• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 558
  • 500
  • 102
  • 95
  • 53
  • 26
  • 14
  • 8
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • Tagged with
  • 1484
  • 977
  • 240
  • 199
  • 137
  • 116
  • 110
  • 91
  • 88
  • 83
  • 80
  • 78
  • 77
  • 75
  • 73
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
411

A enzima indol-3-glicerol fosfato sintase de Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv : caracterização cinética e mecanismo químico

Czekster, Clarissa Melo January 2008 (has links)
A enzima indol-3-glicerol fosfato sintase (IGPS) catalisa a formação irreversível do anel do composto 1-o-carboxifenilamino desoxiribulose-5-fosfato (CdRP), através de uma decarboxilação e de uma desidratação, liberando o composto indol-3-glicerol fosfato (IGP), o quinto passo na via de biossíntese do triptofano. Neste trabalho, é descrita a clonagem, expressão, purificação e caracterização cinética da IGPS, além da identificação de um intermediário reacional. Para a realização destes estudos, o substrato da enzima (CdRP) foi sintetizado quimicamente, purificado e caracterizado espectroscopicamente e espectrometricamente. A fluorescência do CdRP mostrou-se dependente de pH, possivelmente devido ao efeito de transferência intramolecular de prótons no estado excitado (ESIPT). Efeitos de temperatura foram analisados, indicando uma energia de ativação de 8.4 kcal mol-1 para a reação catalisada pela IGPS. Efeitos isotópicos de solvente mostraram que a transferência de próton é apenas modestamente limitante para a reação, e estudos de inventário de prótons demonstraram que apenas um próton é responsável pelo efeito isotópico de solvente observado. Perfis de pH foram realizados para avaliar a presença de catálise ácido-base, mostrando que um resíduo desprotonado de pKa aparente igual a 6.0 é necessário para a catálise e que um resíduo com pKa aparente igual a 6.8 é necessário para a ligação do CdRP. Sugerimos que ambos os pKa estejam reportando para um mesmo resíduo, que poderia ser um glutamato conservado em todas as IGPS caracterizadas até o presente. Um modelo é proposto para explicar o ESIPT, assim como uma seqüência cinética baseada nos perfis de pH. Para identificar possíveis intermediários reacionais, a técnica de ESI-MS foi empregada para estudar a reação catalisada pela IGPS, e um intermediário químico foi interceptado e caracterizado. / The enzyme indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) catalyzes the irreversible ring closure of 1-o-carboxyphenylamino deoxyribulose-5-phosphate (CdRP), through a decarboxylation and a dehydration, releasing indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP), the fifth step in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. In the present work, we describe cloning, expression, purification, and kinetic characterization of IGPS. In order to perform kinetic studies, CdRP was chemically synthesized, purified, and espectroscopically and spectrometrically characterized. CdRP fluorescence was pH-dependent, probably owing to excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effect. Temperature effects were analyzed, indicating an activation energy of 8.4 kcal mol-1 for the IGPS catalyzed reaction. Solvent isotope effects showed that a proton transfer is only modestly limiting for the reaction, and proton inventory studies pointed to a single proton responsible for the observed solvent isotope effect. pH-rate profiles were carried out to probe for acid/base catalysis, showing that a deprotonated residue with an apparent pKa of 6.0 is required for catalysis and a deprotonated residue with an apparent pKa of 6.8 is necessary for CdRP binding. It was suggested that both apparent pKa report on the same residue, which might be a glutamate conserved amongst all IGPS characterized so far. A model is proposed to explain the ESIPT, and a kinetic sequence is suggested based on the pH-rate profiles. ESIMS was employed to identify possible chemical intermediates of the IGPS catalyzed reaction, and one chemical intermediate was intercepted and characterized.
412

A Chiquimato desidrogenase de Mycobacterium tuberculosis : mutagênese sítio-direcionada, expressão, purificação e caracterização da enzima mutante K69A

