Στην εποχή της Μοριακής Ιατρικής, η ιατρική πληροφορία θα πρέπει να σχετίζεται με την λειτουργία των ιστών και των κυττάρων σε μοριακό επίπεδο. Η ιατρική διάγνωση καθώς και ο σχεδιασμός και η αποτελεσματικότητα της θεραπείας απαιτούν λεπτομερή πληροφόρηση σε θέματα που αφορούν τον μεταβολισμό, τους υποδοχείς, αλλά και την γονιδιακή έκφραση των ιστών. Η Τομογραφία Εκπομπής Ποζιτρονίων (ΡΕΤ), μέθοδος της Πυρηνικής Ιατρικής είναι ο κυριότερος επί του παρόντος εκπρόσωπος της Μοριακής Απεικόνισης, διαγιγνώσκει δηλαδή απεικονιστικά παθήσεις σε μοριακό επίπεδο με την βοήθεια ραδιοφαρμάκων. Τα τελευταία χρόνια υπάρχει όλο και μεγαλύτερο ενδιαφέρον για την ανάπτυξη συστημάτων Τομογραφίας Εκπομπής Ποζιτρονίων που αφορούν την απεικόνιση μικρών ζώων (animal PET). Τα συστήματα αυτά είναι σχεδιασμένα ώστε να κάνουν απεικόνιση ανατομικών δομών μικρότερων από αυτές του ανθρώπου. Τα οφέλη πολλά, τόσο στην αξιολόγηση νέων ραδιοφαρμάκων, όσο και στην βελτίωση των κλινικών PET μέσα από την μελέτη και την ανάπτυξη τέτοιων πρότυπων συστημάτων. Το αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής εργασίας αφορά την μελέτη σε βάθος και κατανόηση της λειτουργίας ενός πρότυπου συστήματος PET (Positron Emission Tomography). Σε πειραματικό επίπεδο θα γίνει εκμάθηση και λήψη δεδομένων μέσω των ηλεκτρονικών μονάδων NIM. Τα χαρακτηριστικά του συστήματος που χρησιμοποιείται στην παρούσα εργασία είναι μια μικρή PET κάμερα, που αποτελείται από δυο κεφαλές βασισμένες σε χωρικά ευαίσθητο φωτοπολλαπλασιαστή H8500 και διακριτοποιημένο κρύσταλλο LSO κυψελίδων 2x2mm2, πεδίου διαστάσεων 5x5cm2. Κάθε κεφαλή περιλαμβάνει ένα φωτοπολλαπλασιαστή, ένα κρύσταλλο και ηλεκτρονικά τα οποία είναι υπεύθυνα για την προ-ενίσχυση. Το σύστημα συλλογής δεδομένων θα γίνει μέσω των ηλεκτρονικών NIM (Nuclear Instrumentation Module) και θα συγκριθεί με εκείνο του small animal PET. Σκοπός μας είναι να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τις κατάλληλες μονάδες (ενισχυτές, διευκρινιστές, μονάδες σύμπτωσης και gate and delay generators), ώστε να καταγραφεί το είδος των μεταφερομένων σημάτων σε όλες τις επιμέρους μονάδες. Στη συνέχεια και ύστερα από επεξεργασία των δεδομένων στον υπολογιστή θα πραγματοποιηθεί απεικόνιση ομοιωμάτων ή μικρών ζώων. Η σύγκριση καθώς και η κατανόηση της λειτουργίας του τρόπου με τον οποίο γίνεται η σύμπτωση και η συλλογή των δεδομένων θα μας βοηθήσει μελλοντικά στην ανάπτυξη ενός νέου συστήματος PET με βέλτιστα επιθυμητά χαρακτηριστικά. / In this work dual head PET camera, suitable for high resolution small animal studies has been developed. The system has a field of view of 5x5cm and is based on 2 H8500 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs), coupled to two LSO crystals with 2.5x2.5mm pixel size. Then an FPGA based data acquisition system and proper data reconstruction system collect events, sort coincidences and produce images. We develop a system that is responsible for the coincidence detection based on NIM electronics. Systems evaluation has been carried out using FDG. Point sources have been used for systems calibration. Capillaries with 1.1mm inner diameter were imaged.

