Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Köln.

No description available.

No description available.

Ribonuclease H1 is a conserved enzyme that is localized in the nuclear and mitochondrial compartments of eukaryotic cells, and functions in DNA replication, repair, recombination and transcription. (Arunachandran et al., 2000; Cerritelli et al., 2003) Oligonucleotide binding to a complementary RNA sequence can provide a substrate for RNase H1, and provides the mechanistic basis for antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-directed gene silencing in cells (Opalinska et al., 2002). Effective evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of next-generation AONs with novel structures requires an in vitro system involving, purified, highly active RNase H1 of human cells, and a full understanding of the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. The goal of project 1 described in chapter 3, was to determine the involvement of a conserved Histidine (H264) in the catalytic mechanism of human RNase H1. Based on this analysis I was able to conclude that H264 has a dual role in phosphodiester hydrolysis and in product release. The goal of project 2 (Chapter 4) was to examine the reactivities towards human RNase H1 of model hybrid substrates containing specific types of 2'-FANA substitutions (abbreviated as `F', with 2'-deoxyribose abbreviated as `D'), either at the "wings" of the molecule ("7-gapmer"; each wing=7 nt: FFFFFFF-DDDDDDD-FFFFFFF), or with 3 nt alternations ("3-altimer": FFF-DDD-FFF-DDD-FFF-DDD-FFF). The results of this study strongly support the continued examination of the potential therapeutic utility of the 2'-FANA modification in AONs. The highly efficient and selective inhibition of protein expression is a primary basis of action of most antisense therapeutic strategies. These data suggest that the 2'-FANA modification supports sustained silencing after a single administration, either by mRNA cleavage or by a translational block, and at substantially lower concentrations compared to the unmodified AON. The results of this project underscore the proposal that 2'-FANA-modified AONs will be important additions to the repertoire of rational antisense strategies for the effective treatment of disease. / Chemistry

Les flavonoïdes (anthocyanes, flavonols et proanthocyanidines) sont des éléments clés de la qualité organoleptique des baies de raisin. Chez les végétaux, l’expression des gènes de la voie de biosynthèse de ces composés est contrôlée par des complexes protéiques organisés autour des facteurs de transcription de type MYB. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une première approche s’est intéressée aux mécanismes de régulation de l’expression du gène VvMyb5a et de l’activité biologique de la protéine codée par ce gène. L’analyse du promoteur VvMyb5a a montré que son activité au cours du développement de la baie serait plutôt placée sous contrôle hormonal. Des expériences de double hybride ont révélé que la protéine VvMyb5a pouvait interagir avec une protéine kinase de type GAMYB et une protéine WD40. Une deuxième approche, basée sur l’analyse globale du transcriptome de mutants naturels de vigne affectés dans la biosynthèse des anthocyanes, a permis d’identifier deux nouveaux gènes MYB nommés VvMybPA1 et VvMyb24. L’expression différentielle de ces gènes dans des baies de cépages rouges et blancs a été confirmée et leurs caractérisations fonctionnelles ont été engagées chez Arabidopsis thaliana. / Flavonoids, like anthocyanins, flavonols and condensed tannins, are key elements of he organoleptic quality of grape berries. In plants, expression of genes encoding enzymes of he flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is controlled by small protein complexes organised around MYB transcription factors. In the present work, we first focused on the regulatory mechanisms of VvMyb5a expression and on the biological activity of the corresponding protein. Promoter analysis indicated that VvMyb5a expression is probably mainly controlled by hormones. A yeast two-hybrid screen revealed that VvMyb5a can interact with a GAMYB ype protein kinase and a WD40 protein. In a second time, global transcriptome analysis of grapevine natural mutants deficient in anthocyanin biosynthesis led to the identification of wo new MYB genes, named VvMybPA1 and VvMyb24. Differential expression of these two genes in red and white berry skins was confirmed by RT-PCR and their functional characterizations have been initiated in Arabidopsis thaliana.

