O objetivo geral deste estudo transversal foi realizar um levantamento epidemiológico de traumatismos dentários em crianças de 12 anos de Quito, no Equador e investigar a associação de fatores relacionados ao ambiente escolar e a ocorrência de traumatismos e na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal dessas crianças. Para isso, um levantamento epidemiológico em escolares de escolas públicas de Quito foi realizado para avaliar diferentes agravos de saúde bucal. A tese foi dividida em dois capítulos, com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar se alguns fatores relacionados ao ambiente escolar possuem associação com a ocorrência de traumatismos (Capítulo I), e avaliar se fatores positivos relacionados ao ambiente físico, social e de práticas de atividades relacionadas à saúde em escolas exercem efeito no impacto na qualidade de vida relacionada à ocorrência de traumatismos dentários (Capítulo II). O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra representativa de crianças de 12 anos de idade em escolas públicas da zona urbana de Quito, no Equador. Seis examinadores calibrados avaliaram as crianças com relação à presença de traumatismos dentários, cárie dentária e maloclusão. Um inquérito relacionado às condições socioeconômicas da família foi respondido. Os diretores das escolas também responderam a questões relacionadas à estrutura física da escola, à promoção de práticas de promoção de saúde e à ocorrência de episódios negativos na escola. O Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) foi respondido pelas crianças. Para as análises, regressão de Poisson de multinível foi utilizada, e as razões de taxas (RT) e intervalos de confiança a 95% (95%IC) foram calculados (p < 0,05). A prevalência de traumatismo foi de 20,7%. Escolas com pátio de piso de grama e com rampas de acesso tiveram menor prevalência de traumatismos do que as escolas com pátio de piso de cimento e com apenas com escadas, respectivamente. A prevalência de traumatismo também foi menor em escolas que ofereciam refeições saudáveis ou local apropriado para escovação dentária. Já com relação à qualidade de vida, a ocorrência de traumatismos severos foi associada à maiores escores do CPQ11-14, mesmo no modelo múltiplo ajustado por outros problemas de saúde bucal, sexo, variáveis socioeconômicas e variáveis contextuais. As crianças de escolas que promoviam a escovação dos dentes de seus alunos apresentaram menor impacto na qualidade de vida, mesmo quando ajustada pela presença de traumatismos e outras variáveis. Conclui-se que escolas com um ambiente mais favorável apresentam menor prevalência de traumatismos e exercem efeito positivo na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal, mesmo na ocorrência de traumatismos dentários. / The overall objective of this cross sectional study was to carry out an epidemiological survey of dental trauma in 12-year-old children from Quito, Ecuador, and to investigate the association of variables related to school environment and occurrence of dental traumatic injuries and on oral health-related quality of life of these children. For this, an epidemiological survey with 12-year-old scholars from public schools of Quito was conducted to evaluate several oral health problems. The thesis was divided in two chapters, with the following aims: to evaluate if some variables related to the school environment have association with occurrence of dental traumatic injuries (Chapter I), and to evaluate if positive factors related to the physical and social environment, and to practices of health-related activities in the schools exert some influence on the quality of life related to the occurrence of dental traumatic injuries. (Chapter II). The study was conducted with a representative sample of children with 12 years old in public schools in the urban area of Quito, Ecuador. Six calibrated examiners evaluated children for dental traumatic injuries, dental caries and malocclusion. A questionnaire related to the socioeconomic conditions of the family was answered by the parents. School principals also responded to questions about the school\'s physical structure, the promotion of health practices and the occurrence of negative episodes at school. The Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) was answered by the children. For the analyzes, multilevel Poisson regression was used, and the rate ratios (RT) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated (p <0.05). The prevalence of dental traumatic injuries was 20.7%. Schools with grass-floor yard and access ramps had a lower prevalence of injuries than schools with cement-walled yard and with only stairs, respectively. The prevalence of dental trauma was also lower in schools that offered healthy meals or an appropriate place for dental brushing. With regard to the quality of life, the occurrence of severe traumatic injuries was associated with higher CPQ11-14 total scores, even in the multiple model adjusted for other oral health problems, sex, socioeconomic variables and contextual variables. The children of schools that promoted the tooth brushing of their students presented less impact on quality of life, even when adjusted for the presence of trauma and other variables. In conclusion, schools with a more favorable environment present a lower prevalence of dental traumatic injuries and have a positive effect on the quality of life related to oral health, even in the occurrence of dental traumatic injuries.