The purpose of this Dissertation Thesis is to comprehensively set forth the issue of sanctioning of legal persons and also to critically evaluate it. The present Thesis is divided into five chapters. Firstly, the basic terms related to sanctioning of legal persons are defined and the institute of criminal liability of legal persons is expounded including evolution of the legislative in task as well as exposition of the legislation in force. The core of this Dissertation Thesis constitutes detailed analysis of sanctioning of legal persons. Attention is payed not only to stipulations on sanctioning of legal persons included primarily in the Czech Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Persons and Proceedings against Them, but above all the attention is drawn to suggestions on legislative changes de lege ferenda in relation to sanctioning of legal persons. The Author suggests incorporation of new sanctions such as pecuniary punishment against registered capital or supervision over legal entities executed by insolvency administrators or for example integration of a new provision covering mitigating and aggravating circumstances related specifically to legal persons. This Dissertation Thesis also covers current statistics regarding the imposition of sanctions on legal persons and draws interesting...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-10-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peixoto_ml_dr_jabo.pdf: 356167 bytes, checksum: 00f6eeb32ee82f02a8220b70f6eed68f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B se destaca como uma das pragas mais importantes na cultura do feijoeiro. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de feijão comum associado a doses de nim e silício no desenvolvimento e oviposição de mosca-branca assim como o teor de fenóis e lignina em plantas tratadas com esses produtos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. Foram realizados testes para oviposição, com e sem chance de escolha e antibiose. Para a seleção inicial avaliou-se onze genótipos de feijoeiro. De acordo com os dados obtidos pode-se concluir que o genótipo IAC-Harmonia apresentou resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação e/ou antibiose; o genótipo Pérola foi o mais suscetível, e o genótipo IAC-Carioca Tybatã intermediário. Os genótipos testados foram igualmente ovipositados. Os três genótipos selecionados na antibiose foram associados a diferentes doses de óleo de nim e silício. De acordo com os dados obtidos pode-se concluir que o silício reduziu o número de ovos em teste com chance de escolha e o nim reduziu em ambos os testes. O óleo de nim proporcionou alta mortalidade ninfal. No segundo teste de não preferência para oviposição para o teste com chance o menor número de ovos foi na dose de nim 0,75% e na dose nim 1% para o teste sem chance. O maior teor de fenóis foi obtido no genótipo Pérola e entre os tratamentos para o silício via solo 1%. O maior teor de lignina foi no genótipo IAC-Harmonia e entre os tratamentos não houve diferença exceto para a testemunha / Whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B stands out as one of the major pests of bean crop. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the resistance of common bean associated to doses of neem and silicon on the development and oviposition of the whitefly as well as the content of phenols and lignin in plants treated with these products. The assays were carried out in greenhouse in the Departamento de Fitossanidade of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/Campus of Jaboticabal-SP. Free-choice and non-choice for oviposition and antibiosis tests were performed. For the initial screening, 11 bean genotypes were assessed. According to the obtained data we can conclude the genotype IAC-Harmonia showed nonpreference for feeding and/or antibiosis-type resistance; the genotype Pérola was the most susceptible; and the genotype IAC-Carioca Tybatã was intermediate. Tested genotypes were equally oviposited. The three screened genotypes from antibiosis test were associated to different doses of neem oil and silicon. From the obtained data we concluded silicon reduces the number of eggs in free-choice test and neem reduces it in both tests. Neem oil provided high mortality of nymphs. In the second non-preference for oviposition assay, for free-choice test, the lower number of eggs was found for neem dose at 0.75% and for non-choice test, neem in the dose of 1%. The highest content of phenols was obtained in the genotype Pérola and among treatments for silicon in the soil at 1%. The highest content of lignin was found in the genotype IAC-Harmonia and among treatments there were no differences except for the control treatment

