In diesem Beitrag wurde für Österreich untersucht, inwiefern ein Zusammenhang zwischen dauerhafter Armut und sozialen Klassenstrukturen - operationalisiert anhand des Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero-Klassenmodells - gegeben ist. Daran anschließend wurde geprüft, ob sich empirische Evidenz für eine Veränderung des Zusammenhanges im Vergleich der Zeiträume 1996 - 2000 und 2005 - 2008 in Österreich findet. Den theoretischen Ausgangspunkt bildet der durch die Bremer Armutsstudien der 1990er Jahre geprägte Diskurs hinsichtlich einer sozialen Entstrukturierung von Armutslagen. Zur Umsetzung der Fragestellung wurden österreichische Befragungsdaten (ECHP und SILC) verwendet und mehrere Armutsindikatoren gebildet, die sowohl Einkommenslagen, Lebenslagen, als auch deren jeweilige Dauer berücksichtigen. Einerseits kann auf Basis der durchgeführten logistischen Modellschätzungen festgehalten werden, dass in der zweiten Hälfte der 90er Jahre ein Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Klasse und dauerhaften Armutslagen gegeben ist. Im Zeitraum von 2005 - 2008 trifft dies zumindest auf restriktvere Längsschnitt-Armutsdefinitionen zu. Der Einfluss der Klassenzugehörigkeit bleibt dabei über beide betrachtete Zeiträume konstant. Zweitens zeigen zusätzliche Analysen, dass ein Effekt der sozialen Klassenzugehörigkeit bei ausschließlicher Betrachtung der Querschnittsdimension für Einkommensarmut und Deprivation (1996) sowie 2005 für Einkommensarmut gegeben ist. Insgesamt spricht die empirische Evidenz für den hier betrachteten Zeitraum somit tendenziell gegen die Gültigkeit der Entstrukturierungsthese in Österreich. / Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The agribusiness has been incorporating new technologies in the production of meat, including good management of farms, health, balanced diet, breeding and integrated production. Allied to this, there is a growing concern with issues related to residues and contaminants in animals intended for food production. In the study, were compared four extraction methods based on the method QuEChERS for the determination of 79 pesticides and 15 veterinary drugs analyzed by Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry in samples of meat and pork liver, chicken and fish. The parameters evaluated were: linear range (6 concentration levels and 6 injections each), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), decision limit (CCα), capability of detection (CCβ) and matrix effect, as well as precision and accuracy, in terms of recovery. For this, we performed the fortification of matrices previously homogenized with solutions containing compounds at 3 levels of fortification (20, 50 and 100 μg kg-1), 6 replicates for each level, were performade. The modified QuEChERS extraction method consists in the extraction of 10 g of the matrix with 10 mL of acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) of acetic acid and shaking vigorously by hand for 1 min. After, 4 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.7 g anhydrous sodium acetate were added and the agitation repeated. After the extract was centrifugated for 8 min (3500 rpm) and 2 mL of the extract was transferred to another tube containing 300 mg of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 50 mg of sorbent PSA, repeating the agitation and centrifugation. The extract was diluted (1:1 v/v) in the mobile phase and then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Analytical curves prepared in solvent and in extracts of matrices evaluated showed adequate linearity between 5 and 200 μg kg-1, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99. The method showed satisfactory recovery values between 70 and 120% (RSD ≤ 20%) to about 95% of compounds in all matrices, except for liver showed satisfactory values to about 80% of the compound at levels of 20, 50 and 100 μg kg-1. The LOQ of method was 10 μg kg-1. CCα values were between 1.1 and 102.9 μg kg-1 and CCβ values were in the range 1.9 to 105.9 μg kg-1. The results of this study showed that the modified method QuEChERS is fast, simple and efficient and can be applied to the determination of pesticides and veterinary drugs in samples of meat and liver pork, chicken and fish fillet for routine analysis. Furthermore, the use of LC-MS/MS was efficent, allowing the determination and confirmation of a large number of compounds simultaneously at residues livels. / O agronegócio nacional vem incorporando novas tecnologias na produção de carnes, incluindo bom manejo das granjas, sanidade, alimentação balanceada, melhoramento genético e produção integrada. Aliado a este fato, há uma preocupação crescente com questões relacionadas à presença de resíduos e contaminantes em animais destinados a produção de alimentos. Neste estudo, comparou-se quatro métodos de extração baseados no método QuEChERS para a determinação de 79 agrotóxicos e 15 medicamentos veterinários por Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em Série em amostras de carne e fígado suíno, carne de frango e filé de peixe. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: faixa de linear das curvas analíticas (6 níveis de concentração e 6 injeções cada), limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), limite de decisão (CCα), capacidade de detecção (CCβ) e efeito matriz, bem como precisão e exatidão, em termos de recuperação. Para isso, efetuou-se a fortificação das matrizes previamente homogeneizadas, com soluções contendo os compostos em 3 níveis de fortificação (20, 50 e 100 μg kg-1), 6 réplicas para cada nível, e aplicou-se o método proposto. A extração pelo método QuEChERS modificado consistiu na extração de 10,0 g da matriz com 10 mL de acetonitrila contendo 1% (v/v) de ácido acético sob agitação manual e vigorosa por 1 min. Acrescentou-se 4,0 g de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 1,7 g de acetato de sódio anidro, repetindo-se a agitação. O extrato foi centrifugado por 8 min (3500 rpm) e após 2 mL de extrato foram transferidos para outro tubo contendo 300 mg de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 50 mg de sorvente PSA, repetindo-se a agitação e a centrifugação. O extrato foi diluído (1:1) na fase móvel e em seguida analisado por LC-MS/MS. As curvas analíticas, preparadas no solvente e nos extratos das matrizes avaliadas, apresentaram linearidade adequada entre 5 e 200 μg L-1, com valores de coeficiente de determinação maiores que 0,99. O método apresentou valores de recuperação satisfatórios entre 70 e 120% e (RSD ≤ 20%) para cerca de 95% dos compostos em todas as matrizes, exceto para fígado que apresentou valores satisfatórios para cerca de 80% dos compostos nos níveis de 20, 50 e 100 μg kg-1. O valor de LOQ do método foi de 10 μg kg-1. Os valores de CCα ficaram entre 1,1 e 102,9 μg kg-1 e os valores de CCβ ficaram na faixa de 1,9 a 105,9 μg kg-1. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que o método QuEChERS modificado é rápido, simples e eficiente, podendo ser aplicado para a determinação de agrotóxicos e medicamentos veterinários em amostras de carne e fígado suíno, carne de frango e filé de peixe em análise de rotina. Além disso, o emprego da LC-MS/MS mostrou-se eficiente, permitindo a determinação e confirmação de um grande número de compostos simultaneamente em níveis de resíduos.

