Over the past decade, the study of male body image has increased considerably and substantial levels of body discontent among males have been reported. Accompanying this dissatisfaction is a rise in the documentation of the Drive for Muscularity (DFM), or the desire for increased lean muscle mass, in men. The current study had three objectives. The first was to identify theoretical variables associated with the DFM. The second was to examine body image evaluation and investment in relation to the DFM. The third was to explore the DFM and psychological well-being. Two-hundred fourteen men completed the study and multiple regressions were carried out to examine the various relations. Awareness and internalization of the male body ideal and universalistic social comparison accounted for 35% of the variance in the DFM. Body image investment, but not evaluation, accounted for 26% of the variance in the DFM. Regarding psychological well-being, the DFM accounted for an additional 23% of the variance in muscle pathology after controlling for levels of depression and self-esteem. Other notable findings included mens self-reported intentions to use potentially unhealthy body change strategies to increase size and musculature in the future, and statistically significant associations between the DFM and self-esteem, social physique anxiety, and general worry. These results contribute to the growing literature on male body image and the implications for clinical practice with men presenting with body dissatisfaction are discussed.

The increasingly popular Adult Swim series, The Venture Bros. (2003-present), created by Doc Hammer and Jackson Publick, is an animated series that interrogates established paradigms of masculinity. Combining narrative elements that are easily attributed to American action films with those of adventure cartoons, the creators of The Venture Bros. create a world where comic book and fantasy adventures coexist. The scope of this thesis narrows and focuses on the ways in which representations of masculinity are constructed and function within the series. What are the various types of masculinity represented in the series? Are the representations of masculinity reproductions of hegemonic masculinity? How is an awareness of dominant representations of masculinity and maleness expressed in The Venture Bros.? This thesis explores how previous scholarship on discourses of dominant representations of male masculinity sheds light on ways to analyze the various masculinities in The Venture Bros. / text

Object of work. 1. To review and compare the productivity qualities of the pig breeds bred in Vilnius zone (Lithuanian white, Yorkshyre, Landrace, and Pjetren); 2. To determine the impact of the age, sex, and breed on the pig muscularity. Conclusions. 1. The highest muscularity within the weight limit 95-100 kg makes 53.1 percent, and at the weight of 110-115 kg the muscularity amounts to only 47.5 per cent. While the weight of piglets is increasing, the amount of muscles decreases but the amount of fat increases. It was established that at every 5 kg the fat thickness increases by 1 mm. 2. The weight had the highest influence on the piglets of the Landrace and Pjetren breeds. Based on the research, it can be stated that while the weight increases from 90 kg to 110 kg, the fat layer of the Landrace piglets decreases from 16.1 mm to 14.4 mm, and the fat layer of the Pjetren piglets, on the contrary, increases from 11.1 mm to 14 mm. 3. The highest muscularity is achieved when the age of the Pjetren and Landrace piglets is within 175-190 days, making respectively 59.9 percent and 56.2 percent. The lowest muscularity in Pjetren piglets standing at 58.5 percent is found at the age of 205-220 days. Among Landrace, the lowest muscularity of 52.4 percent is fixed at the age of 220-235 days. 4. The muscularity of the Yorkshire piglets is the highest at the weight level of 85-90 kg by making respectively 55.6 percent and 54.9 percent. While the weight is increasing, as provided by the... [to full text]

The consumers of nowadays market can find various products of pork, but in accordance with a higher step of living standards and a lower one of the physical work concerning to human habitual changes, the EU and world market go to the demand for muscle pork. Due to the new price regulation of May 2002, every specialized enterprise has to run the accountance for meat accordingly to new valuation of prices, where the main criteria are as follows: carcass mass, muscularity (quantity of red meat) and thickness of bacon. The muscle-meat with thin slices of bacon is becoming even the higher rating. Therefore the meat corporations have to breed the more muscled fattened-pigs. The mass-production of pork have to run this obligation through a large complex of measures: best of fattening food, optimal micro-climat condition in piggery, consequent use of breeding methods as well as a systematic promoted selection. The aim of work is both to compare some carcass of quality measures of fattened-pigs in agricultural companies and corporate complexes (in connection with carcass weight/kg, bacon thickness/mm, muscularity/% (FOM), muscularity class) and to compare the average measures of carcass of fattened pigs in Lithuania with the average measures of carcass of fattened-pigs in Poland. Research results. The research was completed in 7 agricultural companies “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, “E”, “F”, “G”, as well as in the corporate complexes: “H”, “I”, “J”, “K”, “L”, “M”, “N”. There were gathered... [to full text]

The display of the male body has recently become a common phenomenon in Western culture. The objectification of men is a new theoretical concept that originates from the more familiar concept of the perceived objectification, observation and evaluation of the female body (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). McKinley (as cited in Soban, 2006) terms this concept Objectified Body Consciousness (OBC). Past studies confirm that the concept of OBC may also be successfully applied to males (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Tiggemann & Kuring, 2004), especially in relation to current cultural expectations for the male body (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Soban, 2006). At an extreme level internalisation of the mesomorphic body shape as body ideal may lead to a Drive for Muscularity (DM; Grieve, 2007). Grieve and Helmick (2008) indicate that males who score high on objectification measures show higher incidences of DM. According to the socio–environmental theories of Grieve (2007) and McCabe and Ricciardelli (2004) males experience significant social pressures to achieve the muscular ideal. There is a scarcity of literature concerning body–image concerns and the muscular ideal within the South African male undergraduate population. This research was therefore exploratory in nature and aimed to determine whether undergraduate men with high levels of OBC differ significantly in DM from undergraduate men with low levels of OBC. In addition, the study investigated the existence of a correlation between OBC and DM and whether undergraduate men differ in DM in accordance with exposure to certain socio–environmental factors. The quantitative study employed a survey design (Mouton, 2001) and used the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS; McKinley & Hyde, 1996) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000). A convenience sample of 278 undergraduate males (mean age = 19 years) was selected based on availability and readiness to partake in the study (Field, 2005). Participants were all males aged between 18 and 20 and residing on the North–West University Potchefstroom Campus. Results indicate that undergraduate men with either elevated or low levels of OBC do not differ in terms of their DM. No correlation exists between OBC and DM. A group of undergraduate men who read fitness and health–related magazines, participate in sport, exercise regularly and have used steroids and supplements in the past year was identified. This group presented with high incidences of Muscle Development Behaviour suggesting that they may be at risk of internalising an attitude of increasing muscularity that may result in DM. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The display of the male body has recently become a common phenomenon in Western culture. The objectification of men is a new theoretical concept that originates from the more familiar concept of the perceived objectification, observation and evaluation of the female body (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). McKinley (as cited in Soban, 2006) terms this concept Objectified Body Consciousness (OBC). Past studies confirm that the concept of OBC may also be successfully applied to males (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Tiggemann & Kuring, 2004), especially in relation to current cultural expectations for the male body (Grieve & Helmick, 2008; Soban, 2006). At an extreme level internalisation of the mesomorphic body shape as body ideal may lead to a Drive for Muscularity (DM; Grieve, 2007). Grieve and Helmick (2008) indicate that males who score high on objectification measures show higher incidences of DM. According to the socio–environmental theories of Grieve (2007) and McCabe and Ricciardelli (2004) males experience significant social pressures to achieve the muscular ideal. There is a scarcity of literature concerning body–image concerns and the muscular ideal within the South African male undergraduate population. This research was therefore exploratory in nature and aimed to determine whether undergraduate men with high levels of OBC differ significantly in DM from undergraduate men with low levels of OBC. In addition, the study investigated the existence of a correlation between OBC and DM and whether undergraduate men differ in DM in accordance with exposure to certain socio–environmental factors. The quantitative study employed a survey design (Mouton, 2001) and used the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS; McKinley & Hyde, 1996) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000). A convenience sample of 278 undergraduate males (mean age = 19 years) was selected based on availability and readiness to partake in the study (Field, 2005). Participants were all males aged between 18 and 20 and residing on the North–West University Potchefstroom Campus. Results indicate that undergraduate men with either elevated or low levels of OBC do not differ in terms of their DM. No correlation exists between OBC and DM. A group of undergraduate men who read fitness and health–related magazines, participate in sport, exercise regularly and have used steroids and supplements in the past year was identified. This group presented with high incidences of Muscle Development Behaviour suggesting that they may be at risk of internalising an attitude of increasing muscularity that may result in DM. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito de classe sexual (castrado e nÃo castrado) e nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar (0%, 30% e 60%) sobre as caracterÃsticas quantitativas dos componentes carcaÃa e nÃo carcaÃa de cordeiros Santa InÃs. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros, 15 castrados e 15 nÃo castrados, com aproximadamente dois meses de idade e peso corporal inicial mÃdio de 13 Â 1,49 kg. Os cordeiros foram distribuÃdos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x2 (nÃvel de restriÃÃo x classe sexual), de acordo com a quantidade de alimento fornecida (0%, 30% e 60% de restriÃÃo). A duraÃÃo do experimento foi determinada pelo tempo necessÃrio para que a mÃdia de peso corporal dos animais de um dos tratamentos atingisse 28 kg, ocasiÃo em que todos os 30 animais foram abatidos. Houve influÃncia da classe sexual sobre as caracterÃsticas quantitativas peso corporal ao abate, peso do corpo vazio, peso de carcaÃa quente e peso de carcaÃa fria, sendo os animais nÃo castrados os que apresentaram maiores valores. O peso da perna mostrou-se maior para animais nÃo castrados (1,727) que para os castrados (1,637). Houve interaÃÃo entre classe sexual e nÃveis de restriÃÃo para profundidade do tÃrax e comprimento da perna. Houve efeito linear decrescente de acordo com o aumento dos nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar para as caracterÃsticas e cortes de carcaÃa, exceto para rendimento de perna e lombo posterior. NÃo foi observada interaÃÃo entre nÃveis de restriÃÃo e classe sexual para peso dos componentes nÃo carcaÃa. Houve diferenÃa entre classes sexuais para os pesos dos rins, patas, sangue e intestino grosso de animais nÃo castrados, os quais obtiveram mÃdias superiores aos animais castrados. Para sangue, cabeÃa, pele, pata, rÃmen-retÃculo, abomaso, intestino delgado, intestino grosso e gorduras perirrenal, omental, mesentÃrica e do coraÃÃo houve efeito linear decrescente para os nÃveis de restriÃÃo. As caracterÃsticas quantitativas dos componentes carcaÃa e nÃo carcaÃa de cordeiros Santa InÃs sÃo influenciadas pelas classes sexuais e nÃveis restriÃÃo alimentar. / The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of sex class(castrated and non- castrated) and levels of feed restriction (0%, 30% e 60%) on the quantitative characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of Santa Ines lambs. We used thirty Santa Ines lambs, castrated (n=15) and nonâcastrated (n=15) with approximately two months of age and average initial body weight of 13 Â 1.49 kg. The lambs were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3x2 factorial arrangement (restriction level x sex class), according to the amount of food provided (0%, 30% and 60% restriction). Experiment period was determined based in the time required for the animals of one of the groups achieved 28 kg of average body weight, when all 30 animals were slaughtered. We found the influence of sex class on quantitative traits body weight at slaughter, empty body weight, hot and cold carcass weight non castrated animals showed higher averages than the castrated animals. The weight of the leg of the non- castred animal (1,727) was biggest than the castrated animals (1,637). Was observed interaction between sex class and dietary restriction for the all of characteristics of carcass, except to leg yield and back rib. Interaction between restriction levels and genders was not observed for non-carcass components. There were differences between genders for the weights of the kidneys, paws, blood and large intestine of non-castrated animals, which had higher averages than castrated animals. A linear decreasing effect to the restriction levels were observed for blood, head, skin, paw, rumen-reticulum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine and perirenal fat, omental fat, mesenteric and heart fats. Quantitative characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of growing Santa Ines lambs are influenced by sex class and dietary restriction levels.