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV08MA061.pdf: 1448249 bytes, checksum: 698177cc88a738bc51ae342ee9a11bb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Four trails were conducted with the objective to study the potential of neem oil, Azadirachta indica, and biotherapics on the control of lepidoptera pests in organic soybean culture. Leaf consumption, development and mortality of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were evaluated in laboratory, with larvae submitted to the treatments: leaf sprayed with neem oil (0.5%), leaf sprayed with neem oil (1.5%), leaf sprayed with neem oil (2.5%), leaf and larvar sprayed with neem oil (1.5%), leaf sprayed with A. gemmatalis macerated bioteraphic 10 mL.L-1, leaf sprayed with A. gemmatalis triturated bioteraphic 10 mL.L-1, leaf and larvae sprayed with A. gemmatalis triturated bioteraphic 10 mL.L-1, leaf sprayed with Dipel® 0,5 L.ha-1 and control. To the experiment with the soybean shoot borer Epinotia aporema Wals (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the field, the treatments: neem oil (1; 3 and 5%), E. aporema triturated biotherapic, Dipel® SC (Bacillus thuringiensis) 0.5 and 0.7 L ha-1 and control with no intervention, were applied twice in a completely randomized blocks design with four replicates. Additionally, a study to verify the residual effect of the products was performed by offering soybean leaves sprayed in the field to A. gemmatalis at the laboratory, at 0, 4 and 8 days after spraying. To evaluate the compatibility of these products with the biological control, a selectivity test to natural enemies was conducted under in vitro conditions, according to the International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC), using the immature phase of the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Neem oil reduced leaf consumption, caused insects deformation and high mortality indexes. The biotherapics did not have effect to leaf consumption and neither caused deleterious effects in A. gemmatalis development. The two highest concentrations of neem oil showed control efficiency of E. aporema superior to 80%, followed by the treatment Dipel® SC 0,7 L ha-1, but did not reach a control index higher than 50%. Epinotia aporema biotherapics (30 CH) did not show effect on the own species. Adverse effects of neem oil and B. thuringiensis in larvae of A. gemmatalis were more evident when the time between spraying and starting larvae feeding was smaller. The residual effect of neem oil was higher according to the increase of the concentration used. Biotherapics had little influence in the development and mortality of A. gemmatalis. In the selectivity test, A. gemmatalis biotherapics and Dipel® SC were classified as innocuous, neem oil (0.5%) as slightly harmful, and neem oil 1.5% and 2.5% as moderately harmful / O objetivo foi estudar o potencial do óleo de nim (Azadirachta indica) e de preparados homeopáticos no controle de lepidopteros praga na cultura da soja conduzida sob o sistema orgânico. O consumo foliar, o desenvolvimento e a mortalidade de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) foi avaliado em laboratorio, a partir de lagartas submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: folha pulverizada com óleo de nim a 0,5, 1,5 e 2,5%, folha pulverizada + lagarta pulverizada com óleo de nim 1,5%, folha pulverizada com nosódio macerado de A. gemmatalis 10 mL.L-1, folha pulverizada com nosódio triturado de A. gemmatalis 10 mL.L-1, folha pulverizada + lagarta pulverizada com nosódio macerado de A. gemmatalis 10 mL.L-1, folha pulverizada + lagarta pulverizada com nosódio triturado de A. gemmatalis 10 mL.L-1, folha pulverizada com Dipel® SC (Bacillus thuringiensis) 0,5 L.ha-1 e testemunha sem intervenção. Para o experimento com broca-das-axilas, Epinotia aporema Wals (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a campo, foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: óleo de nim a 1, 3 e 5%, nosodio triturado de E. aporema, Dipel® SC 0,5 e 0,7 L ha-1 e testemunha sem intervenção, com delineamento de blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições, sendo realizado duas aplicações, a primeira no estádio V4 a V5 e a segunda 15 dias após a primeira. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um ensaio para verificar o poder residual desses produtos, através do fornecimento de folhas pulverizadas a campo para A. gemmatalis em laboratório em três épocas diferentes, aos 0, 4 e 8 dias após a pulverização. Para verificar a compatibilidade desses produtos com o controle biológico, foi realizado teste de seletividade a inimigos naturais em laboratório, segundo as normas padronizadas da International Organization of Biological Control (IOBC), utilizando o parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) na fase imatura (pupa). O óleo de nim reduziu o consumo foliar, provocou deformações nos insetos e causou índice de mortalidade superior a 98% nas duas maiores concentrações. Os preparados homeopáticos não promoveram redução no consumo foliar, assim como não provocaram efeitos deleterios no desenvolvimento das lagartas de A. gemmatalis. O óleo de nim nas duas maiores concentrações apresentou eficiência de controle de E. aporema superior a 80%, seguido do tratamento Dipel® SC 0,7 L ha-1, porém, o tratamento com Dipel® SC 0,7 L ha-1 não alcançou índice de controle superior a 50%. Nosódio de E. aporema na 30CH não apresentou efeito sobre a própria espécie. Os efeitos adversos do óleo de nim e do B. thuringiensis provocados em lagartas de A. gemmatalis foram mais evidentes quanto menor o intervalo entre a aplicação e o início da alimentação das lagartas. O efeito residual do óleo de nim foi dependente da concentração utilizada, sendo que quanto maior a concentração maior o efeito residual. Os bioterápicos pouco influenciaram no desenvolvimento e na mortalidade das lagartas de A. gemmatalis. No teste de seletividade, os tratamentos bioterapicos com nosódio de A. gemmatalis e Dipel® SC, foram classificados como inócuos e o óleo de nim 0,5%, levemente nocivo, já os tratamentos com óleo de nim nas concentrações 1,5% e 2,5%, foram classificados como moderadamente nocivos

Orientador: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior / Banca: César Freire Carvalho / Banca: Juliana Altafin Galli / Banca: Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk / Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Resumo: A mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B se destaca como uma das pragas mais importantes na cultura do feijoeiro. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de feijão comum associado a doses de nim e silício no desenvolvimento e oviposição de mosca-branca assim como o teor de fenóis e lignina em plantas tratadas com esses produtos. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Fitossanidade da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. Foram realizados testes para oviposição, com e sem chance de escolha e antibiose. Para a seleção inicial avaliou-se onze genótipos de feijoeiro. De acordo com os dados obtidos pode-se concluir que o genótipo IAC-Harmonia apresentou resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação e/ou antibiose; o genótipo Pérola foi o mais suscetível, e o genótipo IAC-Carioca Tybatã intermediário. Os genótipos testados foram igualmente ovipositados. Os três genótipos selecionados na antibiose foram associados a diferentes doses de óleo de nim e silício. De acordo com os dados obtidos pode-se concluir que o silício reduziu o número de ovos em teste com chance de escolha e o nim reduziu em ambos os testes. O óleo de nim proporcionou alta mortalidade ninfal. No segundo teste de não preferência para oviposição para o teste com chance o menor número de ovos foi na dose de nim 0,75% e na dose nim 1% para o teste sem chance. O maior teor de fenóis foi obtido no genótipo Pérola e entre os tratamentos para o silício via solo 1%. O maior teor de lignina foi no genótipo IAC-Harmonia e entre os tratamentos não houve diferença exceto para a testemunha / Abstract: Whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B stands out as one of the major pests of bean crop. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the resistance of common bean associated to doses of neem and silicon on the development and oviposition of the whitefly as well as the content of phenols and lignin in plants treated with these products. The assays were carried out in greenhouse in the Departamento de Fitossanidade of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/Campus of Jaboticabal-SP. Free-choice and non-choice for oviposition and antibiosis tests were performed. For the initial screening, 11 bean genotypes were assessed. According to the obtained data we can conclude the genotype IAC-Harmonia showed nonpreference for feeding and/or antibiosis-type resistance; the genotype Pérola was the most susceptible; and the genotype IAC-Carioca Tybatã was intermediate. Tested genotypes were equally oviposited. The three screened genotypes from antibiosis test were associated to different doses of neem oil and silicon. From the obtained data we concluded silicon reduces the number of eggs in free-choice test and neem reduces it in both tests. Neem oil provided high mortality of nymphs. In the second non-preference for oviposition assay, for free-choice test, the lower number of eggs was found for neem dose at 0.75% and for non-choice test, neem in the dose of 1%. The highest content of phenols was obtained in the genotype Pérola and among treatments for silicon in the soil at 1%. The highest content of lignin was found in the genotype IAC-Harmonia and among treatments there were no differences except for the control treatment / Doutor

As plantas, assim como outros organismos, possuem a capacidade de se defenderem contra ataque de patógenos. Uma das respostas desencadeadas pelo reconhecimento do patógeno pelas células vegetais é a reação de hipersensibilidade (RH), que envolve a morte imediata das células do sítio primário de infecção, oferecendo resistência ao crescimento do patógeno. Muitas evidências sugerem a participação da mitocôndria neste processo de morte celular programa. O nim (Azadirachta indica) é conhecido devido as suas propriedades medicinais e inseticidas, sendo que os estudos sobre a ação inseticida dessa planta restringem-se a análise de seus mecanismos de ação sobre insetos e também de seus efeitos sobre trabalhadores rurais que fazem uso de produtos a base de nim. Entretanto não há na literatura pesquisada, trabalhos de seus impactos sobre o sistema vegetal. A partir dos resultados previamente obtidos em nosso laboratório e com as análises dos dados da literatura, consideramos de grande importância dar continuidade a esse estudo do efeito do nim como elicitor, avaliando quais mecanismos que levam ao fenômeno de resistência vegetal. O extrato de nim (EB) foi preparado a partir das sementes, sendo caracterizado bioquimicamente pela quantificação de compostos fenólicos, açúcares e proteínas. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada sendo possível observar que o extrato das sementes de nim possui forte atividade antioxidante de maneira dose-dependente com IC50 de 14,85 mg/mL. Para os ensaios biológicos foi utilizado EB nas concentrações de 0,1 a 5 mg/mL isolado ou em associação com AS a 1 µmol/L ou 1 mmol/L. Para determinação da morte celular foi observado o efeito do EB nas concentrações de 5 e 0,1 mg/mL isolado ou em associação com AS 1 µmol/L nos tempos de 0 a 8 horas. Diante dos resultados foi observado que o EB na concentração de 0,1 mg/mL isolado ou em associação com AS 1 µmol/L foi capaz de causar morte celular em células de Rubus fruticosus de forma mais significativa do que o EB isolado ou em associação com AS na concentração de 5 mg/mL. No tempo de 8 horas, foi observado uma porcentagem de morte celular de 64 % para células elicitadas com EB 0,1 mg/mL isolado e 71 % para células elicitadas com EB 0,1 mg/mL em associação com AS. A diminuição da produção de EROs e da produção de AS endógeno bem como o aumento da produção de compostos fenólicos foi observado em células intactas elicitadas com EB isolado. No entanto quando a células foram elicitadas com EB em associação com AS observamos uma diminuição da produção de compostos fenólicos com o aumento da produção de AS endógeno. Em mitocôndrias isoladas