Enteric (or typhoid) fever is a systemic infection mainly caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A. The disease is common in areas with poor water quality and insufficient sanitation. Humans are the only reservoir for transmission of the disease. The presence of asymptomatic chronic carriers is a complicating factor for the transmission. There are major limitations regarding the current diagnostic methods both for acute infection and chronic carriage. Metabolomics is a methodology studying metabolites in biological systems under influence of environmental or physiological perturbations. It has been applied to study several infectious diseases, with the goal of detecting diagnostic biomarkers. In this thesis, a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, including chemometric bioinformatics techniques for data analysis, has been used to evaluate the potential of metabolite biomarker patterns for diagnosis of enteric fever at different stages of the disease. In Paper I, metabolite patterns related to acute enteric fever were investigated. Human plasma samples from patients in Nepal with culture-confirmed S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A infection were compared to afebrile controls. A metabolite pattern discriminating between acute enteric fever and afebrile controls, as well as between the two causative agents of enteric fever was detected. The strength of using a panel of metabolites instead of single metabolites as biomarkers was also highlighted. In Paper II, metabolite patterns for acute enteric fever, this time focusing only on S. Typhi infections, were investigated. Human plasma from patients in Bangladesh with culture-positive or -negative but clinically suspected S. Typhi infection were compared to febrile controls. Differences were found in metabolite patterns between the culture-positive S. Typhi group and the febrile controls with a heterogeneity among the suspected S. Typhi samples. Consistencies in metabolite patterns were found to the results from Paper I. In addition, a validation cohort with culture-positive S. Typhi samples and a control group including patients with malaria and infections caused by other pathogens was analysed. Differences in metabolite patterns were detected between S. Typhi samples and all controls as well as between S. Typhi and malaria. Consistencies in metabolite patterns were found to the primary Bangladeshi cohort and the Nepali cohort from Paper I. Paper III focused on chronic Salmonella carriers. Human plasma samples from patients in Nepal undergoing cholecystectomy with confirmed S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A gallbladder carriage were compared to non-carriage controls. The Salmonella carriage samples were distinguished from the non-carriage controls and differential signatures were also found between the S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A carriage samples. Comparing metabolites found during chronic carriage and acute enteric fever (in Paper I) resulted in a panel of metabolites significant only during chronic carriage. This work has contributed to highlight the potential of using metabolomics as a tool to find diagnostic biomarker patterns associated with different stages of enteric fever.

Although Lake Victoria is threatened by pollution there is a lack of knowledge about pharmaceuticals contaminants drained into the lake from large cities bordering the lake. Hence, the purpose of this project was to develop, validate and apply a method for analysis of pharmaceutical compounds accumulating in the Lake Victoria sediments. A simple quantitative method for 11 pharmaceuticals combining accelerated solvent extraction, solid phase extraction, trimethylsilylation derivatization, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry was developed, partly validated, and applied to 18 surface sediments and a sediment core dated using the 210Pb method. The results showed the presence of the pharmaceuticals estriol, gemfibrozil, metoprolol, ketoprofen, naproxen, 17α-ethinylestradiol and estrone concentrated around the regions Napoleon Gulf and Thurston Bay with accumulation rates decreasing towards the top of the sediment core. Nonetheless, a randomness in the distribution of these compounds behooves a systematic assessment investigating not only the provenance of these compounds but also further investigations to errors meaning that this study should be treated as a preliminary investigation.