le antocianine sono una classe di metaboliti secondari nelle piante, appartenenti ai flavonoidi, categoria di molecole antiossidanti utili per la salute di piante, animali e umana. Sono ampiamente studiati nelle Leguminosae poiché implicati in numerose funzioni fisiologiche. In questa tesi, due wild-types e cinque mutanti di Medicago truncatula, coinvolti nel metabolismo dei flavonoidi, sono stati caratterizzati a livello fenotipico, fisiologico e molecolare. La principale differenza tra i wild-type e i mutanti è la riduzione del contenuto di antocianine nelle foglie. In seguito all'esposizione alle radiazioni UV-B, è stata analizzata la loro risposta, evidenziando un diverso comportamento. Inoltre, il metabolismo delle antocianine è stato studiato anche a livello di regolazione genica e un nuovo gene myb è stato isolato e caratterizzato, risultando più espresso nei tessuti che accumulano antocianine. / Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites in plants. They belong to a class of flavonoids synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway and they are antioxidant molecules important for plant, animal and human health. Flavonoids are widely studied in legume because they are implicated in several biological and physiological functions. In this thesis seven genotypes (two wild-types and five indipendent mutants) of Medicago truncatula (the model legume plant) affected in flavonoid metabolism have been characterized at phenotypic, physiological and molecular level. The main difference between wild-types and mutants, is the reduction in anthocyanin content in leaves. The anthocyanin accumulation during the leaf life, the flowering time and the fruit formation have been registered and compared. The two wild-types contain 6 μg cyanidin.mg-1 of fresh weight, while in the mutants the anthocyanin amount ranged from 0.12 μg cyanidin mg-1 to 2 μg cyanidin mg-1 of fresh weight. After HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, the main anthocyanin present in the two wild-types is the cyanidin-3-O feruloyl. The Expression profile of genes codifying enzymes and transcriptional factor involved in flavonoid biosynthesis has been investigated. RT-PCR and qPCR results show different possible pathways of reduction of anthocyanins in the five mutants. These mutants, have been exposed to UV-B radiations and their response has been investigated measuring the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, qP and NPQ) in untreated plants, during treatment (after 4hrs and 14hrs of treatment) and in the recovering phase. All genotypes, regardless of the anthocyanins amount, showed a decrease of the photosyntetic efficiency after 14hrs of treatment. This indicates a marginal role of these pigments in the oxidative damages protection. Mutants do not response in the same manner to the UV—B exposure and the anthocyanin amount does not increase equally in all genotypes. The anthocyanin metabolism is studied also at the gene regulation level. A novel Myb gene (MtMYBA) involved in anthocyanin pathway has been isolated and characterized. This gene is more expressed in tissues which accumulate anthocyanins in M. truncatula plants. The functional analysis has been investigated overexpressing this Myb gene under the control of 35S promoter. This construct has been used to transform Arabisopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula plants. In addition, the MtMYBA promoter has been cloned in a plasmids containing GUS and GFP reporter genes.

