Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-15T15:38:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Alessandro_Zanato2015.pdf: 907731 bytes, checksum: 0c03f0f0de6200c0d0794eea33157d28 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-15T15:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Alessandro_Zanato2015.pdf: 907731 bytes, checksum: 0c03f0f0de6200c0d0794eea33157d28 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / In contemporary times, the changes occurred in the society are characterized by competitiveness, productivity, globalization, technological innovation and connectivity. Over the years, the expansion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has been increasing significantly. Faced with the changes caused by the technological development, it is necessary to reflect on its influence in education, since ICTs can be a way to pedagogical practice innovation, generating greater possibility of learning and enable a more pleasant teaching method. In this sense, it is important for teachers to include, in their educational concepts and didactic actions, awareness of their role in a society involved by technology, which might require changes in their work process, understanding that education is not a reality unchangeable defined by others, but questionable in its essence. From this perspective, this study, through literature and field research, of an exploratory nature, had as its central objective to investigate the use of ICTs in teaching and learning process of education in Natural Sciences in the areas of Chemistry, Physics and Biology, involving high school teachers in the public schools of Cascavel/PR, Brazil. For data collection it was used semi-structured script, which was applied in interviews with teachers, as well as a checklist to verify which ICT the schools have. The obtained data were grouped together and its analysis occurred by using the content analysis technique. The data obtained through the checklist were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the results were presented in tables, complementing to the interviews data. In this sense, it is considers that the data presented in this text refer to the reflection on the importance of the teachers, their positions, their resistance, training needs, among others, in face with the need for insertion of ICTs in formal education / Na contemporaneidade, as mudanças ocorridas na sociedade são caracterizadas pela competividade, produtividade, globalização, inovação tecnológica e conectividade. Com o passar dos anos, a expansão das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) tem aumentado expressivamente. Frente às mudanças provenientes desse desenvolvimento tecnológico, faz-se necessário refletir sobre a sua influência na área da educação, já que as TICs podem constituir uma forma de inovar a prática pedagógica gerando maior possibilidade de aprendizagem e de viabilizar um método de ensino mais prazeroso. Nesse sentido, é importante que o professor inclua, em suas concepções pedagógicas e ações didáticas, a consciência do seu papel diante de uma sociedade envolvida pela tecnologia, o que possivelmente exigirá mudanças no seu processo de trabalho, compreendendo que o ensino não é uma realidade imutável definida pelos outros, mas contestável na sua essência. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo, por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, de cunho exploratório, teve como objetivo central investigar o uso das TICs no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da educação em Ciências da Natureza, nas áreas de Química, Física e Biologia, envolvendo professores do Ensino Médio da rede pública de ensino de Cascavel/PR. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um roteiro semiestruturado, o qual foi aplicado em entrevistas com professores, e um checklist para verificação de quais TICs as escolas possuem. Os dados obtidos foram agrupados e a análise deles ocorreu mediante a utilização da Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os dados alcançados por meio do checklist foram analisados a partir da estatística descritiva e os resultados apresentados em tabelas, sendo complementares aos dados das entrevistas. Nesse sentido, considera-se que os dados apresentados no presente texto remetem à reflexão acerca da importância do professor, suas posturas, suas resistências, carências de formação, entre outros, perante a necessidade de inserção das TICs na educação formal.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Breno Arsioli Moura / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, Santo André, 2018. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a contribuição do uso da História da Ciência como recurso pedagógico para a discussão de aspectos da Natureza da Ciência (NdC), por meio de dois episódios da História da Química: a teoria vital (vitalismo) e a síntese da ureia. O pensamento vitalístico pode ser encontrado desde o tempo dos gregos e postula que a vida não é meramente resultado de forças físicas e químicas, mas que estas são guiadas por meio de uma força vital intrínseca à própria vida. Algumas narrativas sugerem que, durante o século XIX, um grande debate surgiu quando Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) sintetizou a ureia, até então considerada uma substância orgânica, que só poderia ser produzida a partir de organismos vivos. Essa descoberta, feita no ano de 1828, tornou-se mais uma anedota que propaga a ideia de descobertas geniais da ciência, em que apenas uma pessoa foi responsável por todo o desenvolvimento de determinado conhecimento. Isso vem sendo perpetuado nas salas de aula que geralmente reproduzem uma versão simplificada e inadequada da História da Ciência. Problematizamos esses episódios no Ensino Médio por meio de uma adaptação da Abordagem Multicontextual da História da Ciência (AMHIC). A AMHIC foi originalmente desenvolvida para um contexto de formação de professores. Ao adaptar sua estrutura principal, foi possível inserir conteúdos históricos de forma contextualizada também no Ensino Médio. A proposta de ensino foi aplicada em uma turma de terceiro ano de uma escola pública no município de São Caetano do Sul. As atividades propiciaram discussões sobre o desenvolvimento da Química Orgânica, do conceito de isomeria e de aspectos da Natureza da Ciência (NdC). Após a intervenção, a análise dos dados nos permitiu concluir que os alunos atuaram ativamente no processo de ensino aprendizagem, se apropriaram dos conceitos de NdC de forma a se expressar por meio de uma visão menos ingênua da Ciência, além de terem aprimorado habilidades em relação à leitura e à escrita. / The purpose of this research is to explore the role of the History of Science as a pedagogic resource for the discussion of NOS, from the study of two episodes of History of Chemistry: the vital theory (vitalism) and the urea synthesis. Vitalistic thinking can be found since the time of the Greeks and claims that life is not merely the result of physical and chemical forces, but that they are ruled by a vital force intrinsic to life itself. Some narratives propose that during the nineteenth-century, an intense debate arose when Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) synthesized urea, until then a substance considered to be organic and that could only be produced from living organisms. This discovery, made in 1828, became another anecdote that propagates the idea of miraculous discoveries of science, in which only one person was responsible for the whole development of certain knowledge. This idea has been perpetuated in classrooms and textbooks, which generally reproduce a simplified and inadequate version of the History of Science. We problematized these episodes in classroom situations by adapting the Multicontextual Approach of History of Science (MCAHS). MCAHS was originally developed to be used in teacher education. By adapting its main structure, we used the idea of contextual teaching to introduce historical content also in high school classes. The teaching proposal was applied in a third grade of High School a public school in the city of São Caetano do Sul. The activities provided discussions on the development of Organic Chemistry, the concept of isomerism and aspects of the Nature of Science (NOS). After the intervention, the analysis of the data allowed us to conclude that the students had an active role in the learning process, appropriated the concepts of NOS in order to express themselves through a less naive view of Science, in addition to having improved skills in reading and writing.

No description available.

Die Arbeit begründet durch die Betrachtung empirischer Befunde die Notwendigkeit von naturwissenschaftlicher Vorschulbildung, hinterfragt und analysiert bestehendes Bildungsmaterial und entwickelt einen Umsetzungsvorschlag in Form einer Broschüre für die Bildungspraxis von Erzieher_innen. Dazu werden in dieser Arbeit Qualitätsmerkmale naturwissenschaftlicher Bildungsprozesse und naturwissenschaftlichen Bildungsmaterials herausgearbeitet und auf bestehendes Bildungsmaterial angewendet. Das Fazit diagnostiziert den bestehenden Bildungskonzepten ein naturwissenschaftliches Defizit und ein mangelndes Verständnis dafür, was naturwissenschaftliches Vorgehen ausmacht. Es stellt die Anschlussfähigkeit des erworbenen Wissens in Frage und fordert ein Umdenken in der naturwissenschaftlichen Ausbildung von Erzieher_innen.:1. Einleitung 1.1 Problembeschreibung 1.2 Fragestellung 1.3 Methodische Vorgehensweise 2. Naturwissenschaftliche Vorschulbildung in Studien, Lehr- und Bildungsplänen 2.1 Vorschulbildung in empirischen Studien 2.2 Naturwissenschaften im sächsischen Bildungsplan 2.3 Naturwissenschaft im Lehrplan der sächsischen Fachschule für Sozialwesen 3. Theoretische Betrachtung naturwissenschaftlicher Bildung 