Caption "Trunk of Acacia karoo, with root exposed by erosion in kloof of Mt. Zebra Nat. Park, Cradock. Feb. 1963.”

The county of Norrbotten has a distinctive profile in the tourist business. In this paper, the previous two separate research fields exotification and mountain tourism is studied. The purpose was to determine whether mountain tourism was used to exotify Norrbotten during the growthphase of mountain tourism in the 1950s and 1960s. Through a qualitative text analysis, the study shows that there are exotic gestures that often become a counterpole to the rest of Sweden's society. The study reveals a focus on culture in the early 1950s, after which the mountain tourism is characterized by nature contexts. Romantic landscape descriptions then form the mountain tourism and its narration of the county during the 1960s. What is perceived as Sami culture, such as reindeer, and traditional costumes is therefore often illustrated together with snow during the chosen time period. The conclusion is that mountain tourism is presented as something exotic and different during its growth phase.

Rural and urban worlds are the two columns that support a society within a given territory. Often, we dedicate much attention to the urban sector because it contains near 60% of the world population and generates and dynamics the contemporary economies. We talk much of the rural sector but do little to solve its problems, especially to bettering the quality of life of the poorest, which in global terms are living in the mountain areas of the world.In this paper I analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the mountain environments to sustainable human development that allows bettering the quality of life of their populations. I insist on resources quality and control and urban demand. I also point out to the infrastructure difficulties and its effects in the circulation of goods and services. The case study is settled at the Sierra of the Department of Piura, northwest Perú, where there is a rural population mostly dedicated to subsistence activities while in the coastal lowlands dominates commercial agriculture. / El mundo rural y el urbano son los dos pilares que sostienen a una sociedad dentro de un territorio dado. Se viene dedicando considerable atención al sector urbano porque allí se concentra cerca del 60% de la población mundial y porque allí se generan y dinamizan las economías contemporáneas. Del sector rural se habla mucho y se hace poco, especialmente para mejorar la calidad de vida del subgrupo de los más pobres, que en términos globales se encuentran en los territorios montañosos del mundo.En esta ponencia se analizarán las ventajas y desventajas que presentan estos territorios para el desarrollo humano sostenible, que permita mejorar las condiciones de vida de sus poblaciones. Se insistirá en la calidad y control de los recursos y en las demandas urbanas. Asimismo se hará notar las dificultades de infraestructura y sus efectos en la circulación de bienes y servicios. Como ejemplo se tomará el sector de la sierra del departamento de Piura, en el noroeste peruano en donde existe una población rural dedicada mayormente a actividades de subsistencia en tanto que en las tierras bajas de la costa domina la actividad comercial.

In the Central Andes, the processes of physical, demographic and sociocultural urbanization have diverse impacts on smallholders who live on the periurban interface between city and countryside. How is urban growth perceived by campesinos who live on the outskirts of mountain cities? How do urban people who live on the new peripheries perceive the impacts of urban growth on smallholders? Using the intermediate city of Huancayo—the most important Andean city of the Central Peruvian sierra—as a case in point, the present study analyzes the quantitative growth of built-up land as well as the change in land cover around the city between 1988 and 2008. Moreover, the study explains the positive and negative impacts as perceived by smallholders living on the outskirts of Huancayo, and reveals the opinions of urbanites from nearby residential zones. The results indicate that urbanites are empathetic toward smallholders; a fact that proves the strong rural–urban interaction in Andean intermediate cities and bears great potential for social inclusion and sustainable development in the periurban zones of Huancayo. / En los Andes centrales, los procesos de la urbanización física, demográfica y sociocultural tienen múltiples impactos en los campesinos que viven en la interfaz periurbana que se encuentra entre la ciudad y el campo. ¿Cómo es visto el crecimiento urbano por parte de  campesinos que viven en las afueras de las ciudades de montaña? ¿Qué percepción tiene la población urbana en las nuevas periferias de los impactos que tiene el crecimiento urbano en los campesinos? Tomando el ejemplo de la ciudad intermedia de Huancayo, la urbe andina más importante de la sierra central del Perú, el presente estudio analiza el crecimiento cuantitativo del área urbana y el cambio la cobertura de suelo en la zona rural-urbana entre 1988 y 2008. Además, en el estudio se explica qué impactos positivos y negativos fueron percibidos por campesinos que viven en las afueras de Huancayo y se revela qué opinión tienen los habitantes urbanos de las zonas residenciales vecinas. Los resultados indican que los habitantes urbanos son empáticos hacia los campesinos. Ello prueba la fuerte relación rural-urbana en las ciudades intermedias andinas y encierra un gran potencial para la inclusión social y el desarrollo sostenible de las zonas periurbanas en Huancayo.