Rodrigues Junior, Valnes da Silva January 2008 (has links)
As enzimas da via do chiquimato são alvos atraentes para o desenvolvimento de agentes para tratar a tuberculose já que esta via é essencial para Mycobacterium tuberculosis e está ausente em humanos. A enzima chiquimato desidrogenase de M. tuberculosis (MtbSD), codificada pelo gene aroE, catalisa a quarta reação na via do chiquimato. Estudos de estrutura tridimensional, de perfis de pH e de mutagênese sítio-direcionada envolvendo muitas chiquimato desidrogenases sugerem a participação da Lisina-69 e do Aspartato-105 (numeração de acordo com a seqüência da MtbSD) na catálise e/ou na ligação ao substrato. A determinação das propriedades cinéticas de enzimas mutantes pode permitir importantes proposições acerca do papel destes resíduos para a enzima MtbSD. A mutagênese foi realizada usando uma técnica de amplificação por PCR para as seguintes proteínas mutantes: K69A, K69H, K69I, K69Q, D105A, D105N. Testes de diversas condições experimentais foram feitos para obter a expressão das proteínas MtbSD mutantes na fração solúvel. Além disso, empregamos um protocolo de purificação otimizado para obter as enzimas MtbSD não mutante e K69A aparentemente homogêneas. Realizamos ensaios cinéticos em estado estacionário e medidas espectrofluorimétricas destas duas enzimas, e os resultados indicam que o resíduo conservado Lisina-69 tem função catalítica e não está envolvido na ligação ao substrato para a MtbSD. Estudos estruturais, de mutagênese sítio-direcionada e de cinética enzimática podem trazer importantes contribuições para o desenho racional de novos e efetivos fármacos para tratar a tuberculose. / The shikimate pathway is an attractive target for the development of antitubercular agents because it is essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis but absent in humans. Mycobacterium tuberculosis aroE-encoded shikimate dehydrogenase (MtbSD) catalyzes the forth reaction in the shikimate pathway. Three-dimensional structure studies, pH-rate profiles and site-directed mutagenesis studies involving many shikimate dehydrogenases have suggested participation of Lysine-69 and Aspartate-105 (M. tuberculosis numbering) in catalysis and/or substrate binding. Importantly, investigation of the kinetic properties of mutant enzymes can bring important insights about the role of these residues for the MtbSD enzyme. Mutagenesis was performed using a PCR-amplification technique for the following mutant proteins: K69A, K69H, K69I, K69Q, D105A, D105N. Screening of experimental conditions has been performed to obtain the expression of the MtbSD mutant proteins in the soluble fraction. In addition, an improved purification protocol was used to obtain homogeneous wild-type MtbSD and K69A mutant enzymes. We have carried out steady-state kinetic assays and spectrofluorimetric measurements for the wild type and the K69A enzymes. Results indicate that the conserved Lysine-69 residue in MtbSD plays a catalytic role and is not involved in substrate binding. Enzyme kinetics, site-directed mutagenesis and structural studies provide a framework on which to base the rational design of new and effective agents to treat tuberculosis.
413

Detecção do DNA de Mycobacterium tuberculosis através de hibridização em microplacas