3.1 Scientific Literacy 3.2 Nature of Science 3.3 Naturwissenschaftliche Konzepte 3.4 Conceptual Change Theorie 3.5 Situationsansatz 3.6 Ziele naturwissenschaftlicher Vorschulbildung 3.7 Qualitätsdimensionen naturwissenschaftlicher Bildung in der Kita 4. Analyse und Bewertung bestehenden Materials für die Kita 4.1 Experimentierbücher 4.2 Broschüren der Stiftung Haus der kleinen Forscher 4.3 Experimentierkästen 5. Entwicklung eines didaktischen Mediums 5.1 Identifikation physikalischer Konzepte 5.1.1 Basiskonzept Materie 5.1.2 Basiskonzept Energie 5.1.3 Basiskonzept Wellen und Schwingungen 5.1.4 Basiskonzept Kräfte und Wechselwirkungen 5.2 Naturwissenschaftliche Denk- und Arbeitsweisen 5.3 Die physikalische Grundbildung der Fachkraft 5.4 Konzipierung des didaktischen Materials 6. Implementierung einer geeigneten naturwissenschaftlichen Bildungspraxis in der Kita 6.1 Gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz 6.2 Entwicklung professioneller Kompetenz 6.3 Verfügbarkeit geeigneten Materials 7. Zusammenfassung 8. Weiterführende Fragen Literaturverzeichnis Anhänge Anhang 1 – Übersicht der empirischen Studien zur vorschulischen Bildung Anhang 2 – Soziale Disparität in der PISA 2015 Studie Anhang 3 – Das Struktur-Prozessmodell nach Roux und Tietze Anhang 4 – Kriterien zur Bewertung naturwissenschaftlichen Bildungsmaterials Anhang 5 – Mathematische Herleitung des Archimedischen Prinzips Anhang 6 – Schatten in unterschiedlichen Beleuchtungssituationen Anhang 7 – Übersicht der physikalischen Realschulbildung Anhang 8 – Broschüre „Physik in der Kita“

本研究主要目的在探究國小學生，在利用「知識論壇」 (Knowledge Forum)—一個以知識翻新(knowledge-building)教育思想為核心所建立的電腦輔助合作學習(CSCL)平台—進行教學之前與之後，在「科學學習歷程」與「科學合作概念」上的改變情形。研究對象為台北市某國小五年級學生。資料來源主要為課堂觀察、上課錄影資料、知識論壇平台上的活動記錄、以及集體訪談的前後測訪談稿。實驗共分二組：(1) 實驗組使用知識論壇平台進行知識翻新教學；(2) 控制組則以傳統講授與小組合作方式授課。 研究結果主要有以下四點：(1) 課堂觀察與錄影資料分析顯示，在傳統的課堂中(控制組)教師主導的活動佔據大部分上課時間，然而在進行知識翻新教學之課堂中(實驗組)，學生則使用更多的時間進行同儕間的互動與合作；(2) 知識論壇平台活動記錄分析結果發現，在論壇的輔助下進行知識翻新教學，有助於幫助學生跳脫分工合作的小組活動、進行更機遇式(opportunistic)的合作學習；(3) 平台中的發文內容分析顯示，經過18週的課程，學生有更多以合作為基礎的學習活動；(4) 訪談稿前測結果指出，學生對於科學知識本質的「暫時性」與「共構性」僅有初步瞭解。在合作方式上，多數學生認為科學家會合作，然而在合作的方式上則普遍強調以「分工」為基礎的科學合作，而非以「創新」知識為基礎的合作方式。訪談稿後測結果則指出，經過知識翻新課程後，受試國小學生已漸能形成以創新為基礎(而非任務為導向)的科學合作概念。 本研究主要的結論有四點：(1) 知識翻新教學有助於促進學生間的互動學習；(2) 在知識翻新教學後學生有更多以合作為基礎的探究活動；(3) 本研究中的小學生已普遍有合作的理念，但仍停留在分工合作的觀點；以及(4) 知識翻新教學可以有助於幫助學生形成以創新為主的合作觀。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of knowledge building on fifth-grader’ science learning process and their views on collaboration. A software program called Knowledge Forum—which is designed based on knowledge-building theory—was employed to complement student learning. Participants were 53 fifth-graders from an urban school in Taipei. Data source mainly came from video-taping of classroom activities, class observation records, group interview, and the online activities automatically recorded in the Knowledge Forum platform. The students were divided into two groups for comparison: (1) the experiment group adopted knowledge building pedagogy; (2) the control group adopted traditional instruction that combined both teacher lectures and student collaboration in groups. The main findings are as follows: (1) as shown in the video and the classroom observation data, it was found that in the traditional (control) class, teacher-led activities took up the majority of class time; in contrast, in the knowledge building (experimental) class, students had more time for peer interaction and collaboration; (2) as the online activity data showed, it was found that engaging in knowledge building helped students to move away from division of labor and to engage in more opportunistic collaboration ; (3) based on content analysis on student online discussion, it was found that students progressively performed more collaborative activities towards the end of this class; and (4) as evidenced in the pre-post interview data, it was found that students initially had a more limited understanding of scientific knowledge as “tentative” and “co-constructive”. In addition, while they thought scientists work together, they tended to highlight the kind of teamwork based on division of labor, rather than the kind of teamwork aimed to create new knowledge. However, the post-interview data showed that after engaging in knowledge building for 18 weeks, students began to see scientific collaboration as more innovation-oriented, and less task-oriented. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made: (1) engaging students in knowledge building was helpful for promoting more interaction among students; (2) knowledge building progressively fostered more scientific inquiry activities that is based on collaboration; (3) before attending this study, students had already the concept of cooperation, and such concept is highly based on division of labor, but after engaging in knowledge building, they were able to gradually develop a more creative view of collaboration.

