Thesis (LL M )--Stellenbosch University, 1990. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: According to Rumpf£ CJ in the Nduli decision, Roman-Dutch law is the fons et origo of the statement that customary international law is part of South African law. His sources, Fran~ois and Huber, are open to criticism because they are not Roman-Dutch authorities on this specific question, but the decisions in Ncumata v Matwa (1881-2), Du Toit v Kruger (1905), and Rex v Lionda (1944) emphasise that the reception of customary international law in South African law has taken place through Roman law. Various court decisions emphasise that the term Roman-Dutch law should not be interpreted narrowly, as it includes the common law of the whole of Western Europe and not only of the province Holland. If this quotation is interpreted in an ius commune context, it is clear why Rumpf£ CJ did not cite specific sources to prove his point: he accepted it as a given fact- as the jurists did in the middle ages. Roman-Dutch law serves only as a frame of reference out of which international law has developed. The courts therefore apply international law as international law and not as, for example, common law. Two important implications follow: firstly it means that customary international law need not to be transformed before the courts can apply the relevant rule and secondly that new rules of customary international law automatically form part of the law of South Africa. From the eighty South African court decisions discussed, it is clear that the courts do take judicial notice of customary international law. This justifies the statement that the judiciary regards customary international law as part of the law of South Africa since 1879. The influence of English law on this section of South African law must, according to Rumpf£ CJ, also be taken into account. The reason is that English law is the common law of the South African constitutional law which influences the application of international law by the courts. This can extend the courts' frame of reference. Only a fifth of the cases discussed refer to Roman-Dutch writers, and then only in a comparative sense. The South African courts rely mainly on Anglo-American decisions and tendencies. The South African courts follow their English counterparts by accepting the same qualifications on the general rule that customary international law forms part of the law of the land. The willingness of the courts to apply customary international law has diminished over the years especially in cases where state security features. It seems that politically contentious questions play an inhibiting role on the readiness of the courts to apply customary international law where conflict, real or imaginary, between customary international law and municipal law appears. Acts of state constitute the most important obstacle in the application of customary international law, because they could lead to the court abandoning its independent judicial function in favour of the executive. Because the South African courts follow the English law in this area also, it is assumed that safety measures developed there would be adopted by the South African courts to prevent their jurisdiction from being limited too easily. It is recommended that more attention should be given to the existence and application of customary international law principles and that a conscious effort must be made by the judiciary to resolve conflict between customary international law and municipal law and to do it in such a manner that due account is taken of the fact that in South Africa customary international law is part of the law of the land. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Volgens Rumpff HR se uitspraak in die Ndu/i-beslissing, is Romeins-Hollandse reg die fons et origo van die stelling dat volkeregtelike gewoontereg dee! van Suid-Afrikaanse reg is. Sy bronne, Fran<;ois and Huber, is vatbaar vir kritiek omdat hulle nie Romeins-Hollandse gesag op hierdie spesifieke vraag is nie. Die beslissings in Ncumata v Matwa (1881-2), Du Toit v Kruger (1905), en Rex v Lionda (1944) beklemtoon egter dat die gelding van volkeregtelike gewoontereg in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg we/ deur die Romeinse reg plaasgevind het. Verskeie hofbeslissings beklemtoon verder dat die term Romeins-Hollandse reg nie eng gei"nterpreteer moet word nie, aangesien dit die gemenereg van die hele Wes-Europa omvat, en nie net die van die provinsie Holland nie. Indien hierdie aanhaling in 'n ius commune konteks gei"nterpreteer word, is dit duidelik waarom Rumpff HR nie spesifieke bronne aangehaal het om sy punt te bewys nie: hy het dit as 'n gegewe feit aanvaar - soos ook die juriste in die middeleeue. Romeins-Hollandse reg geld dus slegs as 'n verwysingsraamwerk waaruit die volkereg ontwikkel het. Die howe pas dus volkereg toe as volkereg en nie as, byvoorbeeld, gemenereg nie. Twee belangrike implikasies volg hieruit: eerstens beteken dit dat volkeregtelike gewoontereg nie getransformeer hoefte word voordat die