Michelon, Candice Tosi January 2008 (has links)
Para auxiliar no controle da tuberculose são necessários novos métodos de detecção de Mycobacterium tuberculosis que sejam rápidos, específicos e de aplicabilidade em laboratórios de saúde pública, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. Vários métodos moleculares de detecção e identificação de micobactérias em amostras clínicas têm sido desenvolvidos. Com o objetivo de padronizar e aplicar essas metodologias em laboratório foi desenvolvido um protocolo baseado na amplificação de DNA por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e na detecção colorimétrica em microplacas. Uma região interna do elemento de inserção IS6110, específico do complexo M. tuberculosis, foi selecionada como alvo para amplificação por PCR com primers biotinilados. Uma sonda complementar a uma região interna do fragmento foi fixada em microplacas onde, posteriormente, foi hibridizado o produto amplificado. A detecção através de hibridização foi feita utilizando um conjugado estreptavidina peroxidase. A eficácia da técnica foi testada em amostras clínicas pulmonares de pacientes com suspeita de infecção e sem tratamento prévio para tuberculose. O padrão ouro no diagnóstico de infecção por M. tuberculosis foi a associação da baciloscopia com a cultura a partir da amostra clínica dos pacientes selecionados. Foram testadas 303 amostras de escarro induzido de 303 pacientes com suspeita de TB pulmonar, dos quais 69 apresentaram resultado positivo e 234 negativo para TB. A sensibilidade e especificidade obtidas foram 88% e 98% e os Valores Preditivos Positivo (VPP) e Negativo (VPN) foram 92% e 97%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a técnica desenvolvida no presente estudo pode ser uma importante ferramenta no diagnóstico de tuberculose e poderia ser utilizada como um teste complementar no diagnóstico da doença. / New methods to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis rapidly, accurately and that are feasible to apply in laboratories of developing countries are necessaries. Several methods for direct detection and identification of mycobacteria in clinical samples have been developed. With the aim to standardize the application of such methods in laboratory, we developed a molecular method for DNA extraction and PCR detection using a microwell plate hybridization assay. An internal region of the repetitive element, specific of M. tuberculosis complex, called IS6110 was selected as a target for amplification using specific biotinylated primers. The detection of amplified fragments was performed using microwell plates. An aminated DNA fragment complementary to an internal region of the amplified fragment was used as a probe. The biotinylated amplified products were added to the plate and identified with the use of streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The efficacy of the method was tested to detect pulmonary tuberculosis in patients suspected of TB infection with no previous treatment. As gold standard, the bacteriological criteria was used. Three hundred and three induced sputum samples from 303 pulmonary TB suspects were evaluated, of which 69 showed positive result and 224 negative for TB. The sensitivity and specificity obtained were 88% and 98% and Positive and Negative Predictive Values were 92% and 98%, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that the PCR detection using a microwell plate hybridization assay may be an important tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and suggest that it could be used as a complementary diagnostic method.
414

Identificação de cepas de Mycobacterium spp. utilizando abordagem molecular baseada em PCR para alvo 16S-23S do rDNA

LIMA, Juliana Falcão de Araújo 31 January 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:49:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo122_1.pdf: 1261966 bytes, checksum: a8db3a9221d5dc1a777acd2023ffa373 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A tuberculose (TB) continua a ser um grave problema de saúde pública. O Brasil, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, ocupa o 18º lugar entre os 22 países responsáveis por 80% do total de casos de tuberculose no mundo. O diagnóstico definitivo da tuberculose é dado pela presença do bacilo através da baciloscopia ou cultura. A cultura apresenta uma sensibilidade maior comparada à baciloscopia, porém necessita de quatro a oito semanas para a multiplicação do bacilo, retardando o diagnóstico definitivo da doença, e os resultados muitas vezes não informam de maneira adequada o direcionamento das decisões clínicas. Os métodos moleculares são úteis para diagnóstico e estudos epidemiológicos da tuberculose. A tipagem molecular é, assim, uma ferramenta epidemiológica importante no controle das infecções. Regiões do genoma do Mycobacterium contém informações específicas da espécie ou mesmo de variantes de cepas. As regiões espaçadoras que separam os gene codificados pelo 16S, 23S e 5S caracterizadas por um alto grau de variação de seqüência e tamanho, tanto a nível de gênero quanto espécie. Esta diversidade deve-se, principalmente, a variação no número e no tipo de seqüência do tRNA encontrada no interior das regiões espaçadoras, sendo exploradas em estudos discriminatórios. O objetivo do estudo é identificar as cepas de Mycobacterium spp. através da técnica de PCR utilizando como alvo a região espaçadora 16S-23S rDNA (ITS-PCR). Para isso foram utilizadas cepas de micobactérias isoladas de meio de cultura específico, provenientes de amostras clínicas coletadas de pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose doença e infecção por outras micobactérias, encaminhados de hospitais públicos do estado de Pernambuco, para confirmação diagnóstica laboratorial através dos exames convencionais de baciloscopia e cultura. A identificação dos bacilos foi realizada observando a velocidade de crescimento da(s) colônia(s) e pela provas bioquímicas (niacina, catalase, PNB e TCH). As micobactérias não tuberculosas foram identificadas utilizando a técnica molecular de PRA-hsp65, através da colaboração com o Laboratório de Micobactérias da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisados 20 isolados clínicos confirmados por testes bioquímicos e fenotípicos, a maioria proveniente de enfermaria (65%). A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 38,5, estando dentro da média nacional, entre 20 e 49 anos. A maioria sendo do sexo masculino, 65% (n=13), que se justifica por ser o grupo mais exposto à doença. A ITS-PCR e PRA-hsp65 apresentaram concordância de 85,7% e 100%, respectivamente. O sistema de ITS-PCR foi capaz de identificar as cepas de Mycobacterium spp. isoladas em meio de cultura. A ITS-PCR se mostra uma ferramenta útil para auxiliar na diferenciação das infecções causadas por TB e por MNT e pode ser utilizada como ferramenta molecular complementar no diagnóstico diferencial quando os testes convencionais apresentam-se inconclusivos
415