Laboratory work is considered important for student achievements in science education. This thesis will contribute with increased knowledge about lab work in science education in Swedish secondary school. The main purposes are to describe secondary school science teachers’ objectives for lab work and to describe how these objectives are implemented during laboratory exercises. The thesis shows and discusses, from a teacher perspective, the complexity involved in lab work.The thesis is comprised of four papers based on empirical analysis of teacher interviews, laboratory manuals and laboratory exercises. Two interview studies identified which objectives the teachers consider important and compared these to international studies. Two case studies identified how the teachers’ objectives are put forward during lab work and what factors are important for the implementation of objectives.The results from the interview studies show that Swedish secondary school science teachers express general objectives including the development of students’ understanding of concepts and phenomena, of their interest in science and ability to think and reflect upon labwork. This is to a large extent in accordance with objectives identified in international studies. However, when the teachers describe specific laboratory exercises they emphasize the activity and the laboratory skills. Some of the teachers describe lab work that includes scientific inquiry but not specifically, knowledge about the nature of science. Scientific inquiry was mostly used to develop interest in science and not to develop knowledge about how to systematically investigate phenomena in nature. The teachers express their objectives differently in different contexts. The laboratory manuals mostly put forward objectives to help students identify objects and phenomena and to learn facts, which is not always in accordance with the teachers objectives. Results from the case studies show that the teachers’ objectives do not always correspond to the students’ views of important things to learn. It is not obvious that lab work in itself make students understand a certain scientific content, they need help to “see what is intended to be seen”. Interactions between the teacher and the students are important to help students perceive the teacher’s objectives. Many interactions have a starting point in the laboratory manuals, and if the objectives in the manual correspond to the teacher’s objectives it makes it easier for both the students and the teacher to reach the intentions for the laboratory exercise. Implications for science teaching are discussed. / Att laborationer har en naturlig och central plats i naturvetenskaplig undervisning håller de flesta med om men hur stor vikt svenska grundskollärare lägger på det laborativa arbetet och dess betydelse för elevers lärande i naturvetenskap är inte klarlagt. Denna avhandling ska ge ytterligare kunskap om det laborativa arbetet i svensk grundskola. Avhandlingen har två huvudsyften. Det ena är att ge en beskrivning av de mål för laborativt arbete som lärare i den svenska grundskolans senare år anser viktiga. Det andra är att beskriva hur laborationer som genomförs i skolpraktiken förverkligar de uppsatta målen. Avhandlingen uppmärksammar och diskuterar det laborativa arbetets komplexitet utifrån ett lärarperspektiv.De fyra delstudierna bygger på empiriska undersökningar av intervjuer med lärare, deras laborationsinstruktioner och av det laborativa arbetets genomförande. I två intervjustudier analyseras vilka mål som anses viktiga och hur dessa förhåller sig till internationell forskning om mål med laborationer. I två fallstudier analyseras hur lärarens mål framträder under det laborativa arbetet och vilka faktorer som har betydelse för hur målen implementeras.Resultaten från intervjustudierna visar bland annat att lärare i den svenskagrundskolan uttrycker generella mål för laborativt arbete som att eleverna skautveckla sin förståelse av naturvetenskapliga begrepp och fenomen, sitt intresse för naturvetenskap, och sitt reflekterande över laborativt arbete. Detta överensstämmer i stor utsträckning med mål som framträder i internationella undersökningar. När lärarna talar om specifika laborationer betonar de istället själva aktiviteten och de laborativa färdigheterna. Lärarna uttrycker således sina mål olika i olika sammanhang. Lärarna erbjuder laborationer där undersökande arbete förekommer men de utnyttjar inte laborationerna till att skapa förståelse av naturvetenskapens karaktär. Det undersökande arbetet utnyttjas främst för att öka intresset för naturvetenskap och inte för att ge kunskap om metoder för naturvetenskapliga undersökningar. Laborationsinstruktionerna innehåller i stor utsträckning mål för att hjälpa elever att identifiera objekt och att lära sig fakta. Instruktionernas mål stämmer inte alltid överens med lärarnas mål med laborationerna. Resultaten från fallstudierna visar att lärarna ofta har fler mål med laborationerna än de som kommer fram under genomförandet och att lärarnas mål inte alltid överensstämmer med vad eleverna uppfattar som viktigt. Det är inte självklart att det laborativa arbetet i sig medför att eleverna förstår ett visst naturvetenskapligt innehåll, eleverna behöver hjälp att ”se vad som är avsett att se”. Interaktionerna mellan lärare och elever och mellan elever och elever är mycket viktiga för att eleverna ska uppfatta målen. Mycket av interaktionerna tar sin utgångspunkt i laborationsinstruktionen. Om målen i denna överensstämmer med de mål läraren vill eftersträva underlättar det både för läraren och för eleverna. I avhandlingen diskuteras konsekvenser för undervisningen.

This dissertation is an empirical study of the scientific literacy of 28 young adults (aged 18-26 years) in the context of their decision making about the health risks of mobile phones. The issue of possible health effects is one of a number of socioscientific issues now confronting adults in the 'knowledge/risk' society where scientific knowledge plays an increasingly significant role in people's lives. The focus of interest is the young people's responses to the uncertain science of 'science in the making' (Latour, 1987) and their positioning of this scientific knowledge in their risk assessments. The study is based on an interactive model of the public understanding of science and applies a critical realist and moderate social constructionist methodology. Data construction included focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. The stimulus for discussion in the focus groups was a recent television news report presenting contradictory scientific research findings about whether mobile phones pose significant health risks. In the individual interviews understanding of the nature of science and risk judgments were explored. Data analysis involved a coding of the discourse in terms of themes and issues and interpretation of these in terms of the theoretical framework of the thesis. A major finding was that these young people interpreted the uncertainty of the scientific knowledge mainly in social terms and with limited understanding of the role of theory in interpreting data. They talked spontaneously of risk but did not draw on scientific knowledge or risk estimates in their judgment about mobile phone safety. Findings have important implications for science education and suggest a broadened conception of scientific literacy which includes critical dimensions and risk literacy. It is argued that this functional scientific literacy is essential for effective citizenship in contemporary society.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:05:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WesleyCO_DISSERT.pdf: 6721230 bytes, checksum: 88cae54372de377ee09da74089205341 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / In last decades, the importance of including the contents of the Nature of Science (NOS) in Science Education has been emphasized. Several studies have focused on investigating the conceptions of NOS, supported by students and teachers, as well as design, implement and evaluate proposals that aim to provide a reflection on this theme in the educational context. Considering the complexity of such content, studies indicate the need for explicit and contextualized approaches and the History of Science (HS) is one of the possible paths to this inclusion. We started from the premise that, through a historical study, that aims to discuss the meaning and the basis of our "beliefs", we can know the process of building on what we "believe" and better understand its meaning. This thesis is part of this perspective, proposing to explore the History of the Vacuum, a themed high didactic potential still little used, in order to collaborate with the teaching content of NOS. We present actions on different fronts that originated three products in the context of this research. On the first front, we insert the research and production of instructional materials (three historical texts) to subsidize people interested in the implementation of HPS for educational context through this material. The relevance of this front is justified by the existence of gaps with regard to the production of such material for the context of teacher training. However, we consider that the preparation of instructional material of good quality and accessible does not guarantee that these resources will be used, if they will not be accompanied by discussions in teacher training, on how to use them, contexts and obstacles to be faced. The second part presented refers to the organization and implementation of a workshop for undergraduate students in physics and physics teachers, considering the instrumentalization of these individuals to the preparation and use of teaching strategies to approach aspects of NOS through episodes of History of the Vacuum, as well as the preparation of the text orientation for people interested in implementing the instructional material for secondary education. This guidance text contemplates the difficulties anticipated by the literature of the area and the main challenges faced by the participants about the didactic transposition of HPS for the educational context they were noted during the workshop. The relevance of this second front, in particular, is justified by the existence of gaps with regard to the inclusion of the theme of NOS and the HPS teacher training / Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, a import?ncia de incluir conte?dos de Natureza da Ci?ncia (NdC) no ensino de ci?ncias tem sido enfatizada. Diversos trabalhos tem se preocupado em investigar as concep??es sobre NdC sustentadas por alunos e professores, bem como em elaborar, implementar e avaliar propostas cujos objetivos se relacionam a propiciar espa?os de reflex?o sobre essa tem?tica no contexto educacional. Dada a complexidade desses conte?dos, estudos apontam a necessidade de abordagens explicitas e contextualizadas dos mesmos, sendo a Hist?ria da Ci?ncia (HC) um dos poss?veis caminhos para essa inser??o. Partiu-se da premissa de que, por meio de um estudo hist?rico, que visa discutir o significado e a base de nossas cren?as , pode-se conhecer o processo de constru??o do que acreditamos e entender melhor o seu significado. A presente disserta??o se insere nessa perspectiva, propondo, com o objetivo de colaborar com o ensino de conte?dos de NdC, explorar a Hist?ria do V?cuo, tem?tica de alto potencial did?tico ainda pouco utilizado. Apresentaram-se a??es em diferentes frentes que originaram tr?s produtos no ?mbito do presente trabalho. Na primeira frente, inseriu-se a pesquisa e a produ??o de materiais instrucionais (tr?s textos hist?ricos) para subsidiar interessados na transposi??o da HFC para o contexto educacional a partir do referido material. A relev?ncia dessa frente, em particular, se justifica pela exist?ncia de lacunas no que diz respeito ? produ??o desse tipo de material para o contexto de forma??o de professores. Considerou-se, no entanto, que a elabora??o de material instrucional acess?vel e de boa qualidade n?o ? garantia de que esses recursos venham a ser empregados se n?o forem acompanhados de discuss?es, na forma??o dos professores, sobre como utiliz?-los, contextos e obst?culos a serem enfrentados. Partindo desse pressuposto, a segunda vertente apresentada diz respeito ? organiza??o e implementa??o de uma oficina para licenciandos e professores de F?sica, tendo em vista a instrumentaliza??o desses indiv?duos para a elabora??o e uso de estrat?gias did?ticas para abordagem de aspectos de NdC por meio de epis?dios da Hist?ria do V?cuo, bem como a elabora??o do texto de orienta??o aos interessados em transpor o material instrucional para o Ensino M?dio. Esse texto de orienta??o contempla as dificuldades previstas pela literatura da ?rea (FORATO, 2009) e os principais desafios enfrentados pelos participantes acerca da transposi??o did?tica da HFC para o contexto educacional, que foram notados durante a oficina. A relev?ncia dessa segunda frente, em particular, se justifica pela exist?ncia de lacunas no que diz respeito ? inser??o da tem?tica NdC e da pr?pria HFC na forma??o de professores

In 2016 the Ministry of Education in British Columbia (BC), Canada introduced the topics of quantum mechanics (QM) into the Grade 8 science curriculum. Science teachers with or without QM background are expected to learn and teach QM. Stemming from a constructivist theoretical framework, this in-depth exploratory case study explores the processes of learning and teaching the topics of QM by asking: “How does a Grade 8 science teacher learn to teach QM?” The purpose was to understand the teacher’s QM learning process, the development of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in QM and teacher’s views of the nature of science (NOS). The data was collected through multiple sources and analyzed by using thematic analysis. The themes were identified under five main categories: 1) the development of PCK in QM is complex, 2) the student-centered approach mandated in the redesigned curriculum may be limiting, 3) the nature of learning QM is not different than learning other subjects, 4) middle school science education is inconsistent with the current level of scientific knowledge, and 5) the development of informed views of NOS requires an accumulation and synthesis of prior knowledge in history and philosophy of science (HPS). The study proposes two previously unexplored integral aspects of PCK framework, since: the ‘allotted time’ in learning and teaching a subject and ‘pre-PCK’ change the nature of PCK development. The term pre-PCK was coined referring to the specific content oriented and student-centered activities that take place before the class with the goal of establishing an effective basis for the PCK development. The insights emerging from the study would be of interest to other Grade 8 science teachers in BC, pre-service teacher program coordinators at the universities, and the Ministry of Education in BC to provide institutional support. This study would also contribute to closing the knowledge and communication gaps between the fields of science, science education practice and science education research. / Graduate