Introdução: Comer fora de casa tem sido relacionado com o aumento no consumo de alimentos caracterizados pelo alto grau de processamento, tal como refrigerantes, doces e fast food. Embora indiquem uma associação entre alimentação fora do domicilio e o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, estudos realizados até o momento não consideraram o grau e extensão de processamento industrial dos alimentos na avaliação da dieta fora de casa. Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de alimentos fora de casa e verificar sua associação com características socioeconômicas e indicadores nutricionais. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal utilizando o Módulo de Consumo Pessoal da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística entre maio de 2008 e maio de 2009. Os alimentos foram agrupados de acordo com a extensão e propósito do processamento industrial. O hábito de comer fora de casa foi avaliado por meio de dois indicadores: o percentual de calorias consumidas fora e a frequência de dias em que cada indivíduo relatou realizar refeições fora de domicílio, ambos descritos segundo características sociodemográficas. Foi estimado o percentual de participação dos grupos e subgrupos alimentares no total de calorias e segundo local de consumo. Adicionalmente, o percentual de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados dentro e fora de casa foi descrito segundo características sociodemográficas. Modelo multinível foi aplicado para avaliar a associação entre comer fora de casa e a participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta. Análise fatorial foi conduzida para identificar padrões de alimentação fora de casa e modelos de regressão linear foram utilizados para explorar associação entre os padrões encontrados e indicadores nutricionais. Resultados: Observa-se uma maior contribuição de alimentos ultraprocessados fora de casa, destacando a participação de itens alimentares como refrigerantes e refeições prontas. Quando comparado com o consumo exclusivamente dentro do domicílio, realizar refeições fora de casa aumenta em 51% o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. A análise de componentes principais, no entanto, monstra que existem padrões de alimentação fora de casa que podem ter ou não um impacto negativo na dieta. Foram encontrados três padrões de alimentação na população que explicam conjuntamente 13,6% da variância. O primeiro padrão, denominado refeição tradicional, inclui em sua composição arroz, feijão, legumes e verduras, raízes e tubérculos, macarrão e outras massas, carne bovina, aves e ovos. O segundo padrão, nomeado lanche, é composto por manteiga, leite, café e chás, pão francês, queijos processados e margarina. O terceiro padrão, denominado alimentos de conveniência por ser composto exclusivamente por alimentos ultraprocessados, inclui doces, refeições prontas (tais como fast food, salgados, pizza, entre outras) e refrigerantes. De maneira geral, observou-se uma associação direta entre o padrão de refeições tradicionais e nutrientes saudáveis na dieta, enquanto o padrão lanches e alimentos de conveniência foram associados diretamente com nutrientes não saudáveis. Conclusão: Os resultados apresentados indicam que no Brasil, comer fora de casa está associado ao aumento na participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta. Existem, porém, padrões de alimentação fora de casa. Quando baseada em lanches e alimentos de conveniência, comer fora de casa acarreta em um impacto negativo na dieta. É, no entanto, possível manter uma alimentação saudável fora de casa quando se adere a padrões tradicionais da culinária brasileira / Introduction: Eating out has been related to the increase on the consumption of food characterized by high degree of processing, such as soft drinks, sweets and fast food. Although they indicate an association between eating out and ultra-processed food consumption, studies do not consider the extent and purpose of food processing to evaluate eating out diet. Objective: Evaluate eating out food and verify its association with socioeconomic characteristics and nutritional indicators. Method: Cross-sectional study using the Individual Food Intake Survey, carried out with 34,003 individuals aged 10 or more, between May 2008 and May 2009. All food items were classified according to the extent and purpose of food processing. The habit of eating out was evaluated through two indicators: the percentage of calories eating out and the frequency of days in which each individual reported eating out, both indicators are described according to the sociodemographic characteristics. The percentage of