Atividade antimicobacteriana do óleo essencial de Lippia gracillis Shauer

CAVALCANTI, Valdelúcia Oliveira January 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6462_1.pdf: 937219 bytes, checksum: 4f6f89209360eea1e4631d3d2a07c29d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Lippia gracillis Shauer, Verbenaceae, é um arbusto com pequenas folhas aromáticas, encontrado em regiões semi-áridas do Nordeste do Brasil. É conhecida popularmente como alecrim de tabuleiro e usada no tratamento de infecções da boca, garganta e pele. Algumas espécies do gênero contêm em sua composição química o timol e carvacrol, compostos majoritários de reconhecida atividade antimicrobiana. Esta pesquisa objetivou o estudo da atividade tuberculostatica do óleo essencial de Lippia gracillis Shauer frente a cepas selvagens de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, e uma cepa padrão de referência H37Rv. Estas cepas foram isoladas e identificadas como Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a partir de escarro de pacientes com sinais e sintomas de tuberculose pulmonar, que demonstraram diferentes perfis de sensibilidade aos tuberculostáticos clássicos, pirazinamida, isoniazida, etambutol rifampicina, etionamida e estreptomicina. A extração do óleo essencial das folhas da planta foi realizada por hidrodestilação com aparelho de Clevenger adaptado. A sensibilidade do Mycobacterium tuberculosis aos tuberculostáticos e ao óleo essencial de Lippia gracillis foi realizado pelo método das proporções teste indireto e determinação da concentração inibitória mínima. Das quinze cepas estudadas, treze mostraram-se sensíveis ao óleo essencial de Lippia gracillis Shauer. Embora resistentes a isoniazida as cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis LC01, LC 02 e LC07 mostraram-se sensíveis ao óleo essencial de Lippia gracillis. Apenas duas cepas LC04 e LC12, que tiveram perfil de resistência a pelo menos três drogas tuberculostáticas, demonstraram também resistência ao óleo essencial. O óleo essencial de Lippia gracillis apresentou atividade tuberculostática frente a cepas sensíveis aos tuberculostáticos clássicos, frente a cepas com resistência isoniazida, isoniazida e rifampicina, não demonstrou atividade frente a cepas com três ou mais resistência a diferentes classes de tuberculostáticos
416

