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Outline’s Silence: In Search for a Silent Narrator is a Bachelor research paper that hopes to open a discussion about Rachel Cusk’s Outline (2014) and the possibility that an absent and silent narrator could lead to a new and innovative writing mode. The paper bases its theory on Hayden White’s “The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality” (1980) where White argues that moralization is unavoidable as long as there is a narrator in the text (27). Roland Barthes’s theories for a neutral writing mode and the notion of silence as they can be found in Writing Degree Zero (1953) and The Neutral (2002) respectively, are used here as the basis of argumentation. Outline’s narrator and her desire for passivity and silence are analyzed according to Barthes’s theories while its author’s writing is also examined for its neutrality. White’s work is used to support the paper’s argumentation that it is unlikely a narrator will be absent from a narrativized text. The paper concludes that although there is a desire for neutrality and silence both in the narrator’s character and in the author’s writing mode, this proves infeasible to apply in practice.

The concept of the unreliable narrator has been studied in academic circles for the last fifty years. When an author decides to create unreliable narration, there is a reason for it. This essay compares the unreliability in Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita and Agatha Christie’s The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, using theories formulated by Tamar Yacobi, Bruno Zerweck, Therese Heyd, James Phelan and Amit Marcus. In The Murder of Roger Ackroyd the technique of other-deceptive narration is used by Christie. In Lolita the unreliability is complex. Using both other-deception and self-deception to create discrepancies between descriptions of the same event and phenomenon, Nabokov succeeds in creating an intricate unreliability. The effects of the unreliability in both novels, however, create an emotional bond between the reader and the narrator. The reader can be emotionally cathected to the narrator, even if the narrator is clearly a criminal.

Ghosts and Lovers is a collection of short stories told from the points-of-view of four related characters. Travis is a bisexual restaurant owner who fears commitment and longs for the idealistic version of love that he remembers from his past. Ezra, his boyfriend, is an artist struggling to accept the inherent imperfections of life. Travis's ex-girlfriend, Beth, attempts to come to terms with the life that she has chosen for herself. Her husband, Richard, deals with feelings of helplessness as he watches the events of his life unfold before him. By depicting the events of the story from multiple perspectives, the collection attempts to create a more objective view of reality than is ordinarily possible in fiction. An introductory preface examines the role of unreliable narrators and how reality is presented in fiction.

Synopsis The aim of the thesis is to analyse the category of the narrator in a detective story. This category can be considered firstly as an independent textual element and secondly in its connection to the plotline. In the structure of detective stories, apart from fabula and sujet, we can discern two mutually influential plotlines. One of them is the story of the crime (past), the other is the story of the reconstruction (investigation of the crime). The way they approach each other on different levels (the setting, characters) helps us to understand the structure of the whole story. The reader can actualize the narrative also thanks to the mediator, the mediator between the text and the reader being the narrator. In the detective story Distant Star the narrator is unreliable, which expresses itself in different ways. The unreliability is supported by the fact that it is a subjectivized narration of a character who can be identified as the narrator. 'The narrator - character' does not have a single focalization in this story. He comments (e.g. by use of brackets) upon his previous stands. The point of view of the narration changes along with the character. 'The narrator - character' can at the same time be considered as the author's alter ego. We may encounter the author himself thematized in the text...