howe die relevante reel toepas nie, en tweedens dat nuwe volkeregtelike gewoonteregreels outomaties dee! vorm van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Uit die tagtig Suid-Afrikaanse hofbeslissings wat bespreek is, is dit duidelik dat die howe wei geregtelik kennis neem van volkeregtelike gewoontereg. Dit regverdig dus die stelling dat die reg bank volkeregtelike gewoontereg reeds sedert 1879 as dee! van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg beskou. Die invloed van die Engelse reg op hierdie dee! van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort volgens Rumpff HR ook in ag geneem te word. Die rede hiervoor is dat die Engelse reg die gemenereg van die Suid-Afrikaanse staatsreg vorm. Dit bei"nvloed die toepassing van die volkereg deur die howe- gevolglik kan dit die howe se verwysingsraamwerk uitbrei. Slegs 'n vyfde van die beslissings verwys na Romeins-Hollandse skrywers, en dan slegs in 'n vergelykende sin. Die Suid-Afrikaanse howe steun hoofsaaklik op Anglo-Amerikaanse beslissings en tendense. Die Suid-Afrikaanse howe volg hulle Engelse ewekniee deur dieselfde beperkinge op die algemene reel dat volkeregtelike gewoontereg dee! vorm van die reg van die land, te aanvaar. Die bereidwilligheid van die howe om volkeregtelike gewoontereg toe te pas het deur die jare afgeneerri, vera) waar staatsveiligheid ter sprake is. Dit blyk dat polities-kontensieuse vrae 'n striemende faktor is by die toepassing van volkeregtelike gewoontereg deur die howe, vera) waar daar 'n botsing tussen volkeregtelike gewoontereg en munisipale reg voorkom. Staatshandelinge is die verna.amste struikelblok by die toepassing van vol-keregtelike gewoontereg, aangesien dit daartoe kan lei dat die howe afstand kan doen van hul onafhanklike regsfunksie ten gunste van die uitvoerende gesag. Omdat die Suid-Afrikaanse howe die Engelse reg ook in hierdie gebied navolg, kan dit aanvaar word dat die veiligheidsma.atreels wat reeds daar ontstaan bet, deur die Suid-Afrikaanse howe gevolg sal word om te verhoed dat hul jurisdiksie ligtelik beperk sou kon word. Dit word dus aanbeveel dat aanda.g gegee word aan die bestaan en toepassing van volkeregtelike gewoonteregbeginsels en dat 'n daadwerklike poging deur die regbank gemaak moet word om botsings tussen volkeregtelike gewoontereg en munisipale reg te vermy, en om dit op so 'n wyse te doen dat in ag gehou word dat volkeregtelike gewoontereg in Suid-Afrika deel is van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg.

Frågeställning: Hur tillämpas god ekonomisk hushållning i kommuners styrning utifrån kommunallagen? – Finns det skillnader mellan Eskilstuna kommun, Nyköpings kommun och Strängnäs kommun? Vad blir konsekvensen om god ekonomisk hushållning inte uppfylls? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kommuner förhåller sig till god ekonomisk hushållning i deras styrning, om det är någon skillnad mellan Eskilstuna kommun, Nyköpings kommun och Strängnäs kommun i förhållande till kommunallagen. Metod: Deduktiv ansats har använts i studiens framställande. Informationen har samlats in, den har analyserats och av den teoretiska referensramen och empirin har en slutsats dragits. Respondenter valdes ut genom ett strategiskt urval och dessa kontaktades via mejl. Slutsats:  Eskilstuna kommun, Nyköpings kommun och Strängnäs kommun är styrda av de uppsatta mål som kommunfullmäktige sätter. Dessa mål är direkt kopplade till kommunallagen. Genom att arbeta med mål och riktlinjer, och att ha en ekonomi i balans tillämpas god ekonomisk hushållning utifrån kommunallagen. En skillnad som kan ses mellan kommunerna är att de har olika mål vilket i sin tur leder till att en god ekonomisk hushållning uppnås på olika grunder. Gemensamt är strävan efter att uppnå alla de mål som är uppsatta av kommunfullmäktige för att följa god ekonomisk hushållning. Den stora skillnaden som finns mellan kommunerna är att Nyköpings kommun har haft svårigheter under år 2011 och år 2012 med att uppnå en god ekonomisk hushållning i deras verksamhet. Vad konsekvenserna blir av inte uppnådd god ekonomisk hushållning är lite svårare att svara på då det inte finns några riktlinjer om vad som händer. Det som framkom under studien är att det är politikerna som hålls som ansvariga för inte uppnådd god ekonomisk hushållning men att inga repressalier utdelas. / Research questions:  How to apply good financial management in municipalities control based on the Local Government Act? - Are there differences between Eskilstunas Municipality, Nyköpings municipality and Strängnäs municipality? What are the consequences if good financial management is not fulfilled? Purpose:  The purpose of this study is to examine how municipalities are related to good financial management in their management, if there are any differences between Eskilstunas Municipality, Nyköpings municipality and Strängnäs municipality in relation to the Local Government Act. Method: Deductive approach has been used in this study. The information has been collected, it has been analyzed and from the theoretical framework