Le contrôle combinatoire de l’ expression des gènes est une caractéristique importante du profil spatio-temporel de l'accumulation des flavonoïdes chez les plantes. Des résultats précédents avaient démontré chez Arabidopsis thaliana, que la régulation de l’accumulation des anthocyanes et des proanthocyanidines repose sur l'activité de facteurs de régulation de la transcription de type R2R3-MYB et bHLH qui forment des complexes ternaires ("MBW") avec la protéine TTG1 (WDR). L'objectif de la thèse était de caractériser les complexes MBW impliqués et leurs cibles, pour avoir une compréhension globale des mécanismes transcriptionnels qui contrôlent la biosynthèse des flavonoïdes.En utilisant différentes approches génétiques et moléculaires, nous avons montré que seuls les gènes « tardifs » (c’est à dire DFR, LDOX, BAN, TT19, TT12 et AHA10) sont des cibles directes des complexes MBW. Bien que le complexe de régulation impliquant les protéines TT2-TT8-TTG1 ait un rôle majeur dans la régulation de ces gènes structuraux dans la graine d’Arabidopsis, trois autres complexes contenant MYB5, GL3 ou EGL3 sont également impliqués de façon tissu-spécifique. Comme l’expression du gène TT8 joue un rôle clef dans ces régulations, une dissection fonctionnelle de son promoteur a été entreprise. Elle a montré la nature modulaire de ce promoteur avec deux domaines impliqués dans l’expression tissu-spécifique et un troisième dans la force du promoteur. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent également l’existence d’autres régulateurs qui restent à caractériser. Enfin, nous avons développé une nouvelle technique de caractérisation des interactions entre les facteurs de transcription et les promoteurs, basée sur l’expression transitoire dans des protoplastes de mousse (i.e. Physcomitrella patens). Nous avons ainsi pu identifier les éléments cis des promoteurs impliqués dans la régulation de l’expression de TT8 et de chacun des promoteurs cibles des complexes MBW.L’ensemble de ces travaux permet de fournir un modèle plus complet du réseau de régulations transcriptionnelles qui contrôle la biosynthèse des proanthocyanidines et des anthocyanes, ainsi que des outils et de nouvelles pistes pour poursuivre ces études chez Arabidopsis et d’autres plantes. / The combinatorial control of gene expression is a key feature of the spatio-temporal pattern of flavonoid accumulation in plants. Previous results have shown that the regulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs or tannins) pigmentation relies on the transcriptional activity of R2R3-MYB and bHLH proteins that form “MBW” ternary complexes with TTG1 (WD-Repeats), in Arabidopsis thaliana. The purpose of the thesis was to figure out the nature and spatio-temporal activity of these MBW complexes and to identify their direct targets, which were essential steps toward a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms that control flavonoid biosynthesis. Using different molecular and genetic approaches this thesis has demonstrated that only late biosynthetic genes (namely DFR, LDOX, BAN, TT19, TT12 and AHA10) are direct targets of the MBW complexes. Interestingly, although the TT2-TT8-TTG1 complex was shown to play the major role in regulating the expression of these structural genes in developing seeds, three additional MBW complexes that contain MYB5, GL3 or EGL3 are also involved, in a tissue-specific manner. Because the expression of TT8 is largely involved in these regulations, a functional dissection of its promoter was carried out. Two modules drive the tissue-specific activity of the TT8 promoter in PA- and anthocyanin-accumulating cells, and a third module is responsible for the strength of the promoter. Interestingly, this regulation involves at least six different MBW complexes. Our results also suggest that some putative new regulators remain to be discovered. Last, use of a newly developed fast and sensitive transient expression system that relies on protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens has allowed the identification of both, specific cis-regulatory elements through which TT8 expression is regulated and the minimal promoter for each of the genes that are targeted by the MBW complexes.Altogether, by answering fundamental questions and by demonstrating or invalidating previously made hypotheses, we have provided a new and comprehensive view of the regulatory mechanisms controlling PA and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, as well as new clues and tools for further investigation of this pathway in Arabidopsis and other plant species.

The regulation of transcription of tens of thousands of genes in a vertebrate organism is an enormously complex phenomenon which entails the participation of thousands of various regulatory proteins. The largest functional category of these regulators is accounted for by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins known as transcription factors. Proteins of the EGR and Myb families of transcription factors are long-studied regulators of a variety of physiological processes including cellular proliferation and differentiation. The structural and physical aspects of their function have been well characterized. Their cell-type specific participation in complex gene-regulatory networks, on the other hand, is still incompletely understood and represents a major challenge in the respective research areas. Preliminary analysis of gene expression data from metastasizing PR9692 and non- metastasizing PR9692-E9 chicken sarcoma cell lines revealed that the transcription factor EGR1 is expressed at a higher level in metastasizing cells and can thus take part in the regulatory processes that underlie the differences between the two cell lines. Further investigation demonstrated that the introduction of exogenous EGR1 into PR9692-E9 cells restored their metastatic potential to a level indistinguishable from PR9692...

Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of a lack or severe reduction of blood supply to the brain. Presently therapeutic interventions are limited and there is a need to develop new and efficacious stroke treatments. To this end, a great deal of research effort has been devoted to studying the potential molecular mechanisms involved in ischemic neuronal death. Correlative evidence demonstrated a paradoxical activation of the cell cycle machinery in ischemic neurons. The levels and activity of key cell cycle regulators including cyclin D1, Cdk2 and Cdk4 are upregulated following ischemic insults. However, the functional relevance of these various signals following ischemic injury was unclear. Accordingly, the research described in this thesis address the functional relevance of the activation of the cell cycle machinery in ischemic neuronal death. The data indicate that the inhibition of Cdk4 protects neurons from ischemia-induced delayed death, whereas abrogation of Cdk5 activity prevents excitotoxicity-induced damage in vitro and in vivo. Examination of upstream activators of mitotic-Cdks showed that Cdc25A is a critical mediator of delayed ischemic neuronal death. Investigation of the potential molecular mechanism by which cell cycle regulators induced neuronal death revealed perturbations in the levels and activity of key downstream targets of Cdk4. The retinoblastoma protein family members, pRb and p130 are increasingly phosphorylated following ischemic stresses. Importantly, p130 and E2F4 proteins are drastically reduced following ischemic insults. Additionally, E2F1 association with promoters of pro-apoptotic genes are induced while that of E2F4 is reduced. These changes appear to be important determinants in ischemic neuronal death. Cumulatively, the data supports the activation of the cell cycle machinery as a pathogenic signal contributing to ischemic neuronal death. The development of neuroprotectant strategies for stroke has been hampered in part by its complex pathophysiology. Previous research indicated that flavopiridol, a general CDK-inhibitor, is unable to provide sustained neuroprotection beyond one week following cerebral ischemia. The potential benefit of combining flavopiridol with another neuroprotectant, minocycline, was explored. The data indicate that while this approach provided histological protection 10 weeks after insult, the protected neurons are not functional due to progressive dendritic degeneration. This evidence indicates that targeting cell cycle pathways in stroke while important must be combined with other therapeutic modalities to fully treat stroke-induced damage.