food calories per group and subgroups was estimated according to the place of consumption. In addition, the ultra-processed food percentage eaten at home and out was described according to sociodemographic characteristics. Multilevel model was applied to evaluate an association between eating out and the participation of ultra-processed food on diet. Factor analysis was used to identify the eaten out food consumption patterns and linear regression models were used to explore the association between patterns and the nutrient content of the diet. Results: It is possible to observe a higher contribution of ultra-processed food out home, emphasizing the participation of food items such as soft drinks and ready-to-eat meals. When compared to consumption exclusively at home, eating meals out increases the consumption of ultra-processed foods by 51%. Principal component analysis, however, demonstrates that there are eating out patterns, whether or not may have a negative impact on the diet. We identified three food patterns. The first pattern, called traditional meal, was positive for rice, beans, vegetables and greens, roots and tubers, pasta, beef, poultry and eggs. The second pattern, called snack, was positive for butter, milk, coffee and tea, processed bread, processed cheese and margarine. The third pattern, called convenience food because it consists exclusively of ultra-processed food, was positive for sweet, ready to eat meals and soft drinks. In general, there was a positive association between traditional meal pattern and healthy dietary markers, while snacks and the convenience pattern were positively associated to unhealthy dietary markers. Conclusion: In Brazil, eating out is directly associated to ultra-processed food consumption. There is, however, eating out patterns. When based on snacks and convenience food, eating out has a negative impact in diet. It is, however, possible to maintain a healthy diet out when adhering to traditional Brazilian patterns

This dissertation examined risk factors for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) — specifically whether neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation exacerbates individual socioeconomic disadvantage (deprivation amplification) to increase the likelihood of developing HDP. To select the optimal areal unit at which to investigate HDP, geographic proxies for neighborhoods were explored. A thematic review qualitatively examined nontraditional neighborhood boundaries identified through internet sources. Data from 2008–2012 Miami-Dade County, Florida birth records (n=121,421) and the U.S. Census Bureau were used for the remaining analyses. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis empirically compared the proportion of HDP prevalence explained by six areal units: census block groups, census tracts, ZIP code tabulation areas (ZCTAs), and three types of natural neighborhood — census units clustered based on an eight-item Neighborhood Deprivation Index. Multilevel logistic regression examined relationships between HDP, neighborhood deprivation, and individual-level factors. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated. The thematic review found 22 potential alternatives to census boundaries developed through techniques such as crowd-sourcing and qualitative research. In the sensitivity analysis, census tracts aggregated at the scale of ZCTAs performed twice as well as any other model (GWR2 = 0.27) and were used as the Aim 3 unit of analysis. In the multilevel logistic regression, HDP was associated with moderate (aOR=1.13; CI: 1.05, 1.21) and high neighborhood deprivation (aOR=1.16; CI: 1.07, 1.26). Compared with mothers with private insurance, uninsured women (aOR=1.69; CI: 1.56, 1.84) and Medicaid recipients (aOR=1.12; CI: 1.05, 1.18) had higher HDP odds. Non-Hispanic Black women’s HDP odds were 1.58 times those of non-Hispanic White women. Cross-level interactions — between neighborhood deprivation and educational attainment and neighborhood deprivation and insurance status — did not reach statistical significance. Private sector neighborhood boundaries hold promise for developing new public health tools. Because they are relatively easy to generate from census data, natural neighborhoods may balance tradition and innovation. While no evidence of deprivation amplification was found, results suggested that individual-level and neighborhood deprivation are HDP risk factors. Interventions that target expectant mothers in deprived neighborhoods — particularly non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women who lack health insurance — may help reduce HDP prevalence and disparities.

