The subject of diploma thesis is the evaluation of commercial chains, cheese category, in Czech Republic. The methodology is based on the multicriteria rating of alternatives. In the evaluation of commercial chains may take into account the large number of criteria are used, here are 26, which evaluates 14 alternatives (stores). To evaluate the commercial chains are used preferences of general public and experts. The main objective of the diploma thesis is to determine which store is the best for customers (general public) and for professionals, and then to compare the results.Secondary objective is to explore the possibility of using the multicriteria rating of alternatives methods in praxis.

This master's thesis is focused on modern methods and tools to support managerial decision-making. The first part of this thesis introduces the basic characteristics related to the management and managerial decision-making that are subsequently extended to the area of modeling, simulation, optimization and multi-criteria decision making. It also outlines the relationship between the managerial decision-making tasks. The second part introduces practical examples which show the connection of these areas. Specifically, they are a colony of ants, traveling salesman problem, a tool AnyLogic, analytic hierarchy process and simulation HealthBound. The thesis is further supplemented by an appropriate software tools to support multi-criteria decision making.

The thesis deals with investment decision making. It starts from the decision making situation about the making of an investment portfolio of the open unit trusts. The whole decision making process is described, namely the methodical approaches used in terms of the portfolio making procedure. Thus, the main part of this paper focuses on a detailed description of an algorithm of the fuzzy weight estimation method, fuzzy multiple criteria evaluation method and fuzzy multiple objective programming method. The methods are proposed on the basis of current concepts; they conclude the new ideas as well. The fuzzy weight estimation method is able to calculate the weights of criteria according to their linguistically expressed importance. The fuzzy multiple criteria evaluation method accepts uncertain input data in the form of the fuzzy numbers. The alternatives are evaluated by the concept of the preference relations. This method provides a division of the alternatives into the effective and ineffective. The fuzzy multiple objective programming method also works with the uncertain elements as fuzzy numbers. To solve the particular mathematical models, the Bellman's optimality approach is applied. The method is proposed in the interactive form. The decision maker can change a current solution by his/her additional (vague) preferences. The proposed concepts form the two-phase decision making procedure that is applied in the practical situation of the portfolio making in the field of the capital market with open unit trusts offered by the Česká spořitelna investment company. Two types of investors are defined, the investment situations are described, and the results are analyzed in detail. The decision making theory, the fuzzy sets theory and the capital market of collective investment, or with unit trusts, are introduced in a necessary scope. The instigation of my dissertation is to solve the real decision making situation. The investment decision making process is described and the methodical approaches are proposed in order to make the portfolio of unit trusts.

Orientadores: José Gilberto Dalfré Filho, Antonio Carlos Zuffo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T05:15:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manca_RicardodaSilva_D.pdf: 9827173 bytes, checksum: 450008bf7cf24543fd46e355c0e9e892 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A discussão acerca do gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos torna-se mais complexa e importante à medida que ocorre a integração entre todas as medidas cabíveis, tanto na oferta quanto na demanda, que permitem o uso eficiente da água. No entanto, ainda há um longo caminho a percorrer para assegurar a distribuição eficiente e equitativa da água. Se os planos voltados à distribuição de água buscavam somente novas captações, atualmente, precisam incorporar novas ferramentas de gestão, tais como a redução das perdas de água, o reúso, o racionamento, a bonificação e tarifação, as campanhas de incentivo à redução do consumo. Mesmo que todas as alternativas do gerenciamento da demanda sejam importantes, é preciso que se definam quais as ações que realmente podem ser valoradas e mensuradas de acordo com a responsabilidade do gestor do sistema, ou seja, há uma enorme dificuldade em se ponderar opções que poderiam contribuir com o aumento da disponibilidade de água de uma região, mas que dependem de fatores externos não controláveis, como fatores climáticos e conscientização da sociedade. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e hierarquizar as principais ações de atuação na demanda hídrica que podem contribuir para o aumento da disponibilidade de água da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Fazendo uso do método de tomada de decisão Delphi e das metodologias multicriteriais AHP, CP e CGT, a avaliação dos resultados mostra que medidas como o reúso e a redução de perdas são aliados importantes e que podem contribuir para a diminuição da escassez hídrica nesta região. Dessa forma, conhecendo-se as duas principais medidas prioritárias para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, o trabalho propõe a criação do Gerenciamento Integrado da Demanda de Água Prioritário (GIDAP), que avalia todas as medidas no estudo da demanda, porém, com valoração maior para o reúso e a redução de perdas de água / Abstract: The discussion about the management of water resources becomes more complex and important as the integration occurs between all appropriate measures, both supply and demand, which allow the efficient use of water. However, there is still a long way to go to ensure the efficient and equitable distribution of water. If the trend of the traditional planning of water distribution is only the search for new funding nowadays it is necessary to incorporate new management tools, such as the reduction of water losses, reuse, rationing, the subsidy and pricing, incentive campaigns to reduction of consumption. Even if all the demand management alternatives are important, it is necessary to define what actions can actually be valued and measured in accordance with the system manager's responsibility, ie, there is a huge difficulty in considering options that could contribute to the increased availability of water in a region, but that depend on uncontrollable external factors such as climatic factors and awareness of society. In this sense, the objective of this research was to identify and prioritize the key working actions in water demand that may contribute to the increased availability of water in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Making use of the decision-making method Delphi and multicriteria methodologies AHP, CP and CGT, the evaluation of the results shows that measures such as the reuse and waste reduction are important allies and that can contribute to the reduction of water scarcity in the region. Thus, knowing the two main priorities for the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, the paper proposes the creation of the Integrated Management of Water Demand Priority (GIDAP), which assesses all the measures on the demand study, however, with valuation highest to reuse and reduction of water losses / Doutorado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Pakistan has always had a history of severe energy shortfalls, which rose up to an alarming 33% in 2013. This situation was countered by investments in the energy sector through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which were unfortunately largely based on brown fuels. Although beneficial in the short term, these investments do not bode well for the climate scenario of Pakistan, with various parts of the country already having experienced temperatures rise of 1-3°C. To ensure that the current situation doesn’t exacerbate and is tackled in a timely manner, this research aims to examine how the untapped potential of renewable energy in Pakistan can be better utilized by modelling the entire electrical grid system for multi-portfolio based sustainable electricity generation, in line with the sustainable development goals chalked out by Pakistan with the United Nations (UN). Delving further into the matter, a gap is observed that demands coalescence between sustainability and portfolio-based generation in the context of Pakistan, since the prevalent narrative is of Business As Usual (BAU). The research methodology implemented is a cross sectional case study employing qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and outcomes, in which the entire grid system of Pakistan is studied and sustainability metrics are defined; followed by a comprehensive use of Multi-Criteria Decision Methodology in decision making process. Portfolios defined are a combination of different generation technologies, each simulating a possible avenue of policy, and are then evaluated for a range of sustainability metrics to understand the tradeoffs involved to arrive at a set goal. The process decision framework developed shall enable the Pakistani energy sector in meeting the energy demands by providing the decision-makers with various routes to do so, while informing on the sustainability impact of their decisions.