and empirical a conclusion has been drawn. Respondents were selected through a strategic selection and these were contacted by email. Conclusion: Eskilstuna municipality, the municipality of Nyköpings and Strängnäs are guided by the goals that the City Council sets. These objectives are directly linked to the Local Government Act. By working with the objectives and guidelines and to have a balanced economy good financial management is applied by the Local Government Act. One difference can be seen between the municipalities is that they have different goals, which in turns leads to good financial management is achieved on different grounds. The common denominator is striving to achieve all the goals set by the City Council to follow good financial management. The major difference found between municipalities is to Nyköpings Municipality has had difficulties in the year 2011 and 2012 to achieve good financial management in their economics. What consequences are not reached by good financial management is a bit more difficult to answer as there are none guidelines about what will happen. What emerged during the study is that it is the politicians who are held responsible for not achieved a good economic management, but no reprisals inflicted.

Univ., Diss.--Paris II, 1999. / Bibliogr. S. [437] - 471.

Diss. Univ. of Cambridge. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Kiel, 2001.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-16T18:59:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida Neto.pdf: 533312 bytes, checksum: 0677f22a7c36a080683755702cc8999f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:33:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida Neto.pdf: 533312 bytes, checksum: 0677f22a7c36a080683755702cc8999f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida Neto.pdf: 533312 bytes, checksum: 0677f22a7c36a080683755702cc8999f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O escopo do presente artigo é discutir a partir dos movimentos constitucionalistas os fundamentos da Jurisdição e da Supremacia das Normas Constitucionais especialmente o controle de constitucionalidade das leis municipais á luz da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal tema apaixonante devido ás peculiaridades que envolvem a fiscalização abstrata bem como a evolução jurisprudencial no controle difuso. Com efeito a autonomia municipal brasileira foi conquistada ao longo da historia até a Constituição de 1988 que deu forma republicana ao governo e estrutura federativa ao Estado. Inscreveu ainda a autonomia municipal como prerrogativa intangível capaz de autorizar em caso de violação a intervenção federal. A Carta de 1988 reparte as competências entre os seus entes federativos (União Estados Municípios e o Distrito Federal) reconhecendo a autonomia política legislativa e organizacional dos municípios. Assim caminhando pelos meandros das correntes doutrinárias nacionais e estrangeiras mais abalizadas sobre o tema e à luz da evolução jurisprudencial do Supremo Tribunal Federal verifica-se que o controle de constitucionalidade das leis municipais permanece em constante transformação na jurisprudência da nossa Suprema Corte. São tantas as evoluções desde a promulgação da Constituição Republicana de 1988 examinadas ao logo do presente trabalho que é possível falar-se em um novo controle de constitucionalidade das leis municipais tanto na via concentrada por meio da ADPF quanto na atribuição de efeito vinculante e eficácia erga omnes nas decisões em controle difuso. / Salvador

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-05-14T12:52:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Cretella Lisboa.pdf: 1293965 bytes, checksum: 119c8eb99b0966794fd304394366057c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T12:52:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Cretella Lisboa.pdf: 1293965 bytes, checksum: 119c8eb99b0966794fd304394366057c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / The purpose of this study is to develop one of the duties of the Municipal Attorney’s Office, which is to: file an administrative impropriety action against the acting Mayor when he commits any impotent act in the course of his term. The initial approach to the analysis of the proposed object requires the definition of Administrative Improbity under the legal prism in order to deal with the subject from the perspective of legal techniques. In order to advance in this matter, it will be necessary to clarify the legal nature of the improbity, in order to point out its conduct and its respective sanctions. The importance of the study about the proposed object is presented in seeking the legal interest of the Municipal entity, the Office of the Attorney, general as well as the municipal Attorneys. In order to explain that, it will be used a method of legal identification of the attributions of each of these three interested parties. The attributions will not be addressed solely from the static point of view, but rather will identify the relationship between the three interested