foi avaliado o consumo de oxigênio, o potencial de membrana e a produção de EROs com o EB isolado e sua associação com AS 1 mmol/L. Foi observado que o EB isolado ou em associação com AS foi capaz de diminuir a velocidade de consumo de oxigênio pela cadeia respiratória sendo este efeito mais acentuado quando o nim foi administrado juntamente com AS, onde a porcentagem de inibição da velocidade de consumo de oxigênio pela cadeia respiratória na presença de EB em associação com AS foi de 79 % no estado 3 da respiração e 62 % no estado 4. Sobre o potencial de membrana observamos que o EB isolado ou em associação com AS foi capaz de diminuir o potencial de membrana, porém de forma pouco significativa. Para a produção de EROs observamos que o EB isolado foi capaz de diminuir a produção de EROs em mitocôndrias isoladas em cerca de 55 a 20 % na presença de antimicina A e 39 a 10 % na presença de rotenona, porém quando o EB foi administrado juntamente com AS observamos uma diminuição da produção de EROs somente para o EB nas concentrações de 0,5; 1 e 5 mg/mL. Com os resultados apresentados neste trabalho e os resultados obtidos anteriormente em nosso laboratório é possível sugerir que o extrato das sementes de nim possui um efeito protetor sobre células de Rubus fruticosus. / Plants, like other organisms, have the capacity to defend themselves against attack by pathogens. One of the responses triggered by pathogen recognition by plant cells is the hypersensitive response (HR), which involves the immediate death of cells in the primary site of infection, providing resistance to the pathogen growth. In this regard, it has been well established that mitochondria are involved in cell death. The neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is known due to its medicinal and insecticidal properties; studies on the insecticidal action of this plant had been restricted to the analysis of their action mechanisms on insects and their effects on rural workers who use neem-based products. However, its impact on plant systems has not been addressed. Considering previous results from our laboratory and literature data we assessed the effects of neem as elicitor, particularly the mechanisms leading to the phenomenon of plant resistance. The neem extract (EB) was prepared from the seeds, characterized biochemically by quantification of phenolic compounds, sugars and proteins. The extract showed strong dose-dependent antioxidant activity (IC50 of 14.85 mg/mL). EB concentrations of 0.1-5 mg/mL, alone or in association with 1 mol/L or 1 mmol/L SA (salicylic acid), were used for the biological assays. For cell death assays, EB was employed in concentrations of 0.1 and 5.0 mg/mL, alone or in association with 1 mol/L SA, during 0-8 hours. EB (0.1 mg/mL), alone or in association with 1 mol/L SA, induced Rubus fruticosus cell death more efficiently than EB alone or in association with 5 mg/mL SA. After 8 hours, a 64% of death of cells elicited with 0.1 mg/mL EB and 71% of death of cells elicited with 0.1 mg/mL EB in association with SA, was observed. Decrease in ROS generation and production of endogenous SA, as well as increased production of phenolic compounds, was observed in intact cells elicited with EB alone. However, when cells were elicited with EB in association with SA, a decreased production of phenolic compounds and an increased production of endogenous SA, was observed. In isolated mitochondria, it was measured oxygen consumption, membrane potential and ROS production for EB alone or in association with 1 mmol/L SA. In either conditions, EB decreased oxygen consumption by the respiratory chain, an effect more pronounced in association with SA: ~79 % inhibition for state 3 and ~ 62 % for state 4 respiration. Also, either neem alone or in association with SA decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as ROS generation to an extent of 55-20% in the presence of antimycin A and 39-10% in the presence of rotenone; in association with SA, EB decreased ROS at 5, 1 and 0.5 mg/mL. Together with our previous study, these results suggest that neem seeds extract has a protective effect on Rubus fruticosus cells by scavenging, via phenolic compounds, reactive oxygen species generated by SA, thereby decreasing its action as cell death inducer.