The main goal of this study was to identify some determinants of collective efficacy in small groups. A multilevel approach was used to posit hypotheses and research questions relating individual and shared beliefs of collective efficacy to collective cognition activities, task interdependence, self-efficacy for group work, and collective orientation. A two-phase longitudinal design was employed. The sample comprised 270 university students, enrolled in seven courses and involved in 86 work groups in both phases of the study. All groups were required to perform interdependent academic tasks. The results of multiple regression analysis of aggregated variables provided some evidence that the more group members perceived themselves to be interdependent in the early stages of group work and assigned their tasks interdependently during group processes, the more likely they developed high collective efficacy in the final stages of group work. Collective efficacy was also related to the group average of self-efficacy for group work when task interdependence was high. Multilevel analysis was also used. These results showed that variation at the individual level was considerable, and there was significant but relatively little variation at the group level, with small effect sizes, for a few variables including collective efficacy. Structural equation modelling was used to confirm the theoretical framework at the individual level after accounting for group level variation. The results suggested that integration and constructive evaluation of ideas during group processes and self-efficacy for group work may have been determinants of collective efficacy at the individual level. Moreover, collective efficacy at the individual level was related to an interdependent perception of self in relation to other group members. The results suggest that helping group members learn how to evaluate and integrate each other???s ideas during group activities, and perceive themselves to be interdependent may enhance group capabilities for performing tasks. In addition, improving students??? self-efficacy for group work was identified as a key factor, as it may enhance a sense of interdependence among group members, improve the extent to which group members participate in integrating and evaluating ideas, and increase the whole group???s capabilities for performing tasks.

La tesi propone una lettura multilivello e situata delle dinamiche di genere e ha l’obiettivo di studiare, attraverso un approccio comparativo, il cambiamento degli atteggiamenti degli europei nei confronti dei ruoli femminili nella sfera pubblica, intesi come indicatori dei valori di parità. Lo studio utilizza dati di indagini transnazionali come l’European Values Study e l’Eurobarometro. Gli strumenti di rilevazione degli atteggiamenti inclusi in tali indagini sono stati valutati criticamente, testandone l’adeguatezza per l’analisi comparativa. L’analisi multilivello, condotta in 22 paesi europei, evidenzia il diverso apporto esplicativo dei fattori individuali e contestuali. Il cambiamento degli atteggiamenti dal 1988 al 2008, in 7 contesti culturali (tra cui le “Tre Italie”), si è concentrato sull’analisi dei trend, osservando le differenze di genere e generazione, sui meccanismi del cambiamento e i suoi predittori. I risultati confermano la rilevanza del contesto nello sviluppo di valori di parità e, per promuovere una cultura paritaria, invitano a fare leva sull’istruzione e sulla partecipazione al mercato del lavoro delle donne. Per poter ottenere questo, le società necessitano di riorganizzarsi soprattutto in termini di servizi e benefit a favore delle famiglie, in modo che il modello di relazione tra i generi basato sulla reciprocità sia effettivamente possibile. / The thesis studies the gender dynamics as a multilevel and situated concept. It aims to investigate, by a comparative perspective, the change of attitudes toward female roles in the public sphere, here assumed as indicators of egalitarian values. The study uses data from cross-national surveys as the European Values Study and the Eurobarometer. The scales included in these surveys are critically evaluated in order to test their adequacy for comparative analysis. The multilevel analysis, performed in 22 European countries, shows the different contributes of individual and contextual factors. The attitudinal change from 1988 to 2008, in 7 cultural contexts (included the “Three Italies”) focused on the trend analysis, observing gender and generations differences, mechanism of change and its predictors. The results confirm that the context is relevant in the development of egalitarian values and, to promote an egalitarian culture, they invite societies to increase the educational level and the female economic participation. To get this, societies need to re-organize themselves in terms of services and benefits for families, in order to get the model of relationship based on the reciprocity between gender really possible.