Försvarsmakten är under en återuppbyggnad och står inför en stor nyanskaffning av materiel till samtliga delar av organisationen. 161. Stridsledning- och luftbevakningsbataljonen skall utöka och ersätta delar av den befintliga sensorkedjan med nya system där det finns utrymme för anskaffning av rörliga markbaserade radarsystem.  Tidigare forskning och rapporter från bland annat FOI och Försvarsmakten kopplat mot framtidens radarsensorer tyder på att AESA-radarer är väl lämpliga vid en framtida anskaffning. Arbetet är av tekniskt beskrivande karaktär och använder teorin om militär nytta samt analysverktyget multimålmetoden. Arbetets syfte är att undersöka om de framtagna värderingskriterierna kostnad, rörlighet, masthöjd och målupptäckt skulle kunna användas vid en svensk anskaffning av ett rörligt markbaserat radarsystem. Slutsatsen är att värderingskriterierna som tagits fram i arbetet kan och bör användas vid en anskaffning av ett rörligt markbaserat radarsystem. Dock behöver värderingskriterierna fördjupas ytterligare för att i framtida användning få fram ett mer precist resultat. / The Swedish Armed Forces are undergoing a re-establishment and are facing a major new acquisition of equipment for all parts of the organization. 161. Combat Control and Air Surveillance Battalion will increase and replace parts of the existing sensor chain with new systems where there is room for the acquisition of mobile ground-based radar systems.  Previous research and reports from, among others, FOI and the Swedish Armed Forces related to future radar sensors indicate that AESA radars are well suited for in a future acquisition. This report is of a technical descriptive type and uses the theory of military utility and the analysis tool multi-criteria decision. The purpose of the report is to investigate whether the valuation criteria’s cost, mobility, mast height and target detection should be used as criteria in a Swedish acquisition of a mobile ground-based radar system. The conclusion is that the evaluation criteria concluded in the report can and should be used in the acquisition of a mobile ground-based radar system. However, the evaluation criteria need to be further deepened to obtain a more precise result in future use.

The growth in the interdependence and complexity of socio-technical systems requires the development of tools and techniques to aid in the formulation of better policies. The efforts of this research focus towards developing methodologies and support tools for better policy design and formulation. In this thesis, a new framework and a systematic approach for the formulation of policies are proposed. Focus has been directed to the interactions between policy measures, inspired by concepts in process design and network analysis. Furthermore, we have developed an agent-based approach to create a virtual environment for the exploration and analysis of different configurations of policy measures in order to build policy packages and test the effects of changes and uncertainties while formulating policies. By developing systematic approaches for the formulation and analysis of policies it is possible to analyse different configuration alternatives in greater depth, examine more alternatives and decrease the time required for the overall analysis. Moreover, it is possible to provide real-time assessment and feedback to the domain experts on the effect of changes in the configurations. These efforts ultimately help in forming more effective policies with synergistic and reinforcing attributes while avoiding internal contradictions. This research constitutes the first step towards the development of a general family of computer-based systems that support the design of policies. The results from this research also demonstrate the usefulness of computational approaches in addressing the complexity inherent in the formulation of policies. As a proof of concept, the proposed framework and methodologies have been applied to the formulation of policies that deal with transportation issues and emission reduction, but can be extended to other domains.