Estudo de tendência temporal da hanseníase no Recife no período de 2001 a 2015

CAUÁS, Renata Cavalcanti 24 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-17T20:46:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Renata Cavalcanti Cauás.pdf: 1314429 bytes, checksum: 19424ebdcb66fa636e50fff915d802a3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-19T22:39:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Renata Cavalcanti Cauás.pdf: 1314429 bytes, checksum: 19424ebdcb66fa636e50fff915d802a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T22:39:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Renata Cavalcanti Cauás.pdf: 1314429 bytes, checksum: 19424ebdcb66fa636e50fff915d802a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / A hanseníase é doença infecto contagiosa capaz de causar prejuízo na qualidade de vida. Após a instituição de poliquimioterapia específica observou-se uma queda importante na prevalência da doença em todo o mundo, o que não foi seguido da mesma forma pela taxa de detecção de casos novos em algumas regiões, demonstrando a manutenção da endemia nas mesmas. A Organização Mundial de saúde adotou como prioridade diante do enfrentamento da doença nas áreas mais endêmicas a melhoria em parâmetros como o coeficiente de casos novos diagnosticados na população geral e em menores de 15 anos, a diminuição da quantidade de casos detectados com grau 2 de incapacidade e a importância do diagnóstico precoce para prevenir seqüelas. A presente pesquisa se propõe a realizar uma serie temporal abrangendo o período de 2001 a 2015 descrevendo indicadores acima. Realizou-se estudo descritivo, observacional, tipo série temporal. Foram computados os casos de hanseníase registrados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação relativos ao município no período proposto. Na análise de tendência foi utilizado o modelo auto-regressivo integrado de médias móveis. Foram notificados no período 12.068 casos novos, dos quais 12,42% em menores de 15 anos de idade e 49,6% entre 20 a 49 anos. No que se refere à forma clínica, a tuberculóide foi a mais freqüente. Quanto ao grau de incapacidade, 3,8% apresentaram grau II. Os resultados demonstram tendência de queda dos coeficientes de detecção na população geral e em menores de 15 anos, porém permanecem classificados como de "muito alta" endemicidade e "hiperendemico", respectivamente. Favorece a manutenção da endemia na cidade o fato de haver ao longo do período estudado uma maior freqüência da forma tuberculóide, além do contínuo registro de casos com incapacidade física grau 2. Portanto, a hanseníase na cidade continua endêmica, com focos não notificados, em continua transmissão e sendo dado diagnóstico tardio, constatando a necessidade de maior treinamento das equipes de saúde para controle da mesma. / Leprosy is a contagious infectious disease able to causing impaired quality of life. After the establishment of specific polychemotherapy, a significant fall in the prevalence of the disease worldwide was observed, which was not followed in the same way by the rate of detection of new cases in some regions, demonstrating the maintenance of the disease in these places. The World Health Organization has adopted as a priority in the face of the disease in the most endemic areas the improvement in parameters such as the coefficient of new cases diagnosed in the general population and in children under 15 years, the decrease in the number of cases detected with grade 2 disability and the importance of early diagnosis to prevent disability. The present research proposes to carry out a time series study covering the period from 2001 to 2015 describing indicators above. A descriptive, observational, temporal series type study was performed. The cases of leprosy recorded in the Notification Disease Information System related to the municipality in the proposed period were computed. In the trend analysis we used the interregional auto-regressive model of moving averages. In the period 12.068 new cases were reported, of which 12.42% are under 15 years of age and 49.6% between 20 and 49 years. Regarding the clinical form, tuberculoid was the most frequent. Regarding the degree of incapacity, 3.8% presented grade II. The results show tendency to decrease of the coefficients of detection in the general population and in children under 15, but they remain classified as "very high" endemicity and "hyperendemic", respectively. It favors the maintenance of the endemic in the city the fact that there is a greater frequency of the tuberculoid form during the studied period, as well as the continuous record of cases with a physical disability of grade 2. Therefore, leprosy in the city remains endemic, with outbreaks not reported, in continuous transmission and being given late diagnosis, noting the need for more training of health teams to control it.
417

Analysis of the effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) on HIV infection in the presence of iron overload