Introduction: Nitric oxide (NO) is an integral molecule implicated in the control of vascular function. It has been suggested that vascular dysfunction may lead to the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE), though data to date remains scarce. Therefore, there is a clear need for further work to address the role of NO in the pathogenesis of high-altitude illness. Aims: There were two primary aims of the current work: (1) To examine whether hypoxia mediated changes in systemic NO metabolism are related to the development of AMS and sub-clinical pulmonary oedema and (2) to examine whether hypoxia mediated changes in the trans-cerebral exchange kinetics of NO metabolites are related to the development of AMS and headache. Hypothesis: We hypothesise that hypoxia will be associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, resulting in a decrease in vascular NO bioavailability (O2•- + NO → ONOO•-, k = 109 M.s-1). The reduction in NO will lead to vascular dysfunction and impaired oxygen (O2) delivery. Subsequent hypoxaemia will result in pulmonary vascular vasoconstriction and the development of sub-clinical pulmonary oedema within and mild brain swelling. Symptoms and reductions in NO bioavailability will be more pronounced in those who develop AMS since they are typically more hypoxaemic. Alternatively, a hypoxia mediated increase in NO, during vasodilatation, specifically across the cerebral circulation, may activate the trigminovascular system resulting in headache and by consequence, AMS. Methods: Study 1 – AMS symptoms, systemic venous NO concentration and nasal potential difference (NPD), used as a surrogate biomarker of extravascular lung oedema, were quantified in normoxia, after a 6hr passive exposure to 12% oxygen (O2) and immediately following a hypoxic maximal exercise challenge (≈6.5 hrs). Final measurements were 2 obtained two hours into (hypoxic) recovery. Study 2 – AMS, radial arterial and internal jugular venous NO metabolite concentrations and global cerebral blood flow (CBF), using the Kety-Schmidt technique, were assessed in normoxia and after a 9hr passive exposure to 12.9% O2. AMS was diagnosed if subjects presented with a combined Lake Louise score of ≥5 points and an Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire – Cerebral score of ≥0.7 points. Results: Hypoxia was associated with a reduction in total plasma NO, primarily due to a reduction in nitrate (NO3•) and a compensatory increase in red blood cell (RBC)-bound NO(P < 0.05 vs. normoxia) in both studies. Study 1 – Exercise reduced plasma nitrite (NO2•) (P< 0.05 vs. normoxia) whereas RBC-bound NO did not change. NO was not different in those who developed AMS (AMS+) compared to those who remained comparatively more healthy (AMS-) (P < 0.05). NPD was not affected by hypoxia or exercise and was not different between AMS+ and AMS- (P > 0.05). Study 2 – Hypoxia decreased arterial concentration of total plasma NO due primarily to a reduction in NO2•- and nitrate (NO3•-). Hypoxia did not alter the cerebral metabolism of RSNO, whereas the formation of RBC-bound NO increased. Discussion: These findings suggest that alterations in systemic or trans-cerebral NO metabolism are not implicated in the pathophysiology of AMS or sub-clinical pulmonary oedema. However, hypoxia was associated with an overall reduction in the total NO pool (NOx), whereas, selected alterations in more vasoactive NO metabolites were observed. Reductions in the partial pressure of O2 (pO2) were thought to be a key regulator in these changes. Overall net increases in RBC NO and corresponding reductions in plasma NO2• in the face of no alterations in NOx indicates that rather than being simply consumed, NO is reapportioned to other NO metabolites and this may be implicated in the pathophysiology of AMS.