在電子商務的環境中，透過資訊科技的使用與通訊網路的連結，將會有愈來愈多的產品或服務需求者透過新興的電子化媒體 (如網際網路) 來尋找可行的交易互動夥伴，進而完成交易。因此，交易結構□每一份子間的互動關係，將面臨新的衝擊與挑戰。而納入電子商務觀念的供應鏈管理，將是以資訊科技與通訊技術為基礎的新領域，在此一領域中，供應鏈可以簡單地概念化成三部份：即產品/服務的供給者 (賣方)、產品/服務的需求者或是消費者 (買方)、及提供兩者溝通服務的資訊服務提供者。而在三者間，除了存在著生產與配送過程中既有的物料流/產品流、服務流及完成交易所必須的金流之外，更重要的是還有提供控制機能的資訊流。如何有效地管理與利用資訊流便成為供應鏈管理成功與否的關鍵性因素，而企業也因此產生了對於資訊服務的需求。 因此，本論文的目的在於發展出一個完整的研究體系，以針對傳統供應鏈中之供需雙方與資訊服務業之間的關係，發展出一個供需互動模式，以使電子商務環境中資訊服務的供需雙方能夠據此制定重要的決策與策略。此一體系包含了以下三個子體系：概念體系、評估體系、以及規劃體系。在概念體系的部份，本研究將透過文獻探討，針對供應鏈中的供需者 (可被視為資訊服務的需求者) 與資訊服務提供者，發展出一個整合的概念性互動模式，此一模式將解釋各個體之目標與其行為屬性，而這些目標與屬性也將成為後續評估及規劃體系發展的基礎。而後續兩個體系的發展，將以資訊服務的供需互動為研究主體。就評估體系而言，本研究將分別使用加法型 (層級分析法) 與非加法型 (模糊積分法) 方法來發展評選資訊服務提供者的多準則決策模式。而根據上述的結果，決策者便可針對其手邊現有的可選擇方案，來進行評選。一旦評選結果確定之後，決策者便可與其進行後續的供需互動。至於規劃體系的部份，則是要分析供需雙方如何根據自身的目標與資源限制，經由資訊的分享與交換，與所選取的夥伴進行互動。根據供需關係的型態及供需互動的主導者這兩個分類的標準，本研究將供需互動分成四種不同的狀況來探討。而透過模糊二階多目標規劃模式與多階段解題流程圖的應用，我們可以分析供需單位間如何透過資訊的交換以進行互動，並解釋互動所可能出現的結果，亦即失敗或成功。最後，本研究也將使用一個簡例來說明模式的可用性。 第一章 緒論…………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究動機與背景………………………… 1 第二節 研究目的………………………………… 3 第三節 研究方法與發展流程…………………… 5 第四節 論文結構與內容………………………… 6 第二章 文獻探討……………………………………… 7 第一節 電子商務………………………………… 7 壹、電子商務之定義……………………………. 7 貳、電子市場……………………………………. 12 第二節 供應鏈管理……………………………… 15 壹、供應鏈管理之定義………………………… 15 貳、關係的管理與分析………………………...… 17 參、買賣雙方之供需關係………………………... 21 肆、資訊服務提供者之中介……………………... 24 第三節 個體之目標與行為……………………… 29 壹、供應鏈管理之整體目標……………………... 29 貳、供給者 (賣方) 之立場……………………… 32 參、需求者 (買方) 之立場……………………… 35 肆、資訊服務提供者之立場…………………… 39 第三章 研究模式與方法……………………………… 49 第一節 研究模式………………………………. 49 壹、研究定位與個體定義………………………. 49 貳、供需互動模式………………………………. 51 參、研究範圍與分類架構………………………. 52 第二節 研究類型與步驟………………………… 54 第三節 評估方法論……………………………… 58 壹、因子分析……………………………………... 58 貳、加法型多準則評估…………………………. 59 參、非加法型多準則評估………………………. 61 肆、方案績效值的取得………………………… 63 第四節 規劃方法論……………………………… 70 壹、多目標規劃法…………………………… 70 貳、二階規劃法…………………………………. 73 第四章 評估面之研究 – 資訊服務提供者之評選…… 78 第一節 樣本特徵與資訊服務之使用現況……… 78 第二節 評選資訊服務提供者之準則分析……… 81 壹、評選準則之敘述統計分析………………… 81 貳、評選準則之因子分析……………………… 82 參、後續之效度驗證程序……………………… 90 第三節 多準則評估與決策體系之建立………… 93 壹、加法型多準則評估 – 層級分析法………… 93 貳、非加法型多準則評估 – 模糊積分法……… 97 參、實例說明與比較……………………………. 99 第五章 規劃面之研究 – 供需互動模式之發展…...….. 103 第一節 各種供需互動之說明…………………. 103 第二節 供需互動模式之發展………………… 106 壹、問題特性與解題流程……………………… 106 貳、互動規劃模式之建立……………………… 107 參、不同關係型態對互動過程的影響………… 113 第三節 簡例說明……………………………… 117 壹、背景說明…………………………………… 117 貳、問題求解過程說明………………………… 118 參、討論………………………………………… 125 第六章 結論與建議…………………………………… 127 第一節 結論……………………………………… 127 第二節 研究限制與困難………………………… 129 第三節 未來發展方向…………………………… 130 參考文獻………………………………………………… 131 附錄一………………………………………………………… 141 附錄二………………………………………………………… 145 附錄三………………………………………………………… 150 附錄四………………………………………………………… 153 附錄五………………………………………………………… 155 附錄六………………………………………………………… 163 附錄七………………………………………………………… 165 博士候選人簡歷……………………………………………… 172 / In the environment of Electronic Commerce (EC), there are more and more demanders of products or services looking for available interactive partners of transaction through the burgeoned electronic media (such as the Internet), who then complete transactions with the use of information technology and the connection of communication networks. Therefore, the interactive relationship between each member in the transaction structure will face new poundings and challenges. And the supply chain (SC) management, which fits into the notion of EC, will be a new field based on information technology and communication infrastructure. Within this field, the SC can be simply conceptualized into three parts: (1) Those act as the suppliers of products and services (the sellers), (2) The demanders or consumers of products and services (the buyers) and (3) the information service provider (ISP) which provides the