiventral mesophyll, collateral vascularization, the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions of druses and prismatic crystals type (distributed in all tissues of the leaf), angular collenchyma, epidermis with straight polygonal anticlinal walls, hypostomatic and anomocytic stomata. They have characters that distinguish them from their related species, particularly with respect to the structural organization of the mesophyll, board, border and vascularization of the petiole. With respect to etnomedicinal revision, 27 species were reported (23.3%) used in traditional medicine in Brazil. Among the most common therapeutic indications, the most important were those reported for the digestive system and against intestinal worms (29%). The plant parts are used more sheets (63%), followed by the use of latex (51.8%). The oral use was the main route of administration (72.7%). Leaf anatomy was more relevant than the external morphology and can be used for the characterization of the three species and to support quality control of his herbal drugs, as it provided for the same distinctive characters. In addition, the survey provided the record etnomedicinal plants with popular uses that can serve as a basis for the election of species that can be employed as a source of biologically active compounds. / Ficus L., com cerca de 750 espécies, é o mais rico da família Moraceae, com ampla distribuição nas regiões tropicais do mundo. O gênero caracteriza-se por possuir plantas lactescentes, hábito arbóreo, arbustivo e lianas, muitas vezes hemiepífitas crescendo em ramos de árvores ou nas axilas das folhas de palmeiras. No Brasil, ocorrem cerca de 100 espécies de Ficus, popularmente conhecidas como figueiras e/ou gameleiras , muitas das quais aproveitadas como fontes de produtos têxteis, alimentícios e de uso na medicina popular. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo da morfoanatomia foliar de três espécies de Ficus sugb. Urostigma (Gasp.) Miq. encontradas na Paraíba: Ficus cyclophylla (Miq.) Miq., Ficus elliotiana S. Moore e Ficus caatingae R.M. Castro, e uma revisão da etnomedicina das espécies brasileiras do gênero. Secções transversais de folhas (lâmina e pecíolo) foram realizadas em micrótomo, em material incluído em metacrilato, posteriormente coradas com azul de toluidina. O estudo da venação, das células epidérmicas, testes histoquímicos e MEV foram realizados seguindo os métodos usuais para cada análise. Foi realizada uma revisão da etnomedicina de Ficus, mediante uma pesquisa na bibliografia e em vários bancos de dados. As três espécies estudadas compartilham os seguintes caracteres: mesofilo dorsiventral, feixes vasculares colaterais, presença de inclusões citoplasmáticas do tipo drusas e cristais prismáticos (distribuídas em todos os tecidos da folha), colênquima do tipo angular, epiderme com paredes anticlinais poligonais retas, anfígena, hipoestomática e estômatos anomocíticos. Possuem caracteres diferencias que as distinguem de suas espécies afins, principalmente com relação à organização estrutural do mesofilo, bordo, contorno e vascularização do pecíolo. Com relação à revisão etnomedicinal, foram registradas 27 espécies (23,3%) utilizadas como medicinais no Brasil. Dentre as indicações terapêuticas mais comuns, destacaram-se aquelas referidas para o sistema digestório e contra verminoses intestinais (29%). As partes da planta mais utilizadas foram folhas (63%), seguidas do uso do látex (51,8%). O uso oral foi a principal via de administração (72,7%). A anatomia foliar foi mais relevante que a morfologia externa e pode ser usada para a caracterização das três espécies e para subsidiar o controle de qualidade de suas drogas vegetais, uma vez que forneceu caracteres distintivos para as mesmas. Além disso, o levantamento etnomedicinal forneceu o registro de plantas com usos populares que podem servir de base para a eleição de espécies que poderão ser empregadas como fonte de compostos biologicamente ativos.

Cette étude linguistique porte sur les emprunts lexicaux au français en arabe dialectal tunisien.Notre problématique principale s'articule autour de la question de l'intégration des emprunts lexicaux au français en arabe dialectal tunisien.L'objectif de la présente étude est non seulement d'identifier, de classer et d'analyser les occurrences d'emprunts lexicaux au français attestées en arabe dialectal tunisien, mais aussi de décrire les différentes phases d'adaptation phonologique, morphologique, syntaxique, sémantique et graphique par lesquelles passe l'emprunt lexical en intégrant la langue d'accueil. / This linguistic study deals with lexical words borrowed from the French language into the Tunisan arabic dialect.Our main point concerns the integration of lexical words from the French language into the Tunisian arabic dialect.The objective of our research is not only to identify, classify and analyse the occurences of the lexical words borrowed from the French language recognized by the Tunisian arabic dialect but also to describe the phonological, morphological, syntaxic, semantic and graphic adaption of the various phases necessary to the integration of the lexical words borrowed from the Ffench language by integrating the host language.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15MA178.pdf: 2032529 bytes, checksum: d36174da2f4f90500f36e5d936e28749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The production of apples (Malus domestica Borkh) is threatened by various diseases, as well as by quarantine diseases. In 2012, the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento - MAPA confirmed cases of European Canker (Neonectria ditissima) in the southern states of Brazil. The European canker can cause death of seedlings and fruit damage and production losses. This study aimed to characterize the morphological and physiological diversity of isolates associated with the European Canker in the counties of Água Doce/SC and Vacaria/RS in culture media and evaluate the effects of fungicides in apple seedlings inoculated. Four experiments were conducted: (1) Morpho-physiological characterization of isolates and observations of conidia; (2) In vitro fungicides efficiency; (3) Aggressiveness of isolates in fruits; and (4) Efficiency of fungicides, in a controlled environment isolated and mixed field, in inoculated seedlings with the pathogen. The morpho-physiological evaluations were made based on mycelial growth and Mycelial Index Growth Speed (MIGS) in culture media, structure formation, coloration of the colonies and production, type and time of spore germination. For the fungicides effectiveness test, doses in ppm was incorporated into malt agar culture and mycelial growth was evaluated at seven days. The aggressiveness of the isolates was tested in fruits of cvs. Gala and Fuji inoculated in injury. Experiments with fungicides, alone or in mixture, were performed on seedlings cv. Gala three years old, treated, inoculated through injury after 24 hours and incubated for 72 hours in the dark and then planted in pots and in the field. The isolates had higher mycelial growth on the PDA, colonies with diameters of 60 mm, forming groups with an average of 35.56 (G1), 52.71 (G2) and an average of 62.67 mm (G3). The MIGS was greater than 4.0 mm in PDA. The sporulation was more abundant in the media SNAY followed by the PDA and AM and the predominant color mycelium in PDA was beige and central pigmentation of brown colonies with borders in shades of beige. Spores were macro type (63,5x10,1, 62.3 x 10.6 and 59.7 x 10.3 μm in PDA, SN and AM) and micro (35.4 x 4.8, 35,2x5 2 and 34.8 x 5.2 μm in PDA, SN and AM). Germination of conidia was observed from 16 hours in a fungal suspension. The mycelial growth was lower in tebuconazole and methyl thiophanate fungicides in vitro assay to seven days. The isolates were aggressive in cvs. Gala and Fuji. The tebuconazole and methyl thiophanate fungicides used alone reduced the cancer lesions. Fosetyl-Al, methyl thiophanate and potassium phosphite mixture, reduced lesion size and mixing captan, methyl thiophanate and potassium phosphite delayed the early onset of symptoms at 15 days according to the average size of the lesions. The incidence of lesions was above 65% at 45 days after inoculation of the seedlings / A produção de maçãs (Malus domestica Borkh) é ameaçada por várias doenças, bem como pelas doenças quarentenárias. Em 2012, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento - MAPA confirmou casos de cancro europeu (Neonectria ditissima) nos estados do sul do Brasil. O cancro europeu pode causar a morte de mudas e danos e perdas de produção de frutos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos caracterizar a diversidade morfo-fisiológica de isolados associados ao cancro europeu nos municípios de Água Doce/SC e Vacaria/RS em meios de cultura e avaliar os efeitos de fungicidas em mudas de macieira inoculadas. Quatro experimentos foram realizados: (1) Caracterização morfo-fisiológica dos isolados e observações de conídios; (2) Eficiência de fungicidas in vitro; (3) Agressividade dos isolados em frutos; e (4) Eficiência de fungicidas, isolados em ambiente controlado e em mistura a campo, em mudas inoculadas com o patógeno. As avaliações morfo-fisiológicas foram feitas com base no crescimento micelial e Índice de Velocidade de Crescimento Micelial (IVCM) em meios de cultura, formação de estruturas, coloração das colônias e produção, tipo e tempo de germinação dos conídios. Para ensaio de eficiência dos fungicidas, doses em ppm foram incorporados em meio de cultura ágar malte e o crescimento micelial foi avaliado aos sete dias. A agressividade dos isolados foi testada em frutos das cvs. Gala e Fuji com inoculação em ferimento. Os experimentos com fungicidas, isolados ou em mistura, foram realizados em mudas da cv. Gala de três anos de idade, tratadas, inoculadas através de ferimento após 24 hs e incubadas por 72 hs no escuro e posteriormente plantadas em vasos e a campo. Os isolados tiveram o maior crescimento micelial no meio BDA, com colônias de diâmetro maior de 60 mm, formando-se grupos com médias de 35,56 (G1), 52,71 (G2) e média de 62,67 mm (G3). O IVCM foi maior que 4,0 mm no meio BDA. A esporulação foi mais abundante no meio SNAY seguido do BDA e AM e a coloração micelial predominante no meio BDA foi de tons de bege e pigmentação central das colônias marrom com bordas em tons de bege. Os conídios foram do tipo macro (63,5x10,1, 62,3 x 10,6 e 59,7 x 10,3 μm em BDA, SN e AM) e micro (35,4 x 4,8, 35,2x5,2 e 34,8 x 5,2 μm em BDA, SN e AM). A germinação dos conídios foi verificada a partir de 16 hs em suspensão de conídios. O crescimento micelial foi menor nos fungicidas tebuconazole e tiofanato metílico no ensaio in vitro aos sete dias. Os isolados foram agressivos nas cvs. Gala e Fuji. Os fungicidas tebuconazole e tiofanato metílico utilizados isoladamente reduziram as lesões do cancro. Fosetil-Al, tiofanato metílico e fosfito de potássio em mistura, reduziram o tamanho das lesões e a mistura de captana, tiofanato metílico e fosfito de potássio atrasou o início do aparecimento dos sintomas em 15 dias de acordo com a média do tamanho das lesões. A incidência das lesões foi acima de 65% aos 45 dias após a inoculação das mudas

Orientador: José Cândido Stevaux / Banca: Mario Luis Assine / Banca: Norberto Morales / Banca: Edvard Elias de Souza Filho / Banca: Mario Lincoln de Carlos Etchebehere / Resumo: O rio Ivinhema constitui um importante afluente da margem direita do rio Paraná e drena uma série de terraços, superfícies geomorfológicas e feições associadas, a despeito de as baixas declividades sugerirem, numa análise preliminar, um relevo monótono e homogêneo. A presente tese teve como propósito maior o estudo das feições do relevo na área do baixo curso do rio Ivinhema, buscando compreender a sua evolução, no contexto de suas estruturas, de suas morfologias e de seus depósitos sedimentares. Os estudos, realizados na escala 1:60.000, permitiram a identificação de terraços, planícies, leques aluviais e superfícies erosivas. O Terraço Alto (TRA) corresponde à superfície mais elevada e antiga da área de trabalho; o Terraço Médio (TRM), identificado pela grande quantidade de depressões e lagos, que emprestam uma característica peculiar a essa superfície, pois representam um nível rebaixado por processos tectoerosivos do Terraço Alto. O Terraço Baixo (TRB) apresenta uma série de paleocanais posicionados em até 10m de altura em relação ao canal atual do rio Ivinhema, denotando atividade tectônica holocênica. A Planície do Rio Ivinhema divide-se em alta (PRIa) e baixa (PRIb), e corresponde a uma superfície plana, cuja largura aumenta para montante; freqüentemente ela pode ser inundada pelas águas do rio Ivinhema, à exceção do trecho próximo ao Terraço Baixo que se encontra soerguido. A planície do rio Paraná representa igualmente uma área plana, freqüentemente inundada pelas águas do rio homônimo, e apresenta, em seu interior, paleoilhas, cuja coalescência teria sido responsável pela formação da referida planície. Os Leques Aluviais Alto (LEA) e Baixo (LEB) constituem cones de dejeção, cuja diferenciação é de caráter topográfico e temporal...(Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / The Ivinhema river is an important tributary on the right side bank of Paraná river and it drains a series of terraces, geomorphologic surfaces and associate features, although low declivities suggest, in a preliminary analysis, a monotonous and homogeneous relief. This thesis aimed mainly at studying relief features in the area of low Ivinhema river course, trying to understand their evolution, in the context of their structures, morphology and sedimentary deposits. Studies carried out on a 1:60,000 scale, permitted the identification of terraces, plains, alluvial fans and erosive surfaces. The High Terrace corresponds to the highest and oldest working area; the Medium Terrace, identified by the great number of depressions and lakes that give it a peculiar characteristic as it represents a level lowered by tecto-erosive processes from High Terrace. The Low Terrace presents a series of paleocanals situated up to 10m above the current canal of Ivinhema river, showing holocene tectonic activity. The Ivinhema River Plain is divided into high (PRIA) and low (PRIB), and it corresponds to a flat surface whose width increases towards the river source; and it may be frequently flooded by the Ivinhema river waters, except for the part close to low terrace, which is slightly raised. The Paraná River Plain equally represents a flat area, often flooded by the Paraná river, and it presents, in its interior, paleoisles, and its coalescence would have been responsible for the plain origin. The High Alluvial Fan (LEA) and Low Alluvial Fan (LEB) constitute rejection cones, which differ in their topographical and temporal character. The Abutted Surface of Low Terrace (SEB) comprises a lowered zone between the medium and low Terraces, whose limits, approximately rectilinear, suggest a structural control. The Dissected Surface of Ivinhema River (SDI) corresponds...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

abstract: This study is about Thai English (ThaiE), a variety of World Englishes that is presently spoken in Thailand, as the result of the spread of English and the recent Thai government policies towards English communication in Thailand. In the study, I examined the linguistic data of spoken ThaiE, collected from multiple sources both in the U.S.A. and Thailand. The study made use of a qualitative approach in examining the data, which were from (i) English interviews and questionnaires with 12 highly educated Thai speakers of English during my fieldwork in the Southwestern U.S.A., Central Thailand, and Northeastern Thailand, (ii) English speech samples from the media in Thailand, i.e. television programs, a news report, and a talk radio program, and (iii) the research articles on English used by Thai speakers of English. This study describes the typology of ThaiE in terms of its morpho-syntax, phonology, and sociolinguistics, with the main focus being placed on the structural characteristics of ThaiE. Based on the data, the results show that some of the ThaiE features are similar to the World Englishes features, but some are unique to ThaiE. Therefore, I argue that ThaiE is structurally considered a new variety of World Englishes at the present time. The findings also showed an interesting result, regarding the notion of ThaiE by the fieldwork interview participants. The majority of these participants (n=6) denied the existence of ThaiE, while the minority of the participants (n=5) believed ThaiE existed, and one participant was reluctant to give the answer. The study suggested that the participants' academic backgrounds, the unfamiliar notion of ThaiE, and the level of the participants' social interaction with everyday persons may have influenced their answers to the main research question. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. English 2013

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joelma keith.pdf: 1871679 bytes, checksum: beec1d97b696ab3341d4cc1afa60a8ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Bactris maraja Mart ., commonly known as maraja, is a palm native to the Amazon use little known. However, the trunks are used by traditional construction of corrals fishing. The fruits are edible, being consumed by humans, and especially the wildlife. Studies with palm trees in the areas of technology and morphoanatomic have been conducted, however, the peculiarities inherent to the species of the family Arecaceae, difficult material handling. This research aimed to examine seeds of B. maraja regarding the structure and physiological quality, as well as describe the morphology development and germination plantular, beyond morphoanatomy seedling. The clusters containing mature fruits were collected from 25 individuals in floodplain environment in the municipality of Careiro Lowland, Amazonas. Pyrenes and the seeds had a water content of 23,1 % and 17,9 %, respectively. The pyrene is oval to elliptical, with core disk formed by sclerified cells thick-walled, however, absent in the region of the germ pore. The seed is eurispermica, being cordate, oblong and elliptical. Shows two to three pores. The integument is thin, consisting of sclerenchyma cells and thickened with phenolic content. The endosperm is homogeneous, white and rigid. The embryo is apical, small, tapered and milky-white, with-embryonic axis oblique and curved, with three leaf primordia. The endosperm storage protein and lipid reserves. The alternating temperature of 26-40 °C was suitable for seed germination, regardless of the level of processing. The progressive drying of pyrene facilitated the extraction of seeds. However, drying and removal of the endocarp reduced germination and vigor. Therefore, the processing is not recommended. The seed soaking for two days enhanced germination. The seed dormancy is not caused by the presence of the endocarp. Germination is adjacent ligulate, cryptocotylar and hypogeal. Started at 152 days after sowing, with protrusion of the cotyledon petiole, forming the germinal button to 160 days. The seedling completed the development to 273 with the depletion of the haustorium. The eophyll is bifid, with tetracytical stomata, multicellular trichomes and collateral vascular bundles. The root shows thick epidermis, cortex sclerenchymatous and parenchymatous, endoderm conspicuous; polyarc is with hollow vascular cylinder with spinal sclerenchymatic. / Bactris maraja Mart., conhecida vulgarmente como marajá, é uma palmeira nativa da Amazônia de uso pouco conhecido. Contudo, os estipes são utilizados pelas populações tradicionais na construção de currais de pesca artesanal. Os frutos são comestíveis, sendo consumidos pelo ser humano e, sobretudo, pela fauna silvestre. Estudos com palmeiras nas áreas tecnológicas e morfoanatômicas têm sido realizados, contudo, peculiaridades intrínsecas às espécies da família Arecaceae, dificultam o manuseio do material. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar sementes de B. maraja quanto à estrutura e qualidade fisiológica, bem como descrever a morfologia do desenvolvimento germinativo e plantular, além da morfoanatomia da plântula. Os cachos contendo frutos maduros foram coletados de 25 indivíduos, em ambiente de várzea, no município do Careiro da Várzea, Amazonas. Os pirenos e as sementes apresentaram teor de água de 23,1% e 17,9%, respectivamente. O pireno é oval a elíptico, com endocarpo rígido formado por células esclerificadas de paredes espessas, porém, ausente na região do poro germinativo. A semente é eurispérmica, sendo cordiforme, oblonga e elíptica. Apresenta dois a três poros. O tegumento é fino, formado por células esclerenquimáticas e adensadas, com conteúdo fenólico. O endosperma é homogêneo, branco e rígido. O embrião é apical, pequeno, cônico e branco-leitoso, com eixo-embrionário oblíquo e curvo, com três primórdios foliares. O endosperma armazena reserva protéica e lipídica. A temperatura alternada de 26-40 ºC foi adequada para a germinação das sementes, independente do nível de beneficiamento. A secagem progressiva do pireno facilitou a extração da semente. Contudo, a secagem e remoção do endocarpo reduziram a germinação e o vigor. Portanto, o beneficiamento não é recomendado. A embebição das sementes por dois dias favoreceu a germinação. A dormência das sementes não é causada pela presença do endocarpo. A germinação é adjacente ligulada, criptocotiledonar e hipógea. Teve início aos 152 dias após a semeadura, com a protrusão do pecíolo cotiledonar, formando o botão germinativo aos 160 dias. A plântula finalizou o desenvolvimento aos 273 com o esgotamento das reservas do haustório. O eofilo é bífido, com estômatos tetracíticos, tricomas tectores multicelulares e feixes vasculares colaterais. A raiz apresenta epiderme espessa, córtex esclerenquimático e parenquimático, endoderme conspícua; é poliarca, com cilindro vascular oco com medula esclerenquimática.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-07-29T21:21:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daniela Braz dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 4725212 bytes, checksum: 2e490fbb0143d4fa27287f47ec72f3eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-07-29T21:23:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daniela Braz dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 4725212 bytes, checksum: 2e490fbb0143d4fa27287f47ec72f3eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T21:23:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Daniela Braz dos Santos - 2015.pdf: 4725212 bytes, checksum: 2e490fbb0143d4fa27287f47ec72f3eb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / The main