Submitted by Therezinha Maria Hernandes (hernandestherezinha@gmail.com) on 2018-11-14T14:51:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A montanha de vidro e o feminino - do poder ao desvanecimento-final docs.pdf: 1604435 bytes, checksum: 3d53dcc63d00b04eb4fae8e92e961b95 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Maria Rodrigues null (milena@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-11-14T17:54:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hernandes_tm_me_arafcl.pdf: 1604435 bytes, checksum: 3d53dcc63d00b04eb4fae8e92e961b95 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T17:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hernandes_tm_me_arafcl.pdf: 1604435 bytes, checksum: 3d53dcc63d00b04eb4fae8e92e961b95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho visava, inicialmente, a investigar a realimentação da história pelo mito, e deste pela realidade, por meio da análise comparativa entre textos diversos, a partir do conto de fadas A montanha de vidro, traduzido do alemão para o inglês por Andrew Lang. Todavia, a partir do levantamento e seleção de textos que tomou em consideração um conjunto de elementos do conto-base relacionados com a expressão “montanha e mulher”, acreditamos estar diante de dados de natureza simbólica anteriores ao mundo pagão politeísta androcêntrico. Constatamos, das derivações do uso desses símbolos, que a figura feminina gradualmente perdia poder até desaparecer por completo, restando da ligação desses símbolos com o universo feminino apenas resquícios. Portanto, embora não se tenham deixado de lado ferramentas pertinentes ao campo da psicanálise e da história, privilegiaram-se conceitos antropológicos para a análise comparativa desses símbolos, em mitologias e narrativas de culturas diversas, na medida em que foram apropriados do feminino, primeiramente pelo universo masculino, tanto divino quanto humano, e do mundo pagão pelo cristianismo. / The present work aimed, initially, to investigate the feedback of the history by the myth, and of the myth by the reality, through the comparative analysis between diverse texts, from the fairy tale The Glass Mountain, translated from German into English by Andrew Lang. However, from the collection and selection of texts that took into account a set of tale-base elements related to the expression "mountain and woman", we believe that we are faced with symbolic data that predate the pagan androcentric polytheistic world. We have seen from the derivations of the use of these symbols that the female figure gradually lost power until it disappears completely, leaving only the remnants of the connection of these symbols with the female universe. Therefore, although relevant tools in the field of psychoanalysis and history have not been overlooked, anthropological concepts for the comparative analysis of these symbols were favored in mythologies and narratives of diverse cultures, inasmuch as they were first expropriated of the feminine, by the male universe, both divine and human, and only then were they expropriated from the pagan world by Christianity.

The impact of a bark beetle outbreak, and the following sanitation management actions, on the mountain spruce forest in the central part of the Šumava Mountains were compared after twelve years of development. The survey was focused on natural regeneration of trees and herb-layer vegetation.

Le 22 Août 2005 une crue intense s'est produite sur le bassin versant du Vorz, détruisant partiellement le hameau de la Gorge. Cet évènement a mis en évidence les difficultés à anticiper les conditions hydrométéorologiques en montagne où elles sont extrêmement variables spatialement et temporellement, et souvent faiblement instrumentées. De ce constat est né le projet de mettre en place un réseau d'instrumentation hydrométéorologique original sur le bassin versant du Vorz, afin d'y observer les phénomènes naturels et hydrologiques s'y produisant, de mieux les appréhender, et de construire les outils et méthodes nécessaires à leur modélisation. Après deux saisons de mesures, les premiers résultats ont montré que le réseau mis en place permet d'obtenir des informations à haute résolution spatiale et temporelle sur les processus hydrométéorologiques. Malgré son installation dans le milieu difficile de la montagne (accessibilité, froid, énergie,...), une très bonne fiabilité a pu être mise en avant, ainsi que des perspectives de transposition à d'autres bassins versants, et ce, pour un faible coût financier. L'originalité du réseau est de réaliser un multi-échantillonnage de nombreux paramètres hydrométéorologiques (pluviométrie, température, neige, insolation,...), avec des résolutions spatiales (10 à 50 mètres) et temporelles (horaire à moins) permettant d'envisager une modélisation hydrologique à différentes échelles, aussi bien pour la gestion des ressources en eau (long terme) que pour la prévention des crues (court terme). Les capteurs mis en place constituent un ensemble complémentaire et indissociable de divers instruments de mesure: iButtons (air et sol), totalisateurs, pluviomètres, appareils photographiques. La mise au point d'un capteur de mesure innovant de cartographie automatique de la couverture neigeuse (SnoDEC), à partir d'images photographiques classiques, prises à pas de temps régulier (5 à 7 images par jours) a été réalisée au cours de ce travail. Il permet de quantifier l'hérogénéité spatiale et temporelle des phénomènes d'enneigement sur le versant, prépondérants sur son hydrologie, au vue de la persistance nivale (5 à 10 mois). L'ensemble de ce dispositif permet de disposer d'une importante base de données, et de mettre en oeuvre différentes techniques d'interpolations des variables hydrométéorologiques sur l'ensemble du bassin versant. Ainsi, des cartographies précises du champ de température et de pluviométrie seront disponibles au pas de temps journalier. En outre, le capteur SnoDEC permettra d'analyser et quantifier l'hétérogénétité spatio-temporelle (altitude, exposition, vitesse de fonte,...) de la couverture nivale. A partir de ces données, on pourra mieux appréhender les mécanismes hydrologiques en jeu sur le site et dessiner les contours des modélisations futures. Dans le même temps, les données disponibles pourront être combinées afin de mettre en évidence des phénomènes difficilement mesurables (limite pluie/neige, inversion thermiques,...), qui serviront à l'avenir à contraindre de manière précise les modèles nivologiques et hydrologiques. Au travers des différents paramètres instrumentés, et grâce à l'utilisation de l'imagerie, ce réseau est capable de mesurer des variables relevant de nombreux champs disciplinaires (dynamique glaciaire, cyle végétatif,...). Il s'inscrit ainsi, par son approche interdisciplinaire, dans une volonté de mise en place d'un réseau de mesure à coût limité, destiné à l'ensemble des acteurs de l'étude et la recherche des milieux de la montagne. / In August 2005, a intense flashflood occurs on the Vorz catchment affecting the village of Saint-Agnès. This event highlighed the difficulties to forecast the hydrometeorological conditions in mountain areas where they are extremely variable in space and time (spatially and temporally) and frequently poored monitored. From this observation a project was funded to implement an original meteorological monitoring system on the catchment, in order to observe the natural and hydrologic phenomena to better understand them and to build methods and tools for their modeling. After two years of monitoring, the first results showed that the network implement allows to obtain informations on hydrometeorological process at high spatial and temporal resolution. In spite of the installation in a harsh mountain environment (access, cold, energy,...) a very good reliability, and a lot of perspectives of transpositon on other catchments have been point up for low investment costs.The originality of the network is to achieved a multi-sampling on a lot of hydrometeorological parameters (rain, temprature, snow, insulation,...), with spatial (10 to 50 meters) and temporal (hourly or less) resolution to performed a hydrological modeling at different scale both for the water ressource management (long term) or flashflood prevention (short term). The Sensors use in the network constitute a complementary and indivisible set of monitoring system: iButtion (air and soil temperature), rain gauge, totalizer, cameras. The development of an innovative sensor for automatic cartography of the snow cover (SnoDEC) from terrestrail photographies was achived during this work. This sensor allows to quantify spatial and temporal heterogeneity of snow cover evolution on the catchment, with images taken at regular time steps (5 to 7 frames per day). This heterogenity is essential for understand and modelling the hydrology considering the strong snow persistence (5 to 10 months). The dense network set up on the catchment enable us to collect a large database and implement different interpolation techniques on hydrometeorological process on the catchment. Thus, accurate maps of temperatures and rain are created with a daily or hourly timestep. Furthermore, the SnoDEC sensor will permit to analyse and quantify the spatial and temporal heterogeneity (elevation, aspect, velocity of melting,...) of the snow cover. From the database, we will better understand the hydrological mechanisms occuring on the site, and we will build the first ideas and method for the future modelisation. In the same time, the available data will be combinate in order to highlight phenomena very difficult to measure (rain/snow limit, thermical inversion,...) and that will be use in the future to constraint accurately the snow and hydrologic models. Because of the different parameters monitored and the use of imagery, the network is able to measure variables from many field of study (glacier dynamic, vegetative cycle,...). Thereby, with its interdisciplinary approach the network think to implement a monitoring system at low cost in destination of the actors of study and research in mountain.