A presente tese se dedica a examinar alguns aspectos do romance Acenos e afagos, de João Gilberto Noll, publicado em 2008. A obra, que privilegia a ambiguidade e a indeterminação, é narrada em primeira pessoa por um personagem que, ao longo do texto, não sabe se está morto ou vivo. Passando por uma transformação corporal, operada discursivamente, o narrador tampouco pode afirmar se é um homem ou uma mulher. A partir de elementos como o foco narrativo, o discurso do narrador, a construção de personagens e a configuração do tempo no texto em exame, é possível verificar estratégias formais que colaboram para a construção de uma narrativa indeterminada. Analisamos, portanto, tais elementos, articulando-os à não causalidade do enredo, bem como a temas centrais do romance, como a morte e o relacionamento amoroso. Alguns conceitos mostram-se especialmente produtivos para o estudo de Acenos e afagos: a situação-limite, o limiar e o excesso, que se relacionam tanto com os conteúdos trabalhados no enredo do romance, quanto com procedimentos estéticos utilizados pelo autor, visando a preservar a indeterminação na obra. / This thesis aims at examining some aspects of the novel Acenos e afagos, by João Gilberto Noll, published in 2008. The novel, which privileges ambiguity and indeterminacy, is narrated in the first person by a character who, throughout the text, does not know if he is dead or alive. Going through a body transformation, operated discursively, the narrator, originally a man, cannot say whether he has become a woman or not. Analyzing elements such as the narrator\'s position and discourse, character construction, and time setting in the text under review, it is possible to verify formal strategies that collaborate to construct an indeterminate narrative. We therefore interpret such elements, articulating them to the non-causality of the plot, as well as to central themes of the novel, such as death and the love relationship. Some concepts are especially productive for the study of Acenos e afagos: the limit situation, the threshold and the excess, which relate both to the contents worked on in the plot of the novel and to the aesthetic procedures used by the author, in order to preserve the indeterminacy in the story.

Sobretudo a partir do início da década de 1980, José Saramago notabilizou-se como um dos escritores de língua portuguesa a conquistar considerável apreço da crítica literária sem, em contrapartida, cobrar um texto que se possa considerar dos mais herméticos na literatura contemporânea, o que decerto contribuiu para a formação de um público leitor significativo. Entendendo que o narrador de seus romances, gênero em que o autor mais escreveu, responde bastante por essa combinação relativamente exitosa de público e crítica, esta dissertação volta-se diretamente para esta instância enunciativa. Investigamos o narrador saramaguiano, então, a partir do reconhecimento de dois vetores que consideramos distintivos desta instância enunciativa e que nomeamos como expansão digressiva e concentração moralizante. Apresentando e detalhando de que consiste cada um desses vetores, defendemos o reconhecimento possível de uma oscilação regulada entre ambos os movimentos. Expomos também as categorias narrativas e tensivas que nos parecem sustentar a expansão digressiva e a concentração moralizante. Paralelamente, desenvolvemos uma análise de parte da fortuna crítica saramaguiana, com a qual fizemos nossas análises se confrontarem - em especial quando essa crítica problematiza o quantum de moderno e de tradicional haveria nos romances do tal português. Defendemos, por fim, que as opções discursivas na instância enunciativa nos permitem aproximar a função desempenhada pelo actante narrador do éthos de um orador, tal como concebido pela retórica clássica. Verificamos, ainda, como os vetores expostos ao longo do trabalho dialogam com a categoria semiótica do estilo. Baseamo-nos em dois romances de José Saramago - Memorial do convento (1982) e A caverna (2000) - e utilizamos como referencial teórico a semiótica de linha francesa, nascida com Saussure, desenvolvida por Hjelmslev e aprimorada por Greimas e, mais recentemente, por Zilberberg. / Mainly after the 80\'s decade, José Saramago has become one of the acclaimed writers in the Portuguese language literature to conquer considerable appreciation of the literature critique. Nevertheless, he presents a text that is not to be considered one of the most hermetic in the contemporaneous literature which surely contributes to gathering a significant public of readers. Understanding that the narrator of his novels, genre that he has produced the most, responds to this successful blend of public and critique, this research focuses directly to this enunciation instance. Therefore, we investigate the saramaguian narrator from the recognition of two vectors that are considered distinctive form this enunciation instance which were defined as digressive expansion and moralizing concentration. Presenting and detailing the constitution of those two vectors, we defend the possible recognition of a regulated oscillation between both movements. We also expose the narrative and tensive categories which seem to support the digressive expansion and moralizing concentration. Aside from that, we developed an analysis of part of the saramaguian critique fortune, confronting it to our analysis especially when this critique problematizes the extent of modern and traditional quantum in the Portuguese writer`s novels. At last, we defend that the discourse options in the enunciation instance allow us to approximate the developed function by the acting narrator of the ethos of an orator as conceived by the classical rethoric. We verified how the vectors exposed throughout the work dialog with the semiotic category of style. We based our analysis in the novels Memorial do convento (1982) e A caverna (2000) by José Saramago and we used as theoretical reference the French semiotics, born with Saussure, developed by Hjelmslev, imporved by Greimas and, more recently, by Zilberberg.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o romance Em câmara lenta (1977), de Renato Tapajós, e suas relações com o contexto histórico da Ditadura Militar no Brasil (1964-1985), marcado pelo uso da violência extrema como mecanismo de repressão a manifestações artísticas e políticas contrárias ao poder autoritário. Considerando algumas abordagens teóricas sobre a configuração estética do romance moderno, bem como estudos sobre violência, suas ramificações e consequências para a constituição do sujeito, procuramos compreender o romance de Tapajós como produção literária que incorpora em sua elaboração formal os processos antagônicos de sua realidade histórica. / This thesis aims to analyze the Renato Tapajós novel Em câmara lenta (1977), and its relationships with the historical context in Brazil\'s military dictatorship (1964-1985), marked by the use of extreme violence as a mechanism of repression of artistic and political manifestations against the authoritarian power. Considering some theoretical approaches on the aesthetics of modern novel, as well as some studies on violence, its ramifications and consequences for the constitution of the self, we seek to understand the Tapajós novel as a literary production that incorporates in its formal structure some antagonistic processes of its historical reality.