transmitter species of serotypes of the dengue virus is Aedes aegypti, the most competent mosquitoes and more adapted to urban and man-made environment. The control measures of this disease are still mainly on the vector. Recently, several studies have shown the use of botanical origin of substances with potential insecticide in control of Ae. aegypti, alternatively opposite resistance to conventional insecticides. The efficacy oleoresin of C. langsdorffii the control of Ae. aegypti demonstrated in field work, signals the promising possibility of this botanical compound to control this vector requiring studies to clarify the mechanism of action. Thus, it is proposed to establish the mechanism of death process in the third stage larvae of Ae. aegypti through morfohistologic studies. The larvae of Ae. aegypti were subjected to oil-resin solutions and hexane fraction C. langsdorffii in concentrations of 70 ppm and 80 ppm, respectively. Subsequently collected in time intervals of 6h, 12h and 24h. They were fixed in 4% paraformaldhyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.2, embedded in resin, mounted, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. The oil-resin and hexane fraction C. langsdorffii, caused the death of the larvae by the destruction of the posterior cells of the midgut region through cytoplasmatic vacuolation, apical cytoplasmic vesicle formation, lip brush degeneration, increased cellular volume and fold in peritrophic matrix. The changes described in this paper demonstrate how bioactive compounds can trigger cell degeneration and accelerate cell disruption. / A principal espécie transmissora dos sorotipos do vírus dengue é o Aedes aegypti, o mosquito mais competente e mais adaptado ao ambiente urbano e antrópico. As medidas de controle dessa doença ainda estão prioritariamente sobre o vetor. Recentemente, diversos estudos têm evidenciado o uso de substâncias de origem botânica com potencial inseticida no controle de Ae. aegypti, como alternativa frente à resistência aos inseticidas convencionais. A eficácia do óleo-resina de Copaifera langsdorffii no controle das larvas de Ae. aegypti demonstrada em trabalhos de campo, sinaliza a possibilidade promissora desse composto botânico para o controle desse vetor requerendo estudos que esclareçam o seu mecanismo de ação. Dessa forma, propõe-se demonstrar o mecanismo do processo de mortalidade em larvas de terceiro estádio de Ae. aegypti, através de estudos morfohistológicos. As larvas de Ae. aegypti foram submetidas às soluções de óleo-resina e fração hexânica de C. langsdorffii nas concentrações de 70 ppm e 80 ppm, respectivamente. Posteriormente coletadas nos intervalos de tempo de 6 horas, 12horas e 24horas. Foram fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4% com tampão fosfato de sódio 0,1 M pH 7,2, incluídas em resina, montadas, coradas pela hematoxilina-eosina e analisadas por microscopia de luz. O óleo-resina e fração hexânica de C. langsdorffii, causaram a morte das larvas pela destruição das células da região posterior do mesêntero, por meio de intensa vacuolização citoplasmática, formação de vesícula citoplasmática apical, degeneração do bordo em escova, aumento do volume celular e a dobra na matriz peritrófica. As alterações descritas neste trabalho demonstram como compostos bioativos desencadeiam a degeneração celular e aceleram o rompimento celular.

Egyptology is a discipline in which new research and new approaches are continuously necessary and – in most cases – provided. In this constant flow of new research, some subject areas are left untouched. The lemmas aA and wr have continuously had a very homogenous translation although the morphological and syntactical differences are quite visible. The generally accepted translation of both lemmas as ‘great’ is very singular and raises the question of whether aA and wr should be considered synonyms or not. The study consists of two combined parts; a morpho-syntactical analysis of aA and wr and their conjugations and distributions as well as a semantic analysis on different expressions and sentences where both aA and wr occur with the same, or similar, syntactical structure. The aim is to give clarification to the correlation between the lemmas aA and wr and their interpretation. The study is not restricted to a specific time period, but regards linguistic developments as an important factor in the analysis. An important conclusion from this study is the clear, preferred use of wr as a qualifier for physical greatness, as opposed to aA which appears in contexts more related to metaphorical greatness. During Late Egyptian the opacity of the different uses of aA and wr increases and the differentiation becomes quite fuzzy.