Après un demi-siècle de tourisme de masse, les frontières installées entre « habiter » et « visiter » se fissurent de toutes parts. Les lieux touristiques attirent un nombre croissant de nouveaux habitants qui rêvent de vivre toute l'année dans une ambiance de vacances et un environnement privilégié. Ce phénomène de migrations d'agrément revêt différentes formes, que ce travail s'est attaché à mettre au jour, et s'offre à deux focales de lecture : un paradigme individuel par lequel on s'intéresse aux projets migratoires des individus, et un paradigme territorial où l'angle d'attaque sera ce que « font » les migrations d'agrément aux territoires ruraux et montagnards. Par ailleurs, notre propos sera de démontrer que les migrations d'agrément ne doivent pas être prises en tant qu'objet mais en tant que processus. Dans cette perspective, nous arguons que ce phénomène s'insère dans une dynamique de changements sociétaux profonds, que nous nommerons après-tourisme : l'un des objectifs de ce travail aura été de contribuer à la construction de ce concept en chantier. Le postulat repose sur un double rôle « inattendu » joué par le tourisme : « révéler » certains territoires en les mettant en désir d'une part, et d'autre part permettre l'émergence d'une culture des loisirs, vecteur de transformations profondes de la société. Ce double rôle a non seulement permis ce phénomène de relance du peuplement des territoires ruraux, mais engendre des recompositions des fonctions récréatives sur les territoires sur lesquelles il s'exerce. Ce sont ces dynamiques complètes que nous avons proposé de nommer trajectoires territoriales d'après-tourisme : elles nous invitent à penser différemment le développement territorial vers un modèle touristico-récréatif qui reste à inventer. / The ongoing nature of France's attractiveness for both tourist and resident is the subject of the present examination of the evolution in creating the need for, in promoting and in identifying places (‘territories'). Once an end in itself, tourism has also become a means of ‘testing' places for their residential potential. Migratory flows do in fact tend to follow tourist flows. The concept of migration for pleasure or lifestyle enhancement (‘amenity migration') describes such movements, which assign novel functions and identities to traditional tourism sites. However this also brings into play references and attributes of tourism, in the production of new residential areas located in places with no strong host tradition. In this case, the tourism development stage no longer appears as a prerequisite to territorial trajectory, and is replaced by amenity migration as part of a developmentalist undertaking. The foregoing observations open up a rich, yet little-explored, field of study on the links between the concepts of post-tourism migrations and those undertaken for pleasure (‘amenity'), and which involve the intermingling of residential, economic and recreational functions. It is with this context in mind that the central question concerns what ‘amenity migration' really ‘does' to recreational practices and to tourist areas over a wide range of rural and mountain locations. This means examining the changes and reconversions observed in the way in which post-tourism processes and amenity migrations contribute to redefining the status and dynamics of rural and mountain areas. Finally, an attempt is also made to position the subject among more global processes of the evolution of contemporary societies, with discussions of different moot paradigms.