Body depilation is a relatively new area of research inquiry. Although women in many industrialized cultures have engaged in body depilation for some time, this behavior has been documented only recently in men. While originally thought to be the practice of just a small percentage of men, recent studies suggest that more men engage in body depilation than had been previously hypothesized (Boroughs & Thompson, 2002; Boroughs, Cafri, & Thompson, 2005; Martins, Tiggemann, & Churchett, 2008; Tiggemann, Martins, & Churchett, 2008). Nevertheless, this area of research is understudied and the relationship between body depilation and men's overall body image is poorly understood. Since much of the documented evidence of men's body depilation is either descriptive anecdotes via media accounts (see Gomes, 2001; Smith, 2000; Stuever, 2000; Stein, 1999; Schuler, 2000) or scientific investigations of the behavior that were undertaken to provide descriptive data about body depilation by men (see Boroughs & Thompson, 2002; Boroughs, et al., 2005; Martins, et al., 2008; Porche, 2007; Tiggemann, et al., 2008), now the time has come to further the understanding of this behavior in men. The purpose of these studies was to increase both the breadth and depth of our understanding of body depilation in men and its correlates with general body image concerns. A central aim of the first study was to test Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) as a workable theoretical paradigm to explain the genesis and maintenance of body depilation. The second study investigated women's attitudes towards men's body hair and men's body depilation. Research questions that have provided the foundation for the design of this study include: a) is there a relationship between men's drive for muscularity, frequency of weekly exercise, and influence by others (via social comparison) that is related to their body depilation behaviors, b) do sexual minority men differ from heterosexual men with regard to depilation behaviors, c) what are women's attitudes toward men's body hair and body depilation by men, and d) how might the attitudes of sexual minority women differ from heterosexual women on the topic of men's body hair and body depilation by men?