No description available.

Les études portant sur l’adéquation entre le niveau de formation des individus et celui requis pour l’emploi occupé se sont peu attardées à la dimension temporelle de cette relation. De plus, peu ont abordé la question chez les immigrants canadiens, et de surcroît chez les travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés du Québec. Une seule étude abordant le sujet sous un angle longitudinal a été recensée et se limite à l’accès des travailleurs qualifiés à un premier emploi correspondant à leur niveau de compétences. Cette thèse cherche à aller au-delà des premières transitions sur le marché du travail et vise à mieux comprendre l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au fil du temps d’établissement. Plus spécifiquement, l’objectif y est de mieux circonscrire l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au cours des premières années suivant l’arrivée du migrant, d’en identifier les déterminants, mais également de voir l’impact de cette relation sur d’autres dimensions de la qualité de l’emploi : le statut socioéconomique et le salaire. Afin de mieux comprendre les déterminants de l’occupation d’emplois correspondant à son niveau de compétences et d’emplois pour lesquels l’individu est suréduqué ainsi que leur impact respectif sur le statut d’emploi et le salaire, cette thèse considère l’apport de théories sociologiques et économiques. D’une part, différentes théories s’opposent quant au caractère temporaire ou permanent de la suréducation. Ce faisant, elles soulèvent l’impact potentiel des expériences en emploi passées sur le parcours futur et la nécessité d’une vision longitudinale de l’insertion professionnelle. D’autre part, d’autres approches soulèvent, en plus des déterminants individuels, le rôle du contexte social et institutionnel dans lequel l’individu s’insère. Ces différentes approches trouvent écho dans la perspective empirique du parcours de vie qui permet de considérer l’interrelation entre des facteurs micro, méso et macro sociaux et de se représenter les parcours biographiques au fil du temps. L'Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés (ETS) a rendu possible l'étude des parcours en emploi de cette catégorie d'immigrant sélectionnée en fonction de son potentiel d'insertion à la société québécoise dans la mesure où celle-ci comporte à la fois des données administratives sur la situation prémigratoire des travailleurs immigrants, de même que de l'information datée sur chacun des emplois occupés après la migration. L’analyse a été effectuée en trois temps soit : une description du lien entre le niveau de formation et l’emploi, l’étude des déterminants de la relation formation-emploi et finalement, l’étude des salaires et effet de la relation formation-emploi sur ceux-ci. Chacun de ces trois volets est présenté sous forme d’articles soumis pour publication. Les résultats montrent que la proportion d’individus occupant des emplois correspondant à leur niveau de compétences augmente avec le temps passé dans la société d’accueil. Cependant, la suréducation demeure un phénomène présent chez la catégorie des travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés. À ce titre, les premières expériences en emploi sont déterminantes dans la mesure où elles ont un impact non seulement sur l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi, mais également sur les salaires et les statuts des emplois décrochés par les nouveaux arrivants. La grille de sélection, élément central du processus par lequel un candidat peut devenir immigrant au Québec, à travers les attributs des individus qu’elle retient, contribue aussi à façonner les parcours en emploi. La région de provenance des immigrants distingue également les immigrants entre eux, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. La majorité des groupes sont désavantagés lorsqu’ils sont comparés à leurs compatriotes de l’Europe de l’Ouest et des États-Unis, et ce désavantage perdure au fil des années. Cette thèse a démontré que l’insertion professionnelle et la relation formation-emploi sont des sujets se devant d’être abordés sous un angle longitudinal pour bien saisir la complexité des processus à l’œuvre. Au niveau social, les analyses auront permis de montrer l’importance de se pencher sur les services offerts aux immigrants pour les aider dans leur insertion professionnelle, surtout dans un contexte où des départs à la retraite massifs et des pénuries de main-d'œuvre qualifiée sont à prévoir. / Studies on the adequacy between the level of education of individuals and that required for the job held have rarely addressed the temporal dimension of this relationship. Moreover, few have addressed the issue among Canadian immigrants, and fewer still for skilled workers in Quebec. One study examining the subject from a longitudinal perspective has been identified, but is limited to the access of skilled workers to a first job corresponding to their skill level. This thesis seeks to go beyond the first transitions to the labour market and aims to better understand the evolution of the relationship between education and employment over the course of settlement. More specifically, the objective is to better define the progression of this relationship during the first years after the migrant’s arrival, to identify its determinants, but also to see the impact of this relationship on other