O presente trabalho realiza uma abordagem sobre o Narrador em diferentes contextos e sua relação, na atualidade, com a criança, tendo em vista o encantamento que caracteriza e surge de tal vínculo. Neste sentido, partimos de reflexões de W. Benjamim e P. Zumthor, dentre outros autores sobre os assuntos abordados, enriquecidas pela visão nascida da experiência prática com a narração para as crianças e o encantamento com ela relacionado, utilizando, como exemplo para análise, experiências da autora em teatro narrativo para crianças. Abrangemos aspectos diversos da arte do narrador e elementos que compõem sua atuação e destacamos a imprescindibilidade da relação próxima, direta e afetiva para a instauração do encantamento, que torna possível a troca de experiências, e o papel da vocalidade poética como protagonista nesse processo. / This work performs an approach on the Narrator in different contexts and their relationship, nowadays, with the child, considering the enchantment that characterizes and arises from this bond. Accordingly, W. Benjamin and P. Zumthor\'s reflections, as well as other authors, on the issues addressed were taken into account, enriched by the vision gained from the practical experience with storytelling for children and enchantment associated with it, based on the author\'s experiences with narrative theatre for children. Several aspects of the art of the narrator and elements that make up its performance were comprehended, and the indispensability of the close, direct and affective relationship for the development of enchantment was stood out, which makes possible the exchange of experiences and the role of poetic vocality as the protagonist in this process.

O presente trabalho realiza uma abordagem sobre o Narrador em diferentes contextos e sua relação, na atualidade, com a criança, tendo em vista o encantamento que caracteriza e surge de tal vínculo. Neste sentido, partimos de reflexões de W. Benjamim e P. Zumthor, dentre outros autores sobre os assuntos abordados, enriquecidas pela visão nascida da experiência prática com a narração para as crianças e o encantamento com ela relacionado, utilizando, como exemplo para análise, experiências da autora em teatro narrativo para crianças. Abrangemos aspectos diversos da arte do narrador e elementos que compõem sua atuação e destacamos a imprescindibilidade da relação próxima, direta e afetiva para a instauração do encantamento, que torna possível a troca de experiências, e o papel da vocalidade poética como protagonista nesse processo. / This work performs an approach on the Narrator in different contexts and their relationship, nowadays, with the child, considering the enchantment that characterizes and arises from this bond. Accordingly, W. Benjamin and P. Zumthor\'s reflections, as well as other authors, on the issues addressed were taken into account, enriched by the vision gained from the practical experience with storytelling for children and enchantment associated with it, based on the author\'s experiences with narrative theatre for children. Several aspects of the art of the narrator and elements that make up its performance were comprehended, and the indispensability of the close, direct and affective relationship for the development of enchantment was stood out, which makes possible the exchange of experiences and the role of poetic vocality as the protagonist in this process.