Traoré, Hafsatou Ndama 05 September 2012 (has links)
Ph.D. / Background: AIDS is characterized by a number of opportunistic infections and the immune depletion caused by HIV infection is the strongest risk factor for both reactivation of tuberculosis (TB) and progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection to disease. Numerous studies have shown that concurrent infection of the same host cell by HIV,and M.tb stimulates replication of both pathogens. The interaction between the two is lethal. A synergistic relationship exists between Mtb and HIV. While HIV spurs the spread of TB, mycobacterial infection results in acceleration of HIV disease progression. The requirement for iron as a crucial factor for cellular processes has long been demonstrated. Excess iron leads to infections with harmful consequences such as cell death and function impairment. During infection, iron is required by both the host cell and the pathogens. Iron chelation is believed to modulate some of these effects. Objectives: Mtb, HIV and Fe-overload are common in sub-Saharan Africa and iron plays a major role in determining the outcome of several infections. In view of this, we wanted to (1) investigate the effect of excess iron on host cell defences during co-infection with the mentioned microorganisms, (2) evaluate the differences in both host and pathogen responses during acute and chronic infection in the presence of iron overload and (3) Determine the efficacy of iron chelation (with DFO) as a means of counteracting conditions associated with iron overload. Hypotheses: The combination of Fe-overload and co-infection of host cells with HIV and Mtb in an in vitro model should stimulate replication of the pathogens, which would ultimately result in host cell stress manifesting as lower viability or cell death and impaired immune defence functions. Also the detrimental effects of excess iron on host cell viability could be counteracted through the use of iron chelators. Methods: We analyzed the in vitro effect of Mtb in bothchronically and acutely HI V-infected cells (PBMC's and monocytes), exposed to 500 uM FeSO 4 and/or DFO for 4 days. Host cell viability, survival and death were assessed through viability assays (MIT and Alamar Blue) and flow cytometric analyses of apoptosis/necrosis (using Annexin V and propidium iodide). Secretion of IL- 6 and TNF-a and production of total nitrate were monitored as host immune/defence responses using specialized ELISAs. HIV replication was investigated by looking at core protein (p24) contents and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. Mtb replication and growth was monitored using the microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) and quantitative culturing.Results: Co-infection caused a reduction of host cell viability (± 20% and 45% inhibition during chronic and acute infection respectively;, as measured by MTT), increases in the numbers of viral particles (2.3 times and 20% increases for chronic and acute infections respectively) and stimulation of both bacterial viability (36%) and host defence responses (30% increase in TNF-ct secretion). Excess iron further decreased viability with a marked increase in necrosis of cells and was found to enhance pathogen replication and growth (26% for HIV and 47% for Mtb). Chelation of iron with DFO abrogated the enhanced replication of the pathogens with a marginal restoration of host viability. Conclusion: The results obtained demonstrate the deleterious effect of excess iron during concurrent infection with both pathogens as well as its stimulating/enhancing properties on pathogens. On the other hand, DFO inhibited pathogen replication and host viability.
418

Investigating the functional interaction of transcription regulator CarD of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase

Mapotsane, Thuso January 2014 (has links)
Masters of Science / Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). TB mainly affects lungs of patients but other parts of the body can also be affected. It kills approximately 2 million people annually. HIV/AIDS and drug resistance make TB difficult to control. Mtb CarD protein forms a physiological complex with Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase (RNAP). This complex causes Mtb to undergo dormancy rendering it difficult to control using current antibiotics. CarD and a size-reduced subunit β1 (denoted β1m for “minimized”) of Thermus thermophilus RNAP, in which the central domain has been replaced by a Gly-Gly linker, were produced and purified using affinity nickel nitrilotriaceticacid and glutathione-Stransferase (GST) affinity chromatography techniques respectively. CarD N terminal domain (CarDN) was generated from CarD by inserting a stop codon by site directed mutagenesis. CarD was stabilised by adding 5 % (v/v) glycerol to PBS pH 7.4 ensuring protein stability of up to 67 days rather than 2 days without glycerol. CarDN was stable in PBS pH 7.4 without addition of glycerol. This suggests that the CarD C terminal domain may be responsible for CarD instability. To further purify the proteins both anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography techniques were used. CarD and CarDN degrade immediately after anion exchange potentially because of the high ion concentration which partially unfolds the protein making it prone to proteolytic cleavage. GST-pull down assays were used to demonstrate complex formation between RNAP β1m and both CarD and CarDN confirming that complex formation is dependent on the N-terminal domain of CarD.
419