dimensions of job quality: socio-economic status and salary. This thesis considers the contribution of sociological and economic theories in order to better understand the determinants of having jobs that match one’s level of skills and jobs for which the individual is over-educated, as well as their respective impacts on employment status and salary. On the one hand, various theories disagree regarding the temporary or permanent nature of over-education. In so doing, they highlight the potential impact of past job experiences on the job course and the need for a longitudinal view of labour market integration. On the other hand, other approaches underline, in addition to individual determinants, the role of the social and institutional context in which the individual belongs. These different approaches are reflected in the empirical perspective of the life course that allows us to consider the interrelationship between micro, meso and macro social factors and to represent individual histories through time. Data from the "Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés" (ETS) includes both administrative data on the pre-migration situation of immigrant workers, as well as information on each job held after migration, making possible the study of pathways into employment for this immigrant category which is selected based on its potential for integration into Quebec society. The analysis was conducted in three phases, including a description of the relationship between educational attainment and employment, the study of the determinants of the education-job relationship and finally, the study of wages and the effect of the education-job relationship on them. Each of these three components is presented in the form of articles ready to be submitted for publication. The results show that the proportion of individuals in jobs that match their skill level increases with time spent in the host society. However, over-education is a phenomenon present among the skilled worker immigration category. As such, the first job experiences are critical since they have an impact not only on the evolution of the relationship between education and employment, but also on wages and the socio-economic status of jobs obtained by new immigrants. The selection grid, a central element of the process through which a candidate can become an immigrant in Quebec, also helps shape the job course through the attributes of the individuals that it retains. Region of origin distinguishes immigrants as well, all things being equal. Most groups are disadvantaged when compared to their counterparts from Western Europe and the United States, and this disadvantage persists over the years. This thesis has shown that economic integration and the education-job relationship are topics to be addressed from a longitudinal perspective in order to understand the complexity of the processes at work. At the social level, analyses have demonstrated the importance of looking at the services offered to immigrants to help them establish economically, especially in a context where retirements and massive labour shortages are expected to happen.

Les données comptées (count data) possèdent des distributions ayant des caractéristiques particulières comme la non-normalité, l’hétérogénéité des variances ainsi qu’un nombre important de zéros. Il est donc nécessaire d’utiliser les modèles appropriés afin d’obtenir des résultats non biaisés. Ce mémoire compare quatre modèles d’analyse pouvant être utilisés pour les données comptées : le modèle de Poisson, le modèle binomial négatif, le modèle de Poisson avec inflation du zéro et le modèle binomial négatif avec inflation du zéro. À des fins de comparaisons, la prédiction de la proportion du zéro, la confirmation ou l’infirmation des différentes hypothèses ainsi que la prédiction des moyennes furent utilisées afin de déterminer l’adéquation des différents modèles. Pour ce faire, le nombre d’arrestations des membres de gangs de rue sur le territoire de Montréal fut utilisé pour la période de 2005 à 2007. L’échantillon est composé de 470 hommes, âgés de 18 à 59 ans. Au terme des analyses, le modèle le plus adéquat est le modèle binomial négatif puisque celui-ci produit des résultats significatifs, s’adapte bien aux données observées et produit une proportion de zéro très similaire à celle observée. / Count data have distributions with specific characteristics such as non-normality, heterogeneity of variances and a large number of zeros. It is necessary to use appropriate models to obtain unbiased results. This memoir compares four models of analysis that can be used for count data: the Poisson model, the negative binomial model, the Poisson model with zero inflation and the negative binomial model with zero inflation. For purposes of comparison, the prediction of the proportion of zero, the confirmation or refutation of the various assumptions and the prediction of average number of arrrests were used to determine the adequacy of the different models. To do this, the number of arrests of members of street gangs in the Montreal area was used for the period 2005 to 2007. The sample consisted of 470 men, aged 18 to 59 years. After the analysis, the most suitable model is the negative binomial model since it produced significant results, adapts well to the observed data and produces a zero proportion very similar to that observed.