The purpose of this paper is to get a better understanding of how the malerole is changing over time. Masculinity and what defines a male hero seemsto be changing depending on the time we are living in. Society and normsare forming ideals for how a man should act and look. I have chosen to doan analysis on Batman because he is a hero who has a long history in ourpopular culture. I have analysed 5 different movies with 5 different actorswho have portrayed him from 1966 to 2005. The paper's method is filmanalysis and I have analysed how the actors who are portraying Batmanhave changed over time in the different Batman movies, focusing on howhis body, male role and masculinity have changed in the different Batmanincarnations. This implies paying attention to changes in muscularity, typeof masculinity and the relationship between the hero's mind and body. I amalso viewing Batman as if he is two different persons, one as Bruce Wayneand one as Batman. The result shows that the focus on the body's physicalattributes has increased gradually over time. The physical changes began inBatman's costume and slowly over time the focus has switched to his realbody.

Body objectification theories propose that humans have an innate desire to compare themselves with others. When self-objectification is influenced by media exposure to idealized body images, results may be unrealistic self-perceptions and increased risk of depression, eating pathology, and overexercising. Although considerable work has been done to study these processes among women, much less is known about effects of media exposure on adult men. In response to this gap, this quantitative research study examined effects of exposure to an idealized man's body image on men observers' body dissatisfaction and related behaviors. A convenience sample of 119 freshman and sophomore community college men ranging in ages 18 to 29 was assigned to 1 of 2 conditions where they were exposed to images of male models with idealized bodies or to a neutral landscape image (independent variable). They completed questions to assess their body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, disordered eating, and depression. BMI and workout frequency also were assessed as covariates. It was predicted that body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, disordered eating, and depression scores would be higher for the group exposed to the idealized body images, as compared with neutral images. The research hypotheses were tested using ANCOVA analyses. No statistically significant between-group differences were found for any of the dependent variables. Design limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed. This study has social significance as it helps to keep the focus of researchers and mental health providers on media exposure as a risk factor among males for negative body image and related behaviors.