Weltweit migrieren Männer und Frauen, ihre Arbeitsmarktintegration ist jedoch grundsätzlich verschieden. Erklärungen hierfür sind bislang unzureichend. Daher entwickelt diese Dissertation ein Konzept zu Migration, Geschlecht und Erwerbstätigkeit, dessen Kernargument ist, dass sich Geschlechterunterschiede über die Immigration reproduzieren. Die Papiere der Dissertation testen drei Mechanismen, die diesen Prozess bedingen können. Im ersten Papier betrachtet diese Dissertation die folgende Frage: Wie wirken sich Dynamiken in den Migrationsentscheidungen von Paaren auf deren Erwerbstätigkeit aus? Das Papier diskutiert diese Frage im Licht der tied migration theory. Zur empirischen Analyse zieht das Papier Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) heran. Es zeigt sich, dass Männer, die die treibende Kraft der Entscheidung waren, nach Migration beruflich erfolgreicher sind als Männer, deren Partnerin die Entscheidung traf. Das zweite Papier fragt: Wie entwickelt sich die Zeit, die Frauen und Männer auf Hausarbeit verwenden, über den Migrationsprozess? Hierfür bezieht sich das Papier theoretisch auf Neoklassische Theorie und Verhandlungstheorie sowie auf Ideen der Geschlechterkonstruktion und integriert migrationsspezifische Aspekte. Für die Analysen verwendet das Papier Daten des SOEP und Angaben zur Zeitverwendung. Die Resultate des Papiers zeigen, dass die Hausarbeit für Männer und Frauen nach Migration stark ansteigt, jedoch nur kurzfristig. Im dritten Papier betrachtet diese Dissertation die Sozialisierung von Migrantinnen. Das Papier fragt: Wie beeinflusst die Sozialisierung von Migrantinnen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit? Die theoretische Herleitung des Papiers beruht auf der Sozialisationstheorie, die Analysen beruhen auf Daten des SOEP. Das Papier schlussfolgert, dass die Sozialisierungsanstrengungen von Müttern gesellschaftliche Effekte abfedern können. Zusammenfassend verdeutlicht diese Dissertation die Bedeutung von geschlechtsspezifischer Integrationsforschung. / Women and men are on the move, yet their employment experiences after migration differ. To date, evidence on underlying reasons is scarce. Hence, this dissertation develops a framework for understanding migration, gender, and employment. This framework argues that gender inequalities are reinforced across migration. In its empirical chapters, this dissertations tests three mechanisms hypothesized to drive this process. This dissertation’s first paper addresses the following question: How do dynamics in couples’ decision to migrate impact the employment of migrant women and men? Theoretically, this puzzle is discussed with regard to tied migration theory. Empirically, the paper analyzes data on couples’ migration decisions from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The results show that migrant men who drove decisions are vocationally more successful after migration than men whose partners initiated migration. The second paper of this dissertation asks: How does migration impact the time spent on domestic work of immigrant women and men? Therefore, the paper draws on theoretical notions of Neoclassical Economic and Bargaining Theory, ideas of Gender Construction, and integrates migration-specific aspects. For its analyses, the paper uses SOEP data and couples’ time use. The results of this paper indicate that the time spent on domestic work increases drastically for migrant women and men after migration, yet only in the short-term. The third empirical paper of this dissertation looks at female migrants’ socialization. It asks: How does adolescent socialization impact the employment of immigrant women? The paper’s hypotheses are based on Socialization Theory, it bases its analyses on SOEP data. The paper concludes that mothers and their socialization efforts can buffer societal impacts. Overall, this dissertation emphasizes the significance of gendered integration research and the necessity to further explore the differential employment of migrant women and men.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Range Instrumentation and Control System (RICS) is a PC-based multi-platform data acquisition and display system utilizing CORBA and Multicast UDP in a client/server architecture. Its main purpose is to collect time-space position information (TSPI) from one or more remote radar sites and distribute it in real-time across a wide area network (WAN). This paper describes the collection of MS Windows-based software applications that are designed to control and monitor data acquisition in real-time from a remote console.

As aquaculture has become a significant provider of the human diet, the interest to have better quality of sea and fresh products has been increasing. However the potential hazards associated with pathogenic agents resulting in losses to the industry are major concerns that provided the motivation for this study.The use of ultraviolet irradiation is an alternative to disinfect water in inlet and outlet water sources. However the ultraviolet disinfection method has some drawbacks including no disinfectant residuals and high cost of lamp fouling and replacement. The ultraviolet system needs to be calibrated according with the life time of the ultraviolet lamps.The MS-2 coliphage in this study is an approach to determine a good indicator for determining if an ultraviolet system can be effective in an aquaculture recirculation system. The susceptibility of this system can provide an indication if WSSV can be inactivated and possible other pathogenic agents.The WSSV experiment was successful in reducing mortality. Further studies have to be completed and analyzed before recommending for control of other pathogens.

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