本研究旨在探討國民小學教師組織政治知覺、印象管理動機與組織公民行為之關聯性，並分析學校組織政治氣候對教師組織政治知覺、印象管理動機與組織公民行為之間關係的影響。本研究採用調查研究法。在預試階段以新竹縣公立國民小學教師為對象，寄發300份預試問卷，回收有效問卷224份，據以分析測量工具的信效度。在正式施測階段，以臺灣地區公立國民小學教師為對象，寄發1,458份問卷，回收有效問卷1,026份。在資料分析方面，透過描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、相關分析及階層線性模式等方法，檢測本研究問題及假設。依據研究結果，本研究獲致以下結論： 一、教師組織政治知覺、印象管理動機與組織公民行為之現況分析 （一）國民小學教師具有中等程度的組織政治知覺。 （二）國民小學教師具有中高程度的印象管理動機。 （三）國民小學教師具有良好程度的組織公民行為。 二、教師組織政治知覺、印象管理動機與組織公民行為之差異分析 （一）教師的組織政治知覺會因學校規模、學歷及擔任職務之不同而有所差異。 （二）教師印象管理動機會因學校規模、學校地區、性別、學歷及擔任職務之不同 而有所差異。 （三）教師組織行為會因學校規模、學校地區、性別、年齡、服務年資及擔任職務 之不同而有所差異。 三、教師組織政治知覺、印象管理動機與組織公民行為之關聯性分析 （一）教師的組織政治知覺對組織公民行為具有負向的影響。 （二）教師的組織政治知覺對塑造正面印象的動機具有正向的影響。 （三）避免負面印象及塑造正面印象的動機對教師組織公民行為具有正向的影 響。 （四）教師的組織政治知覺會透過塑造正面印象的中介效果，間接對組織公民行為 產生正向的影響。 （五）學校組織政治氣候會調節教師組織政治知覺及組織公民行為的關係。 （六）學校組織政治氣候會調節教師組織政治知覺及塑造正面印象的關係。 依據研究結果，本研究針對學校行、校長及教師三方面提出相關建議： 一、對學校行政的建議 （一）形塑正向組織氣候，避免過多的政治行為。 （二）重視學校運作公平，提升成員的信任感。 （三）暢通溝通管道，避免影響團體的過度操弄。 二、對學校校長的建議 （一）妥善處理學校政治行為，避免產生負面效應。 （二）明辨成員工作行為動機，避免形成惡性競爭。 （三）正向肯定教師組織公民行為，鼓勵教師對教育工作的額外付出。 三、對學校教師的建議 （一）正向看待學校組織政治，調整自我工作心態。 （二）適時善用印象管理策略，提升工作績效表現。 （三）積極從事組織公民行為，創造個人與組織價值。 最後，本研究亦針對未來研究提出在測量工具、研究內容、研究設計及資料分析等方面的建議。 / The study investigated the relationships among the perception of organizational politics, impression management motives, and organizational citizenship behaviors in elementary school teachers. Moreover, this study analyzed the impact of the organizational political climate in schools on the relationships among the perception of organizational politics, impression management motives, and organizational citizenship behaviors. In the pretest administered in this study, a survey was conducted on public elementary school teachers in Hsinchu County. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, and 224 were returned. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested. In the formal survey, the subjects were public elementary school teachers from across Taiwan. A total of 1,458 questionnaires were distributed, and 1,026 valid samples were returned. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and hierarchical linear models to validate the research hypotheses. Based on the results, the following conclusions were derived: 1. The perception level of teachers regarding organizational politics, impression management motives, and organizational citizenship behaviors: (1) Elementary school teachers possess a middle-level perception of organizational politics. (2) Elementary school teachers possess middle-high-level impression management motives. (3) Elementary school teachers possess favorable organizational citizenship behaviors. 2. The variance analysis of teachers’ perception of organizational politics, impression management motives, and organizational citizenship behaviors: (1) The perception of organizational politics for teachers varies by school size, educational background, and position in school. (2) The impression management motives of teachers vary by school size, school location, gender, educational background, and position in school. (3) The organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers varies by school size, school location, gender, age, and years of service. 3. The relationships among teachers’ perception of organizational politics, impression management motives, and organizational citizenship behaviors: (1) The perception of organizational politics negatively affects organizational citizenship behaviors. (2) The perception of organizational politics for teachers positively affects the motivation to create a positive impression. (3) The motivation to avoid a negative impression and create a positive impression positively affects the organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers. (4) The creation of a positive impression for teachers mediates the relationship between the perception of organizational politics and organizational citizenship behaviors. (5) The organizational political climate in school moderates the relationship between the perception of organizational politics and the organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers. (6) The organizational political climate moderates the relationship between the perception of organizational politics and the development of a positive impression. According to the research results, the following suggestions are proposed for school practice, principals, and teachers. 1. For school practice: (1) Establish a positive organizational climate and avoid excessive political behavior. (2) Focus on the fairness of school operations and promote the trust of members. (3) Provide unimpeded communication channels and avoid excessive manipulation by the impacting group. 2. For school principals: (1) Appropriately control the political behavior of the school to avoid negative effects. (2) Distinguish working motivation among members to avoid negative competition. (3) Positively affirm teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors, and encourage teachers to invest additional effort in educating students. 3. For school teachers: (1) Positively address school organizational politics, and adjust one’s self-working attitude. (2) Appropriately use impression management strategies to enhance job performance. (3) Positively engage in organizational citizenship behaviors, and create personal and organizational value. Finally, this paper provides suggestions for future research, which include suggestions for measuring tools, research content, research design, and data analysis.

The main goal of this study was to identify some determinants of collective efficacy in small groups. A multilevel approach was used to posit hypotheses and research questions relating individual and shared beliefs of collective efficacy to collective cognition activities, task interdependence, self-efficacy for group work, and collective orientation. A two-phase longitudinal design was employed. The sample comprised 270 university students, enrolled in seven courses and involved in 86 work groups in both phases of the study. All groups were required to perform interdependent academic tasks. The results of multiple regression analysis of aggregated variables provided some evidence that the more group members perceived themselves to be interdependent in the early stages of group work and assigned their tasks interdependently during group processes, the more likely they developed high collective efficacy in the final stages of group work. Collective efficacy was also related to the group average of self-efficacy for group work when task interdependence was high. Multilevel analysis was also used. These results showed that variation at the individual level was considerable, and there was significant but relatively little variation at the group level, with small effect sizes, for a few variables including collective efficacy. Structural equation modelling was used to confirm the theoretical framework at the individual level after accounting for group level variation. The results suggested that integration and constructive evaluation of ideas during group processes and self-efficacy for group work may have been determinants of collective efficacy at the individual level. Moreover, collective efficacy at the individual level was related to an interdependent perception of self in relation to other group members. The results suggest that helping group members learn how to evaluate and integrate each other???s ideas during group activities, and perceive themselves to be interdependent may enhance group capabilities for performing tasks. In addition, improving students??? self-efficacy for group work was identified as a key factor, as it may enhance a sense of interdependence among group members, improve the extent to which group members participate in integrating and evaluating ideas, and increase the whole group???s capabilities for performing tasks.