parties, in order to scrutinize the independence of the Public Prosecutor's Office and of its Prosecutors in relation to the Chief executive. It will also identify the interests of the individual elected to the position of Municipal Mayor in relation to its respective municipality, also under the legal aspect. Once exposed the interests of the legal actors mentioned above, the figure of the Mayor will be analyzed in the commission of acts of administrative improbity and their correct and specific accountability. Following will be brought the provisions of the legal system that guide the legitimacy of the Municipal Attorney to join with the action of administrative improbity. Finally, the independence and competence of the Municipal Attorney’s Office will be clarified in order to enter into the aforementioned action in the face of the acting Mayor, in favor of the real and true public interest / O estudo que aqui se propõe desenvolver tem como objeto uma das atribuições da procuradoria municipal: ingressar com ação de improbidade administrativa em face do prefeito em exercício, quando ele cometer qualquer ato ímprobo no curso de seu mandato. A abordagem inicial da análise do objeto proposto exige a definição da improbidade administrativa sob o prisma jurídico, para tratar do tema sob a perspectiva das técnicas jurídicas. De modo a avançar neste mister, faz-se necessário esclarecer a natureza jurídica da improbidade, para então apontar suas condutas e respectivas sanções. A importância do estudo acerca do objeto proposto apresenta-se na busca do interesse jurídico do ente municipal, do órgão de procuradoria e dos procuradores municipais. Para tanto, utiliza-se o método da identificação jurídica das atribuições de cada um destes três interessados, que não são abordadas apenas sob o ponto de vista estático, mas relacionadas entre si e comparadas, visando a esmiuçar a independência das procuradorias municipais e de seus procuradores em relação ao chefe do Executivo. São ainda identificados os interesses da pessoa física eleita ao cargo de prefeito municipal em relação a seu respectivo município, também sob o aspecto jurídico. Uma vez expostos os interesses dos atores jurídicos acima mencionados, faz-se a análise da figura do prefeito municipal no cometimento de atos de improbidade administrativa e sua correta e específica responsabilização. Na sequência, são trazidas as disposições do ordenamento jurídico que pautam a legitimidade da procuradoria municipal para ingresssar com a ação de improbidade administrativa. Por fim, são esclarecidas a independência e a competência da procuradoria municipal para ingressar com a aludida ação em face do prefeito em exercício, em prol do real e verdadeiro interesse público

This work considers the legal impediments to farming in an urban environment with a particular focus on the municipal bylaws that prohibit the keeping of hens in Saskatoon. The jurisdictional competency of Saskatoon to prohibit the keeping of urban hens is challenged under both municipal law and constitutional law, and more broadly, under the general premise that liberty interests should often prevail where a bylaw is arbitrary, misinformed, and restricts the pursuit of truth and human flourishing. Saskatoon’s urban hen prohibition is argued to be premised more on a form of moral reasoning that unnecessarily distinguishes between rural and urban environments, and less, if at all, on empirical evidence. Urban agriculture is often undertaken to address the environmental and social shortfalls of the global food system, such as the system’s connection with climate change, animal welfare issues, and challenges associated with the distribution of food. Moreover, urban agriculture is a means of protecting the rights of producers and consumers, as articulated by the food sovereignty movement. In this work, a claimant’s desire to advance food rights (including food sovereignty) through the keeping of urban hens is argued to engage the guarantee to freedom of expression and freedom of conscience under Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This work explores the possibility of protecting the manifestation of social and environmental action through the guarantee to freedom of conscience. This work develops a cursory test for determining where a claimant’s guarantee to freedom of conscience is violated, drawing on the well established protection of freedom of expression and freedom of religion.

Zugl.: Tübingen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Die einfach gelagerte Klausur ist im Kommunalrecht verortet, dessen Grundzüge Gegenstand der ersten Prüfung sind. Aufgabenstellung und Lösung orientieren sich an zwei jüngeren Entscheidungen des OVG Münster aus dem Mai 2014, in denen es um die Zulässigkeit von Bürgerbegehren in Bornheim bzw. Schwelm ging1, wobei es für eine gelungene Klausur darauf ankommt, die wesentlichen Probleme zu erkennen und entsprechend zu diskutieren. Zusätzlich sind Problemlagen des allgemeinen Verwaltungsrechts und des Verwaltungsprozessrechts berücksichtigt.