information service for both parties. Among these three parties, in addition to the material/product flow and service flow existed in the production and distribution processes together with the financial flow required of accomplishing transactions, what is more important is the information flow that provides control function. Thus, how to effectively manage and use information flow becomes a key factor for successful SC management. As a result, the needs from enterprises for information service arise. This dissertation aims to establish a complete research system which helps develop an interactive supply-demand model for SC in EC, especially focusing on the relationship between the demanders and suppliers of information service. The research system includes three sub-systems: system of conceptualization, system of evaluation and system of planning. The system of conceptualization develops an integrated conceptual model to depict the interactive supply-demand relationship within SC. This model explains the objectives and the behavioral attributes of every individual, which then become the foundation of follow-up development of the systems of evaluation and planning. As for system of evaluation, this paper uses both additive (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and non-additive methods (Fuzzy Integral) to develop the multiple criteria decision making model for evaluating and selecting ISPs. In accordance with the results above, decision-makers are able to evaluate and select from alternatives on hand. Once the evaluation result is confirmed, decision-makers can proceed with the follow-up supply-demand interaction. As for the planning system, analysis of how supplier and demander of information service interact with each other according to their objectives and resource constraints is carried out. This dissertation also divides the supply-demand interaction into four different situations according to the type of relationship and the dominance. Through the application of fuzzy bi-level multiple objective programming (fuzzy BLMOP) technique and the multi-stage problem solving flow chart, we can analyze how the supply and demand units interact with each other by exchanging information and the possible outcomes of interactions can be explained. Finally, this dissertation illustrates the applicability of the fuzzy BLMOP model with a simple example.

臺北都市公有空間由於缺乏供給與需求配置的妥善評估，產生許多設施與建築發生閒置與低度利用的情況，造成環境的負擔以及資源的不平均分配。同時，臺北市持續面臨高齡化社會現象，銀髮福利設施是政府未來發展項目重點之一，現行多數研究先少探究銀髮福利設施於區域之設置標準。本研究針對公有閒置設施活化利用為銀髮福利設施，透過國內外文獻回顧，歸納「安全性」、「規模性」、「參與性」為銀髮福利設施主要活化原則，並建立分析模型。接著援用各級政府閒置設施資料庫，並結合社經資料，應用GIS系統進行閒置設施供給與銀髮福利設施需求的配置分析。透過分析模型與多評準決策分析法，篩選與評估不同地區與空間適合發展銀髮福利設施配置，藉此研擬相關活化策略。 實證結果顯示臺北市市中心位置對於銀髮福利設施之需求為高，相對其缺乏資源，以萬華區、文山區、松山區為嚴重。各公有閒置設施受到內在外在條件之影響，各閒置設施發展強度不同，結果顯示鄰里型服務範圍較適合發展安養護機構、社區型服務範圍較適合發展日間照顧中心、地區型服務範圍較適合發展安養護與日間照顧混合型設施。最後依據各別公有閒置設施之配置結果，建議未來公有閒置設施活化為銀髮福利設施之策略，配合設施內在外在條件，如人口、政策、文化、區位等等，使閒置設施達到最大活化效益。 / In Taipei City, there are government owned urban facilities and buildings which become idle facilities and with low utilization due to the lack of proper evaluation of supply and demand. It causes uneven distribution of resources to environment. Meanwhile, Taipei city faces the issue of aging society. The Government has to develop pension facilities for future planning. There are few existing studies discussed about the configuration standard of pension facilities. Therefore, this study explores the planning principles of pension facilities included safety, scale of facilities, participation, and the activating operations of public idle spaces by using the social-economic and idle spaces data of the Government. Also, this study simulates supply and demand data with GIS system. We analyze and evaluate the allocations which suitable for developing pension facilities in different regions and spatial conditions through