Orientadores: Maria Isabel Nogueira Cano, Carlos Henrique Inacio Ramos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T19:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lira_CristinaBragadeBrito_D.pdf: 9068778 bytes, checksum: 7561201fa37b1109dc7803fb6173aad0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A leishmaniose é uma doença parasitária que foi considerada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma doença de Categoria 1, pois para a mesma não existem formas de controle, diagnóstico ou terapia eficientes. Os parasitas do gênero Leishmania (família Trypanosomatidae) são agentes etiológicos da leishmaniose e possuem cromossomos lineares com extremidades teloméricas. Os telômeros são complexos nucleoproteicos essenciais para manuntenção da estabilidade do genoma e viabilidade celular. Devido à importância das proteínas teloméricas na manutenção dessas estruturas, elas têm sido considerados bons alvos para a terapia anticâncer e antiparasitária. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar proteínas que se associam aos telômeros de Leishmania amazonensis. Três metodologias diferentes foram utilizadas para antigir este objetivo: (i) purificação de proteínas teloméricas a partir de extratos de L. amazonensis, (ii) busca no banco de dados de Leishmania por proteínas homólogas que apresentassem domínios de ligação ao DNA do tipo Myb, e (iii) seleção genética em levedura (sistema mono-híbrido). A purificação de proteínas teloméricas a partir de extratos nucleares de L. amazonensis resultou no isolamento da proteína LaRbp38. Ensaios in vitro de interação proteína-DNA e ensaios in vivo (imunoprecipitação de cromatina) comprovaram a interação de LaRbp38 com DNA telomérico, DNA rico em GT e DNA do cinetoplasto. LaRbp38 pode ser considerada um bom alvo para a terapia antiparasitária pois é uma proteína exclusiva de tripanosomatídeos e seu homólogo em T. brucei é essencial para a sobrevivência do parasita. Para dar início a experimentos de caracterização da estrutura dessa proteína, LaRbp38 foi expressa em bactérias. Como a proteína permaneceu na fração insolúvel, experimentos preliminares de renovelamento foram feitos mostrando que a proteína necessita da presença de DNA, ou de moléculas análogas, para se renovelar in vitro. As buscas no banco de dados de L. major resultaram no descobrimento de uma lista de proteínas que apresentam domínio de ligação ao DNA do tipo Myb. Uma proteína foi escolhida e sua homóloga em L. amazonensis foi denominada LaTBP1. O domínio Myb de LaTBP1 se localiza na porção central da proteína e apresenta alta similaridade de seqüência com domínios Myb encontrados em fatores de transcrição to tipo TFIIIB, proto-oncogene c-MYB e membros da família de proteínas teloméricas Rap1p. Ensaios de interação proteína-DNA e de imunoprecipitação de cromatina confirmaram que LaTBP1 interage tanto com o DNA telomérico quanto com DNAs ricos em GT. Prefências por estes dois tipos de DNAs são apresentadas pelas proteínas teloméricas Rap1, Taz1 e TEBP1, descritas em leveduras e eucariotos superiores. A utilização do sistema mono-híbrido para identificação de proteínas teloméricas de Leishmania resultou em uma lista de proteínas candidatas. A possível função telomérica das mesmas foi inferida com base na homologia de seqüência com proteínas já descritas e em testes de interação proteína-DNA in vitro utilizando-se extratos das leveduras recombinantes. Apesar desses resultados serem promissores, análises mais detalhadas são necessárias para confirmar estas interações. Concluindo, as três metodologias se mostraram eficazes para a identificação de proteínas teloméricas e a utilização das mesmas resultou na identificação de diversas proteínas teloméricas, algumas delas ainda hipotéticas / Abstract: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that was classified by World Health Organization as a Category 1 disease because there are no effective control programs or therapeutics to this disease. Parasites from the Leishmania genus are the ethiologic agents of leishmaniasis and they possess linear chromosomes with telomeric ends. Telomeres are nucleoprotein specialized nucleoprotein complexes essential for maintaining chromosomal stability and cell viability. Since telomeric proteins are essential for the maintenance of telomeres, they could be considered good targets for anticancer and antiparasitic drugs. Therefore, the goal of this work was to identify Leishmania amazonensis proteins that interact with the telomeric DNA. Three methodologies were used the achive this goal: (i) purification of telomeric proteins from nuclear extracts of L. amazonensis, (ii) Leishmania genome database mining for protein containing a Myb-like domain, and (iii) use of One-hybrid system (Clontech). The search for telomeric proteins in nuclear extracts of L. amazonensis resulted in the identification of LaRbp38. EMSA and immunoprecipitation assays were used to attest LaRbp38 binding to telomeric, GT-rich and kinetoplast DNAs, both in vitro and in vivo. LaRbp38 could be considered a good drug target for antiparasitic therapy since it is exclusive of trypanosomatids and itshomologue in T. brucei is essential for parasite survival. In order to characterize structurally this protein, LaRbp38 was expressed in bacteria. The protein was present in the insoluble fraction of the bacterial lysate. Therefore, preliminary experiments of refolding were done. LaRbp38 seems to need DNA, or analog molecules, in order to correctly refold in vitro. Data-mining in the L. major genome resulted on a list of proteins bearing a Myb-like domain. One protein was chosen and its L. amazonensis homologue was termed LaTBP1. LaTBP1 Myb-like domain is centrally localized and shares sequence similarities with Myb-like domains found on transcription factors TFIIIB and c-MYB, and with the RAP1 telomeric proteins. Competition and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the specificity of LaTBP1 for telomeric and GT-rich DNAs. This binding specifities are also found on the telomeric proteins Rap1, Taz1 and TEBP1, described in yeast and higher eukaryotes. A list of proteins with a putative telomeric function was generated after the use of the Onehybrid system. Sequence analysis (search for homologues in other organisms) and EMSA, done with protein extract of recombinant yeast, were used to infer a telomeric function for the proteins found by this methodology. Although the results are encouraging, detailed analysis are necessary to validate the interactions. In conclusion, the three methodologies were usefull for the identification of telomeric proteins. This work resulted in the identification of several telomeric candidate proteins / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular