This thesis in Church History presents a biographic study on the life of Ben Marais against the political and ecclesiastic background of South Africa of the 20th century. The significance of Ben Marais’ life is approached through his correspondence with the secretaries of the World Council of Churches during the 1960s and 1970s. The letters, pertaining to the World Council of Churches financial and moral support for the organisations fighting against Apartheid, reflect on Ben Marais’ involvement with the World Council and his particular concerns. Through a study on the life of Ben Marais insight can be gained into the thinking of the leadership of the NG Kerk. The study presents Ben Marais as a prophet who challenged the then popular tendencies in the NG Kerk theology on policy justification and on the relation between religion and nationalism. The central question in this study asks, what led an ordinary man, of humble background, to the insights he reflected, and guided him through times of transparent opposition to maintain his belief in what was right and just? What was the essence of his theology and understanding of the South African problem? To what extent could the church leaders of the present, and the future learn from his example and life, in terms of the tribulations faced, different schools of thought, and sentiments, both nationalistic and spiritual? The study then wishes to test the following hypothesis: Ben Marais can be considered as one of the steadfast and humble prophets of the church in Southern Africa during the 20th century, who serves as an example of Christian Brotherhood, regardless of the perplexities, for present and future generations on relations between the affairs of faith, state and society. The thesis presents a broader introduction on Church Historiography. Ben Marais’ own historiographical reflection is considered. The approaches to history are summarised as background to the periodisation model adopted by the study. The study wishes to work with a thematic model set against a chronological framework. Sensitivity to geographical concerns is also expressed. Afrikaner Nationalism is not seen in isolation, but in relation to African, English and Indian Nationalism. / Thesis (DD)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted

This master's thesis in the first part describes the AS/400 and its message system and concentrates especially on the following areas: predefinition of messages and their storing, types of messages and levels of their importance, work with variables included in message text and ways of sending messages. On the basis of AS/400 message system is designed and implemented message log system for the application loggin for Aegis. s.r.o. The analysis of the message log systems is also a part of the work. The syslog and syslog-ngused in UNIX systems are described, concerning types of messages, importance of messages and filtering and storing of messages. It further describes possibilities of application logging based on Java in the specific case of the Log4jutility. In the second part thesis describes own log message systems design and implementation.

Det händer att fysiska och juridiska personer underlåter att betala skatter eller att fullgöra sina civilrättsliga skyldigheter. För upprätthållandet av ordning har KFM ensamrätt att genom tvång ta gäldenärens egendom eller lön för betalning av en fastställd skuld. Exempel på egendom som kan utmätas är gäldenärens hem i form av en bostadsrätt eller fast egendom. Det är dock av stor vikt att samhällets tvångsmedel regleras noga och att det råder balans mellan å ena sidan dess effektivitet och å andra sidan kravet på att tvånget utförs med respekt för den enskildes mänskliga rättigheter.  Bostadsrätt är lös egendom och i svensk rätt är sådan egendom klassificerad som beneficieegendom och därmed som utgångspunkt undantagen från utmätning enligt 5 kap. 1 § 6 p. UB. En villa är däremot exempel på fast egendom och för sådan typ av bostad saknas undantagsregler i UB. Rätten till hem är en mänsklig rättighet reglerad i artikel 8 i EKMR. Att denna mänskliga rättighet bör beaktas i mål om utmätning av någons hem uppmärksammades först i och med Europadomstolens avgörande i Rousk mot Sverige år 2013. Europadomstolen konstaterade att det vid utmätning av någons hem måste göras en proportionalitetsbedömning enligt vilken hänsyn ska tas till både borgenärens och gäldenärens intressen. I Europadomstolens mål prövades frågan om utmätning av fast egendom och då det för sådan egendom saknas reglerade undantagsregler i svensk rätt har HD i sin efterföljande praxis utgått från Europadomstolens bedömning vid utmätning av just fast egendom. HD har även i sin praxis om utmätning av fast egendom, efter Europadomstolens avgörande, framhållit att hänsyn också ska tas till principen om barnets bästa som följer av artikel 3 i BK. Frågan om skillnad i bedömning vid utmätning av olika typer av bostäder har uppmärksammats i Utsökningsutredningens betänkande SOU 2016:81 Ett modernare utsökningsförfarande. Utsökningsutredningen föreslår att regleringen av bostadsrätt såsom beneficieegendom tas bort och att bostadsrätter och fast egendom ska utmätas på samma sätt, innebärande att de mänskliga rättigheterna ska beaktas i bedömningen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda i vilken mån EKMR och BK har beaktats i rättspraxis och bör beaktas i mål om utmätning av bostad. Arbetet har resulterat i de övergripande slutsatserna att EKMR och BK efter Europadomstolens avgörande har blivit en naturlig del av HD:s bedömning vid utmätning av fast egendom vilket även har stärkt skyddet för bostad vid utmätning av fast egendom. Ännu en slutsats är att utredningens förslag är rimlig. / On occasion, physical and juridical persons fail in paying taxes or committing to their duties according to civil law. In order to maintain the legal structure the Swedish Enforcement Authority has received the lone right to, by force, seize a debtor’s property or salary in order to secure the payment of a settled debt. For example, a debtor’s tenant ownership or real property can be seized for this purpose. However, it is fundamental that the societies means of coercion are carefully regulated, and that a balance between the effectivity of the coercion pertains on the one hand and the requirement that this process is executed with respect to the individuals human rights are upheld on the other hand.  Tenant ownership is personal estate and classified as exemption from attachment in Swedish law, thereby it serves as a benchmark for that which is exempted from attachment according to 5 kap. 1 § 6 p. UB. A house is on the other hand an example of real estate, which lacks such exemption rules. The right to a home is a human right regulated in article 8 in the European Convention. That this right should be regarded in cases on attachments of people’s homes came to attention first when the European Court settled the case of Rousk against Sweden in 2013. The court established that the principle of proportionality must be implemented in such cases, according to which consideration should made to both the creditor and the debtors interests. In the European Court’s case the question of attachment of real estate was raised. Swedish law lacks such exemption rules, however the Supreme Court in Sweden has in its case law confirmed the exemptions made by the European Court. The supreme court has even in its case law regarding attachment of real estate, after the European Court’s judgment, maintained that the principle of the best interest of the child must also be regarded that is found in article 3 in the Children’s Convention. The question of whether difference should be made in the evaluation of attachment of different types of dwellings has been raised in Utsökningsutredningens betänkande SOU 2016:81 Ett modernare utsökningsförfarande. This investigation suggests that the regulation of tenant ownership as exemption from attachment should be abolished and instead be coerced through the framework as real estate, meaning that the human rights would be regarded in the evaluation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate in which extent the European Convention and the Children’s Convention has been regarded in case law and should be regarded in cases on attachment of dwelling. The study’s general conclusions are that both conventions have become a natural part of the Supreme Court’s judgment’s following the European Court’s case. This has in turn strengthened the protection of housing in cases of attachment of real estate. Another conclusion is that the investigations proposals are reasonable.

<p>This dissertation identifies four American novels published between 2016 and 2018—Colson Whitehead’s <em>The Underground Railroad</em> (2016), Jesmyn Ward’s <em>Sing, Unburied, Sing</em> (2017), Celeste Ng’s <em>Little Fires Everywhere</em> (2017), and Tommy Orange’s <em>There There</em> (2018)—that deploy a multifocal narrative structure to facilitate readers’ ethical engagement with their content. Specifically, these novels’ narrative structures guide readers through spatial reading, or reading across numerous characters’ perspectives of a shared space instead of with the grain of chronological time. Contextualizing these novels within the nation’s shifting racial beliefs initiated by the election of Barack Obama in 2008 and the election of Donald Trump in 2016, I argue that, in these novels, multifocalization and the spatial reading it activates dismantle the cognitive schemas and cultural discourses that sustain unjust racial ideologies. Spatial reading engages readers in acts of rereading and contextualization that diverge from the practices of generalization and erasure affiliated with myths of racial progress and the rhetoric of colorblindness, and it accordingly builds readers’ capacity to acknowledge racism as systemic, structural, and multifaceted. By emphasizing how each novel facilitates readers’ racial literacy, this project diverges from and complicates the widespread belief that the humanities contribute to antiracism by building readerly empathy, instead championing how the humanities impart upon readers the tools to analyze and critique systemic racism. </p>

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit einer Form der Heilkunde, die Astrologie und Medizin kombinierte, und im antiken Babylonien (heute südlicher Irak) in der spätbabylonischen Zeit existierte (6–1. Jh. v. Chr.). Enthalten sind Editionen und Untersuchungen zu Keilschrifttafeln mit astro-medizinischen Texten, größtenteils aus Archiven und Tempelbibliotheken der beiden Orte Babylon und Uruk, den wichtigsten Zentren des wissenschaftlichen Lebens in dieser Zeit. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird hierbei dem Tierkreis sowie dem Mikrozodiak gewidmet, und dem Prozess der Integration astrologischen Wissens in die Heilkunst. Eines der betrachteten astromedizinischen Systeme ist das Stein-Pflanze-Holz-Schema. In diesem System wurden Materialien aus den drei Gruppen im Namen des Schemas den Tierkreiszeichen zugeordnet. Es gab neben der mit dem Tierkreis verbundenen Standardversion, die einen kalendarischen Vorläufer hatte, auch eine erweiterte Version in Verbindung mit den 144 Mikro-Tierkreiszeichen. Das einfache Zodiakschema wurde auch in den iatromathematischen Kalender integriert, ein astromedizinisches System, das u. a. aus einer Gruppe von Kalendertexten bestand, die für jeden Tag des schematischen 360-Tage-Kalenders pharmakologisch-therapeutische Anweisungen enthielten, und der Melothesie, einem Konzept, das jedem der Tierkreiszeichen einen Einfluss auf eine bestimmte Region des menschlichen Körpers zuschrieb. Die babylonische Astromedizin bildete die Grundlage für die spätere hellenistische Astromedizin, die viele der Konzepte und Methoden übernahm. / The thesis deals with a form of medicine combining astrology and medicine that existed in ancient Babylonia (now southern Iraq) in the late Babylonian period (6th-1st centuries BC). Editions and studies of astro-medical cuneiform tablets are included, mostly originating from archives and temple libraries in the two cities of Babylon and Uruk, the main centers of scholarly life in that era. Particular consideration is given to the zodiac and the micro-zodiac and to the process by which astrological knowledge began to be integrated into the healing arts. One astro-medical therapeutic system is the so-called ‘stone-plant-wood’-schema. In this system materials from the three groups of nature in the name of the schema are associated with the zodiacal signs. Two different versions of it existed: a standard one in connection with zodiac (which had a calendrical forerunner) and an advanced version in connection with the 144 micro-zodiac signs. The standard zodiac schema was also integrated in a comprehensive iatromathematical calendar, an astro-medical system which consisted inter alia of a group of calendar texts (menologies that give prescriptions for each day of the schematic 360-day calendar), remedies made of animal substances that were associated with the signs of the (micro)-zodiac, and melothesia i.e. a concept ascribing to each of the zodiac signs an influence on a specific region of the human body. Late Babylonian astrological medicine formed the basis for later Hellenistic astro-medicine which adopted many of the Babylonian concepts and methods.

No description available.

The traditional landings with large warships near the coastline have been replaced by means of vessels moving beyond the horizon from the coast where the landing will take place. The old landing crafts have been replaced by transport helicopters and close air support, a threat that the amphibious battalion lacks resources to meet. The Swedish Armed Forces faces a possible acquisition of MANPADS and therefore the main purpose with this study was to examine the systems: FIM-92 Stinger RMP, Mistral and RBS70 NG, in order to assess which one of them who had the greatest potential to be effective when used by the amphibious battalion in a coastal defense operation. The study was conducted as a multiple criteria decision analysis, based on the concept of military utility. The result indicated that the RBS70 NG was the system that best met the requirements and demonstrated the greatest potential to be military efficient, although Mistral with minor exceptions fulfilled the requirements. As the study was delimited to a theoretical study based on three specific scenarios, further studies are recommended with simulations, as well as field trials before the result can be given a higher validity. The result, however, already helps us to understand how MANPADS contributes with military utility in coastal defense operations. / De traditionella landstigningarna med stora fartyg uppträdandes kustnära har ersatts med metoder innebärandes att fartygen rör sig bortom horisonten från den kust där landsättningen/landstigningen ska ske. De gamla landstigningsbåtarna har i hög grad ersatts med helikoptrar som understödda av attackhelikoptrar och flygplan utgör den nya dimensionerande hotbilden. En hotbild som amfibiebataljonen saknar resurser för att möta. Då Försvarsmakten står inför en eventuell anskaffning av ett buret luftvärnssystem till amfibiebataljonen har denna undersöknings främsta syfte varit att bedöma vilket av systemen FIM-92 Stinger RMP, Mistral eller RBS70 NG som uppvisat störst potential att vara militärt effektivt när de nyttjas av en amfibiebataljon i kustförsvarsoperationer. Undersökningen genomfördes som en komparativ analys med multimålmetod och tre olika typfall som grund. Jämförelsen tog sin utgångspunkt kring teoribildningen om militär nytta och då mer specifikt militär effektivitet. Resultatet indikerade att RBS70 NG var det system som bäst mötte amfibiebataljonens krav och därmed uppvisade störst potential att vara militärt effektivt, även om Mistral med enstaka undantag också uppfyllde kraven till synes utan begränsningar. Då studien avgränsats till en teoretisk jämförelse i tre specifika typfall, rekommenderas fortsatta studier med såväl simuleringar som praktiska prov innan resultatet kan ges en högre validitet. Resultatet bidrar däremot redan nu till en förståelse för vad som ökar den militära effektivitetenvid genomförande av kustförsvarsoperationer.

AFRIKAANS: Die Belhar Belydenis was sedert sy ontstaan in 1982 ‘n omstrede dokument in die NG Kerkfamilie. Ná die Kerkbode-debat in 1998, is Belhar al hoe meer gesien as ‘n struikelblok in die weg van eenwording. Denke oor die Belydenis het gepolariseer tussen diegene wat dit aanvaar as konfessie teenoor diegene wat dit nie aanvaar nie. Besware wat teen die Belydenis ingebring is, het te make met sy ontstaansgeskiedenis, sy status as konfessie en inhoudelike besware. Die negatiewe persepsies oor die Belhar Belydenis is diep gewortel. In hierdie studie word ‘n derde posisie voorgestel, naamlik dat die missionêre waarde van die Belhar Belydenis vir die NG Kerk genoeg rede is om die inhoud van die belydenis te ontgin, ongeag of die belydenis as konfessie aanvaar word of nie. Deur ‘n bestudering van die sendingbenadering en –beleid in die NG Kerk as historiese aanloop tot die Belhar Belydenis, word die belang van inheemswording in terme van die missie van die kerk uitgelig. Die NG Kerk het ‘n sendingbeleid rondom die negentiende-eeuse Europese teologie van inheemswording ontwikkel wat bygedra het tot die ontstaan van afsonderlike kleur-bepaalde kerke. Hierdie beleid van inheemswording het bygedra tot ‘n versmelting van kerk en volk by die Afrikaner, met ‘n verdere gevolg van toenemende isolasie, ‘n geloofwaardigheidskrisis en ‘n missionêre gevangenskap. Dit vorm die missionêre agtergrond van die Belhar Belydenis. Ongelukkig het die NG Kerk die belydenis baie negatief ontvang – saam met ‘n aanklag van kettery en afgodery. Selfs te midde van hierdie negatiewe persepsie van die Belhar Belydenis, het die belydenis nogtans ‘n vormende en bevrydende invloed uitgeoefen op die sending van die kerk tot op hede, weereens: missionêre waarde. Die leemte in die inheemswording van die NG Kerk is dat dit tot volks-inheemswording beperk was. ‘n Nasionale inheemswording-benadering word uitgewys as ‘n meer relevante uitdrukking van die missie van die kerk in Suid-Afrika, met ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse Gereformeerde kerk as oogmerk. In terme hiervan is die Belhar Belydenis ‘n instrument tot inheemswording vir die hele NG Kerk-familie. Belhar is nie die struikelblok in die weg van eenwording nie. In die herenigingsgesprekke het ‘n inwendige teenstrydigheid ontstaan, en dít is die werklike struikelblok. Verskillende benaderings tot belydenisse bring verskillende beoordelings van Belhar mee. Karl Barth se teologie van Gereformeerde belydenisse dui op ‘n derde weg uit die hereniging-dilemma. Die aanvaarding van ‘n belydenis in die Gereformeerde benadering geskied altyd in vryheid, want Gereformeerdes staan onder gesag van die Skrif en Christus alleen. Die gesag wat die Kerk aan ‘n belydenis toeken word nie ontken nie, maar eerder ontgin. Die studie sluit af met riglyne vir die ontginning van die missionêre waarde van die Belhar Belydenis, gegrond op 14 onderhoude met teoloë uit die NG Kerk en VGKSA. Die onderhoude word weergegee as stimulasie tot gesprek tussen die lede van die NG Kerk-familie, veral tussen die NG Kerk en die VGKSA. Die studie eindig met enkele praktiese riglyne vir leraars en gemeenteleiers wat die missionêre waarde van die Belhar Belydenis wil ontgin deur ‘n oop en eerlike gesprek oor die Belhar Belydenis. ‘n Verwysingsbron van aktuele temas in die Belhar Belydenis word as hulpmiddel gegee. ENGLISH: Since its inception in 1982, the Belhar Confession has been a controversial document in family of Dutch Reformed Churches. After the debate in Die Kerkbode (1998), Belhar was progressively seen as an obstacle in the way of church unity. Opinion on the Confession polarized between those who accepted Belhar as their confession and others who did not want to accept it altogether. Objections on Belhar has to do with factors surrounding its inception, its status as confession and objections on certain textual formulations. The negative perceptions of the Belhar Confession is deep rooted. This study proposes a third position, namely that the missionary value of the Belhar Confession reason enough gives to make use of the contents of the Confession, irrespective of whether it is accepted as confession or not. Through a study of the missionary approach and policy of the Dutch Reformed Churches, the importance of indigenization as mission of the church is highlighted. The Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) developed its missionary policy based on nineteenth century European theology of indigenization. This policy of indigenization, however, contributed to the formation of separate churches determined by colour. This policy of indigenization also contributed to a fusion of church and “volk” (indigenous people) of the “Afrikaner”, further resulting in isolation, a crisis of credibility and a missional imprisonment in die DRC. This is the missional background of the Belhar Confession. The DRC, however, had a very negative reception of the Confession, since it was accompanied by a charge of heresy and idolatry against this church. Nevertheless, even in the midst of this negative perception of Belhar, the Confession still had a formative influence on the mission of the church until now: hence its missional value. The shortfall in the indigenization of the DRC is that it was confined to “volks”-indigenization. A national indigenization approach is shown to be a more relevant expression of the mission of the church in South Africa, with a South African Reformed Church as objective. In terms of this, the Belhar Confession is an instrument of indigenization for the whole DRC-family. Belhar is not an obstacle in the way of church unity. In the re-unification talks, an internal contradiction appeared, which is the actual obstacle. Different approaches to confessions lead to different evaluations of Belhar. Karl Barth’s theology of Reformed confessions points to a third way out of the dilemma of the re-unification process. In the Reformed approach, the acceptance of a confession is always voluntary, because the reformed believer is only under the authority of Christ and his Word (Scripture). The authority that the church gives to a confession is not denied, but rather discovered. The study concludes with a contemporary reading of the Belhar Confession, based on 14 interviews with theologians in the DRC and the Uniting Reformed Church. These interviews are presented to stimulate a conversation between members of the DRC-family, especially between die DRC and the Uniting Reformed Church. At the end of the study, some practical guidelines are given for church leaders and pastors who wish to make use of the missional value of Belhar by facilitating and organizing an open and honest dialogue between members of the DRC-family. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

This is a Masters student Final Dissertation / In this project, two tests were performed. On the first test, Mininet-WiFi was used to simulate a Software Defined Network to demonstrate Mininet-WiFi’ s ability to be used as the Software Defined Network emulator which can also be integrated to the existing network using a Network Virtualized Function (NVF). A typical organization’s computer network was simulated which consisted of a website hosted on the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) virtual machine, and an F5 application delivery controller (ADC) which provided load balancing of requests sent to the web applications. A website page request was sent from the virtual stations inside Mininet-WiFi. The request was received by the application delivery controller, which then used round robin technique to send the request to one of the web servers on the LAMP virtual machine. The web server then returned the requested website to the requesting virtual stations using the simulated virtual network. The significance of these results is that it presents Mininet-WiFi as an emulator, which can be integrated into a real programmable networking environment offering a portable, cost effective and easily deployable testing network, which can be run on a single computer. These results are also beneficial to modern network deployments as the live network devices can also communicate with the testing environment for the data center, cloud and mobile provides. On the second test, a Software Defined Network was created in Mininet using python script. An external interface was added to enable communication with the network outside of Mininet. The amazon web services elastic computing cloud was used to host an OpenDaylight controller. This controller is used as a control plane device for the virtual switch within Mininet. In order to test the network, a webserver hosted on the Emulated Virtual Environment – Next Generation (EVENG) software is connected to Mininet. EVE-NG is the Emulated Virtual Environment for networking. It provides tools to be able to model virtual devices and interconnect them with other virtual or physical devices. The OpenDaylight controller was able to create the flows to facilitate communication between the hosts in Mininet and the webserver in the real-life network / The University of South Africa The University of Johannesburg / College of Engineering, Science and Technology

Every organization has a corporate image (beyond its control) which is mainly formed by its corporate identity (which it can control). This means that organizations have to manage their images. A positive image is particularly important for non-profit organizations, since these organizations depend on the goodwill of their publics for their existence. NG Welsyn is a well known welfare organization, famous for its bond with the Dutch Reformed church. Its two main sources of income, namely the state and members of the church have different opinions about the spending of funds. The state expects NG Welsyn to play a role in transformation, while members of the church want their needs to be catered for first. This, along with the decrease in funds from church members forced NG Welsyn to research its image among Dutch Reformed church members. In order to determine the image of NG Welsyn, an external public relations audit was formed through the use of questionnaires, focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Theoretical knowledge with regard to corporate image and identity as well as attitude formation was used as theoretical framework within the context of strategic communication management by non-profit organizations. The attitudes of church members on the elements of corporate identity were researched to determine the organization's image. The results show that the church members don't have a positive or negative image of NG Welsyn, since they don't have enough information about the organization. There is currently no relationship between the two parties. The main conclusion is that NG Welsyn can improve its image by the strategic management of communication with important publics. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.