Allocation Simulation, multiple criteria decision. Thus, it can be a reference for activating idle spaces for Taipei city. The results of supply and demand simulation show that the demand for pension facilities is higher in the center of Taipei City that lack of resources, including Wanhua District, Wenshan District and Songshan District. Each government owned urban facilities may be affected by outer and inner conditions which cause different development intensity. The results show that neighbor-type facilities are suitable for developing retirement centers, community-type facilities are suitable for developing day care centers, region-type facilities are suitable for developing mix-used centers. Finally, according to all allocation results, it is recommended strategies should be added with outer and inner conditions which including population, policy, culture, location and allocation, in order to maximize the usage efficiency of idle facilities.

The traditional landings with large warships near the coastline have been replaced by means of vessels moving beyond the horizon from the coast where the landing will take place. The old landing crafts have been replaced by transport helicopters and close air support, a threat that the amphibious battalion lacks resources to meet. The Swedish Armed Forces faces a possible acquisition of MANPADS and therefore the main purpose with this study was to examine the systems: FIM-92 Stinger RMP, Mistral and RBS70 NG, in order to assess which one of them who had the greatest potential to be effective when used by the amphibious battalion in a coastal defense operation. The study was conducted as a multiple criteria decision analysis, based on the concept of military utility. The result indicated that the RBS70 NG was the system that best met the requirements and demonstrated the greatest potential to be military efficient, although Mistral with minor exceptions fulfilled the requirements. As the study was delimited to a theoretical study based on three specific scenarios, further studies are recommended with simulations, as well as field trials before the result can be given a higher validity. The result, however, already helps us to understand how MANPADS contributes with military utility in coastal defense operations. / De traditionella landstigningarna med stora fartyg uppträdandes kustnära har ersatts med metoder innebärandes att fartygen rör sig bortom horisonten från den kust där landsättningen/landstigningen ska ske. De gamla landstigningsbåtarna har i hög grad ersatts med helikoptrar som understödda av attackhelikoptrar och flygplan utgör den nya dimensionerande hotbilden. En hotbild som amfibiebataljonen saknar resurser för att möta. Då Försvarsmakten står inför en eventuell anskaffning av ett buret luftvärnssystem till amfibiebataljonen har denna undersöknings främsta syfte varit att bedöma vilket av systemen FIM-92 Stinger RMP, Mistral eller RBS70 NG som uppvisat störst potential att vara militärt effektivt när de nyttjas av en amfibiebataljon i kustförsvarsoperationer. Undersökningen genomfördes som en komparativ analys med multimålmetod och tre olika typfall som grund. Jämförelsen tog sin utgångspunkt kring teoribildningen om militär nytta och då mer specifikt militär effektivitet. Resultatet indikerade att RBS70 NG var det system som bäst mötte amfibiebataljonens krav och därmed uppvisade störst potential att vara militärt effektivt, även om Mistral med enstaka undantag också uppfyllde kraven till synes utan begränsningar. Då studien avgränsats till en teoretisk jämförelse i tre specifika typfall, rekommenderas fortsatta studier med såväl simuleringar som praktiska prov innan resultatet kan ges en högre validitet. Resultatet bidrar däremot redan nu till en förståelse för vad som ökar den militära effektivitetenvid genomförande av kustförsvarsoperationer.