Structural analysis of induced mutagenesis A’ protein from mycobacterium tuberculosis and of a thermophillic GH9 cellulase

Anye, Valentine January 2014 (has links)
Masters of Science / The three-dimensional structures of proteins are important in understanding their function and interaction with ligands and other proteins. In this work, the structures of two proteins, ImuA’ from mycobacterium tuberculosis and GH9 C1 cellulase from a metagenomic library, were analysed using structural biological and modelling techniques. The gene encoding ImuA’ was amplified by two-step PCR, cloned, and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant ImuA’ produced was found to be largely insoluble. The insoluble protein was successfully solubilized in 8M urea but refolding the protein to its native structure was unsuccessful. By homology modelling, a 3D model of ImuA’ was obtained from a partly homologous protein RecA. In comparison to RecA, ImuA’ appears to lack some loop amino acids critical for DNA binding. Hence ImuA’ is postulated to not bind DNA. The second protein, GH9 C1 cellulase, was produced in E. coli. The protein was purified by chromatographic techniques and crystallized in a precipitant to protein ratio of 1:2 by hanging and sitting drop crystallization methods. The reservoir solution was made up of 15-30% (w/v) PEG 3350, 200 mM salt and 100 mM Tris-HCL pH 7.5-8.5. The protein crystals only diffracted x-rays to 4 å resolution which could not be used to obtain a crystal structure of the protein. The diffraction data, however, showed the crystal to be monoclinic with space group P2. Homology modelling revealed GH9 C1 cellulase to be a two domain protein with a smaller N-terminal Ig-like domain and a larger catalytic domain.The catalytic domain retains two ca2+ binding sites, which potentially stabilize the active site conformation and increase thermostability of the protein. Overall GH9 C1 cellulase is structurally similar to other GH9 cellulases, suggesting that its catalytic mechanism may be conserved.
420

Amphotericin B as a mycolic acid specific targeting agent in tuberculosis

Benadie, Yolandy 21 April 2008 (has links)
The serious threat of tuberculosis, especially XDR-TB, is a reality in Southern Africa particularly in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Therefore the importance of development of new or improved anti-TB treatment must now be emphasized more than ever. In this study, a model was created to target isoniazid (toxophore) specifically to a cholesterol rich environment where mycobacteria reside in macrophages, by making use of a sterol binding drug, Amphotericin B (haptophore). Isoniazid was covalently linked to Amphotericin B via a Schiff base to a linker molecule, terephthalaldehyde. Although this molecule showed a loss of biological activity, a discovery was made by serendipity that could have great impact in understanding how Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters and survives in the host macrophage. During the testing of the compound, it was discovered that Amphotericin B bound to mycolic acids at least as well as it binds to cholesterol, its natural ligand. This could provide proof of the structural similarity between mycolic acids and cholesterol but many more controls need to be investigated. As cholesterol was previously shown in literature to be critical for entry and survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages, the indication of a structural mimicry between the cell wall mycolic acids and cholesterol and the attraction of these two chemical entities to one another seems to be highly relevant. This characteristic can now be further explored to improve the understanding of the process of entry and survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the macrophage host. Copyright 2006, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Benadie, Y 2006, Amphotericin B as a mycolic acid specific targeting agent in tuberculosis, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04212008-151642 / > / Dissertation (MSc (Biochemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Biochemistry / unrestricted

Page generated in 0.0662 seconds