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The discovery of metamaterials has led to major advances in different fields of physics including optics, microwave engineering and acoustics. Specific to theoretical electromagnetism, the introduction of metamaterials have led to the development of negative-index materials (NIMs) with simultaneous negative permittivity and negative permeability with backward-wave propagation. In recent studies, exact analytical solutions for wave propagation from a step/graded-index interface between a right-handed material (RHM) and a left-handed material (LHM) have been obtained. This study attempts to provide numerical validation of the analytical solutions obtained by Dalarsson et al. by using the simulation tool CST. An square-SRR/strip-wire unit element was designed, with real part of relative permittivity equal to -1.96 and real part of relative permeability equal to -1.01. Such unit elements were orderly structured to produce a NIM structure. Furthermore, a positive-index material (PIM) structure was produced by reversing the sign of the material properties of the NIM. Both the results for the step- and graded-index interfaces have shown to possess backward-wave propagation for a normal incidence angle. The graded-index interface profiles have a more smooth and continuous wave propagation between the materials, which counteracts the effects of discontinuous material transitions present in step-index interface profiles. However, because the results of the present study were considerably affected by unwanted field effects, the analytical solutions are only qualitatively validated, and not validated in terms of their numerical accuracy. / Upptäckten av metamaterial har lett till stora framsteg inom olika fysikområden inklusive optik, mikrovågsteknik och akustik. Specifikt för teoretisk elektromagnetism, har introduktionen av metamaterial lett till utvecklingen av negativa indexmaterial (NIM) med samtidig negativ permittivitet och negativ permeabilitet med bakåtvågsutbredning. I nyligen genomförda studier, har exakta analytiska lösningar för vågutbredning över ett steg-/graderat- indexgränssnitt mellan ett högerhänt material (RHM) och ett vänsterhänt material (LHM) erhållits. Denna studie försöker tillhanda-hålla numerisk validering, med hjälp av simuleringsverktyget CST, av de analytiska lösningar som erhållits av Dalarsson et al. En square-SRR/strip-wire enhetselement designades, med realdelen av relativ permittivitet lika med -1,96 och realdelen av relativ permeabilitet lika med -1,01. Sådana enhetselement strukturerades för att producera en materialstruktur med negativt index. Dessutom producerades en materialstruktur med positivt index (PIM) genom att vända tecknet av materialegenskaperna hos det negativa indexmaterialet (NIM). Både resultaten för steggränssnittet och det graderade indexgränssnittet har visat sig ha bakåtvågutbredning för vinkelrätt infall. De graderade indexgränssnittsprofilerna har en mer jämn och kontinuerlig vågutbredning mellan materialen, vilket motverkar effekterna av diskontinuerliga materialövergångar som finns i stegindexgränssnittsprofiler. Men eftersom resultaten av den aktuella studien påverkades avsevärt av oönskade fälteffekter, har de analytiska lösningarna validerats endast kvalitativt och valideras inte i termer av deras numeriska noggrannhet.

This paper explores the interrelationship between the net interest margin (NIM) and noninterest income and their determinants for banks in 9 Asian countries over the period 1998-2010. A simultaneous equations system is used to deal with endogenous regressors and its structural parameters are identified under a heteroskedastic covariance restriction, proposed by Lewbel (2012). The renovated Lerner Index proposed by Huang et al. (2013) is factored as a more robust proxy for market power over HHI. Our results demonstrate significantly positive relationship between the NIM and noninterest income, suggesting overall benefits for banks from income diversification. In addition, the loss-leader behavior is not supported in the sample countries.

1 Selected Issues of the Criminal Liability of Legal Entities in the Czech Republic Summary This thesis focuses on the selected issues of the criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech Republic, concretely the Act No. 418/2011 Coll. on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings against them. The main purpose of the thesis is to pick the most unclear provisions as well as the ones that cause that the criminal proceedings are not really effective. The first chapter analyzes the circumstances of ratification of the Act into the Czech legal system and the discussions connected to the ratification. The second chapter describes the chosen conception of the criminal liability of legal entities. Following chapters deal with the chosen pitfalls related to the application of the Act. The third chapter covers the § 7 of the Act and the extent of the crimes which are listed in this provision. The main problem regarding this provision is the fact, that on one hand we can find some crimes that can be hardly committed by legal entities and on the other hand we cannot find several offenses that could be expected to be committed mainly by the legal entities, e.g. infringement of the competition rules under the § 248/2 of the Criminal Act No. 40/2009 Coll. The fourth chapter focuses on § 8, firstly how the...