The Cenozoic evolution of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian mountain belt was driven by both internal andexternal processes, such as tectonics, erosion and deposition. This alpine belt is made up by thePyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains, and is characterized by significant lateral variations intotal shortening, structural styles and topography. This thesis aims to better constrain the controlson exhumation and topography development during syn- to post-orogenic times, from the Eoceneto the Pliocene, by focusing on two characteristic parts of the belt: the Southern Central Pyreneesand the Central Cantabrian Mountains. To this purpose, a multi-disciplinary approach isdeveloped, combining low-temperature thermochronology with different numerical modelingtools. To better understand lateral variations in exhumation of the belt, a new low-temperaturethermochronology dataset is presented for the Cantabrian domain. The first part of this thesispresents new apatite fission-track data and (U-Th)/He analysis on zircons, constraining the timingand amount of exhumation along the central Cantabrian cross-section. In particular, the Eocene toOligocene ages obtained from the different thermochronometers allow us to infer a more importantamount of burial and, consequently, a thicker Mesozoic sedimentary section than previouslyconsidered, thereby also refining the structural style of the section at the upper crustal scale.The extensive thermochronological dataset existing in the central Pyrenees is then used toreconstruct the late-stage evolution of the South Central Axial Zone by thermo-kinematic inversemodeling. The model predicts rapid exhumation of the area during late Eocene (late syn-orogenic)times, followed by a post-orogenic evolution that is strongly controlled by base-level changes. Asa consequence of the establishment of endorheic conditions in the adjacent Ebro foreland basin,together with the strong erosion of the Axial Zone, the southern foreland area was infilled by animportant amount of erosional deposits in late Eocene to early Oligocene times. The models allowus to constrain the level of infilling at ~2.6 km and to date the excavation of these sediments at~10 Ma, following opening of the Ebro basin toward the Mediterranean Sea. The thickness ofsediments draping the foreland fold-and thrust belt was verified using fission-track analysis and(U-Th)/He measurements on apatites from foreland sediments. Thermal modeling of the dataprovides an estimate of 2 to 3 km of sediments on top of the foreland and confirms its incision inLate Miocene times. The effect of syn-orogenic deposition on the building and late evolution ofthe southern Pyrenean fold-and-thrust belt has been modeled in the last chapter of this thesis usinga 2D thermo-mechanical numerical modeling approach. The models highlight the potential effectof syn-tectonic sedimentation on thrust kinematics at several stages of wedge building. Ourmodeling also shows that the addition of an Oligocene sediment blanket perturbs the thrustingsequence by stabilizing the central part of the external wedge and enhancing both frontal andinternal accretion; a pattern that reproduces the observed deformation in the Southern CentralPyrenees. / The Cenozoic evolution of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian mountain belt was driven by both internal andexternal processes, such as tectonics, erosion and deposition. This alpine belt is made up by thePyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains, and is characterized by significant lateral variations intotal shortening, structural styles and topography. This thesis aims to better constrain the controlson exhumation and topography development during syn- to post-orogenic times, from the Eoceneto the Pliocene, by focusing on two characteristic parts of the belt: the Southern Central Pyreneesand the Central Cantabrian Mountains. To this purpose, a multi-disciplinary approach isdeveloped, combining low-temperature thermochronology with different numerical modelingtools. To better understand lateral variations in exhumation of the belt, a new low-temperaturethermochronology dataset is presented for the Cantabrian domain. The first part of this thesispresents new apatite fission-track data and (U-Th)/He analysis on zircons, constraining the timingand amount of exhumation along the central Cantabrian cross-section. In particular, the Eocene toOligocene ages obtained from the different thermochronometers allow us to infer a more importantamount of burial and, consequently, a thicker Mesozoic sedimentary section than previouslyconsidered, thereby also refining the structural style of the section at the upper crustal scale.The extensive thermochronological dataset existing in the central Pyrenees is then used toreconstruct the late-stage evolution of the South Central Axial Zone by thermo-kinematic inversemodeling. The model predicts rapid exhumation of the area during late Eocene (late syn-orogenic)times, followed by a post-orogenic evolution that is strongly controlled by base-level changes. Asa consequence of the establishment of endorheic conditions in the adjacent Ebro foreland basin,together with the strong erosion of the Axial Zone, the southern foreland area was infilled by animportant amount of erosional deposits in late Eocene to early Oligocene times. The models allowus to constrain the level of infilling at ~2.6 km and to date the excavation of these sediments at~10 Ma, following opening of the Ebro basin toward the Mediterranean Sea. The thickness ofsediments draping the foreland fold-and thrust belt was verified using fission-track analysis and(U-Th)/He measurements on apatites from foreland sediments. Thermal modeling of the dataprovides an estimate of 2 to 3 km of sediments on top of the foreland and confirms its incision inLate Miocene times. The effect of syn-orogenic deposition on the building and late evolution ofthe southern Pyrenean fold-and-thrust belt has been modeled in the last chapter of this thesis usinga 2D thermo-mechanical numerical modeling approach. The models highlight the potential effectof syn-tectonic sedimentation on thrust kinematics at several stages of wedge building. Ourmodeling also shows that the addition of an Oligocene sediment blanket perturbs the thrustingsequence by stabilizing the central part of the external wedge and enhancing both frontal andinternal accretion; a pattern that reproduces the observed deformation in the Southern CentralPyrenees.