L’enseignement de la science présente plusieurs lacunes : des lacunes en lien avec le contenu scolaire, les activités scolaires et la nature de la science. Qu’en est-il de l’enseignement de la science au Québec par rapport à ces lacunes ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons assimilé l’enseignement de la science à l’enseignement de la modélisation. En effet, « faire la science » revient essentiellement à une activité de modélisation, les scientifiques passent la majorité du temps à construire, à tester, à réviser et à utiliser des modèles scientifiques. Il est important de souligner que cette activité permet, d’une part, de construire les connaissances scientifiques et, d’autre part, de comprendre la nature de la science. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser l’enseignement de la modélisation au Québec en vue de déterminer ses lacunes. Pour préciser cet objectif, nous avons choisi le cas particulier du modèle particulaire, car il est fondamental à l’univers matériel. Pour atteindre les objectifs de cette recherche, nous avons procédé en trois étapes. Dans la première étape, nous avons élaboré des critères de l’enseignement de la modélisation et de l’enseignement du modèle particulaire en s’appuyant sur plusieurs travaux de recherches effectués pour améliorer l’enseignement de la modélisation. Dans la deuxième étape, nous avons décrit l’enseignement de la modélisation tel que présenté dans le programme de formation au secondaire et l’enseignement du modèle particulaire tel que présenté dans le curriculum formel et auprès de certains enseignants. À la troisième étape, cette description a été analysée compte tenu des grilles élaborées à la première étape, ce qui a permis d’identifier plusieurs lacunes dans l’enseignement de la modélisation et l’enseignement du modèle particulaire. Parmi ces lacunes, nous avons relevé l’absence de construction des modèles par les élèves et l’absence du principe de différenciation entre la réalité et le modèle qui l’explique. Ces deux lacunes sont également présentes dans le cas du modèle particulaire. Les élèves ne sont pas amenés à le construire. Son utilisation est inexistante dans le programme de formation et dans la progression des apprentissages au premiers cycle, elle est ambiguë dans les manuels du premier cycle et partielle au deuxième cycle. Les activités qui lui sont associées sont essentiellement des activités de mémorisation et de compréhension des concepts. Ces activités, qui ne sont pas des activités de modélisation, ne permettent pas vraiment de « faire la science » ni de comprendre la nature des modèles et de la science en général. De plus, les énoncés du modèle particulaire sont partiels de sorte que le modèle particulaire ne semble pas une idée centrale à laquelle plusieurs concepts sont reliés. Ces derniers sont plutôt éclatés et décousus. Pour remédier à ces lacunes, plusieurs recommandations ont été proposées. / The teaching of science has several deficiencies : deficiencies related to content, activities and to the nature of science itself. What about the teaching of science in Quebec in relation to those deficiencies? To answer those questions, we have equated the teaching of science with the teaching of modeling. Indeed, "doing science" essentially amounts to a modeling activity. Scientists spend most of their time building, testing, revising and using scientific models. It is important to emphasize that this activity allows, on one hand, to build scientific knowledge and, on the other hand, to understand the nature of science. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the teaching of modeling in Quebec in order to determine its weaknesses. To clarify this objective, we have chosen the particular case of the particle model, because it is fundamental to the material universe. To achieve the objectives of this research, we proceed in three stages. In the first stage, we developed criteria for the teaching of modeling and the teaching of the particle model based on several research works carried out to improve the teaching of modeling. In the second stage, we described the teaching of modeling as presented in the training program and the teaching of the particular model as presented in the formal curriculum and with certain teachers. In the third stage, this description was analyzed taking into account the grids developed in the first stage, which made it possible to identify several weaknesses in the teaching of modeling and the teaching of the particle model. Among these shortcomings, we noted the absence of construction of the models by the pupils and the absence of the principle of differentiation between reality and the model which explains it. These two deficiencies are also present in the case of the particle model. The pupils do not have to build it. Its use is nonexistent in the training program and in the progression of learning in the first cycle. It is also ambiguous in the manuals of the first cycle and partial in the second cycle. The activities associated with it are essentially activities of memorizing and understanding concepts. These activities, which are not modeling activities, do not really make it possible to “do science” or to understand the nature of models and the nature of science in general. Furthermore, the statements of the particle model are partial so that the particle model does not seem to be a central idea to which several concepts are linked. The latter are rather fragmented and disjointed. To remedy these shortcomings, several recommendations have been proposed.