Sistemas de tempo-real embarcados distribuídos se caracterizam pela complexidade e especificidade de seus projetos. Tanto a complexidade quanto a especificidade apresentam forte influência dos diversos requisitos ligados às restrições advindas das três características que distinguem tais sistemas, i.e. presença de fortes restrições temporais, restrições de sistemas embarcados e distribuição de processamento. Estes requisitos, chamados de requisitos não-funcionais, afetam diversas partes do sistema de maneira não uniforme, tornando-se por esta razão difícil o seu gerenciamento. Metodologias orientadas a objetos não apresentam mecanismos específicos para tratar tais requisitos, o que implica na aplicação de um significativo esforço ao se realizar o reuso ou a manutenção de componentes afetados por requisitos de natureza nãofuncional. Novas tecnologias têm surgido com o objetivo de contornar este problema, notadamente a orientação a aspectos. Este paradigma propõe a separação no tratamento dos requisitos não-funcionais contribuindo com a modularização do sistema. Esta dissertação propõe a aplicação de orientação a aspectos para a especificação de sistemas tempo-real embarcados distribuídos. Para isto realizou-se a adaptação de uma metodologia de desenvolvimento de sistemas orientada a aspectos, a FRIDA (From RequIrements to Design using Aspects), contextualizando-a para o domínio de interesse. A utilização desta metodologia provê suporte ao mapeamento de requisitos em elementos de projeto de modo a promover a rastreabilidade entre as fases de análise e projeto. Na fase de projeto é proposta a utilização de aspectos em conjunto com elementos do perfil RT-UML para o tratamento dos requisitos identificados e especificados na fase de análise. / Distributed real-time embedded systems generally have complex and very specific projects. Those characteristics are influenced by several requirements that have relation with constraints about the time, embedded and distribution restrictions. Those requirements, called non-functional requirements, can affect the whole system in a nonuniform way, what makes it difficult to handle with this kind of requirement. Objectoriented methodologies do not present specific mechanisms to handle those requirements, what imply in a significant effort to perform reuse and maintainability tasks in those components affected by non-functional requirements. New technologies are emerging to fulfill this gap, noteworthy the aspect orientation. This paradigm proposes the separation in handling functional and non-functional requirements, giving a contribution to the system modularity. This dissertation proposes the use of aspect orientation to specify distributed realtime embedded systems. To support this proposal, it was performed an adaptation of an aspect-oriented method called FRIDA (From RequIrements to Design using Aspects). The use of this method supports the mapping of requirements in design model elements, in order to promote traceability between analysis and design phases. The presented approach proposes the use of RT-UML together with aspect oriented elements in design phase aiming to improve the handling of those requirements specified in the analysis phase.

The thesis focuses on the creation of functional requirements for an information system based on process analysis of an organization. In the theoretical part introduces the reader to the basic concepts related to business processes, their modeling and relationship with the company information system. Then, two approaches to analysing the functioning of the organization are presented, namely the approach of consultancy company Logio and the MMABP methodology. The practical part describes a real project of process analysis and creation of functional requirements for IS of a trading company. The MMABP approach is then applied to the same company. In conclusion, suitability of both approaches is evaluated and observed differences between them are identified.

Während Formal- und Sacherschließung in der angloamerikanischen Tradition als etwas Zusammengehöriges betrachtet werden, besteht im deutschen Bibliothekswesen eine klare, zumeist auch personelle Trennung zwischen den beiden Bereichen. Jüngere Entwicklungen der internationalen Standardisierung könnten hier zu einem Umdenken führen: Das theoretische Modell "Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records" (FRBR) hat eine neue Sicht auf das so genannte "bibliographische Universum" eingeläutet, das auch die Sacherschließung mit einbezieht. Auch "Resource Description and Access" (RDA), der Nachfolger von AACR2, versteht sich nicht mehr nur als ein Regelwerk für die Formalerschließung. Ganz konkrete Schritte für ein stärkeres Miteinander bringt das Projekt "Gemeinsame Normdatei" (GND) mit der Zusammenführung der Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD), der Personennamendatei (PND) und der Gemeinsamen Körperschaftsdate (GKD). Im Vortrag werden diese Entwicklungen näher beleuchtet und Überlegungen zu den damit verbundenen Chancen und Problemen angestellt.

is study has focused on the technical sustainability dimension of sustainable soŸware engineering. Sustainabilitywithin soŸware engineering is something that has recently started to gain traction, where most of theresearch has focused on the environmental dimension.e purpose of this study was to investigate the technicalsustainability dimension, and contribute by continuing to build upon previous research which has suggestedsustainability as a part of non-functional requirements and as a part of soŸware quality.is study was conducted with a qualitative approach. is approach used interviews with people withexperience of working in soŸware development to collect data. e interviews were used to gain in-depthinformation of the dišerent aspects in soŸware development, e.g. development processes.e results, based on the interviews, showed that from a technical sustainability perspective there are issueswith where the focus of the work is in soŸware development and also problems related to how timemanagementis used.e results also showed that there was some lacking in understanding the benets and tradeošs ofdecisions made in the project, for example regarding the soŸware design, which can result in unnecessarycomplexity is acquired.e study found that the culture within soŸware development projects and companies needs to be changedtowards a culture which promotes the development of high quality soŸware. Because non-functional requirementsand soŸware quality are components of technical sustainability, therefore is the technical sustainabilityhigher if the quality is high. It was further found that this culture would be possible if changes were made tothe way prioritisations are made, and the way testing is performed should be extended. Finally it was foundthat the understanding of the benets and tradeošs of decisions and ideas needs to be increased and extendedcollectively.e study concluded that the technical sustainability dimension can be achieved through these changes andthat the problem and solution therefore are not small and local but rather a big and complex issue where thesolution spans several solutions that encompasses dišerent aspects and perspectives.

Information Technology (IT) has become a vital tool for most industrial businesses and Scania CV AB is no exception. As the importance of IT generally has increased, the usage and number of applications has grown as well. Applications are substantial assets for an organization that is heavily supported by IT. Consequently, a way of managing applications efficiently and sustaining the costs of applications rather low ? doing more with less ? is required. In addition it is also important, from a business perspective, that applications as part of IT are aligned with business strategies and goals. Application Portfolio Management (APM) is a practice and a business-centric activity aimed to allocate IT resources to support business objectives and strategies; it helps determining the impact of applications and the relative importance of each application in the portfolio to the business. APM attempts to justify and measure the financial benefits of each application relative to the costs of the applications? maintenance and operations. Performing APM successfully is nevertheless a complicated issue, and something that many businesses are challenged with on a daily basis. New applications are constantly and regularly added, downloaded, purchased or selfdeveloped ? too often without any further control. In order to regain the control of the software that automates the business, and ensuring that the applications adds value and reliability to the company, Scania CV AB requires a rigorous and comprehensive method for an APM approach. In this master thesis together with Camilla Palomeques?s thesis1, such a method is provided. These two theses also offer a suggestion on how to proceed with the APM effort at Scania CV AB.

Low response time is an important factor for any interactive system. However, web-based applications suffer sometimes from bad response times. This fact is not always important but for services depending on a  high degree of interactivity it can be severe. This thesis attempts to give an answer to the question whichi s the requirements engineering for best response time on a highly interactive Web-based application? The research approach is deductive based on a single-case study and using qualitative method. The case system is a web-based system that supports an experimental technique called Wizard-of-Oz. To tackle the research question an extensive review of literature on requirements engineering was made, and, for the case study itself, system requirements documents and interviews were included. The results include information about the specific requirements engineering process for the case system, response time, and quality attributes.The conclusion indicates the importance of response time requirements, hardware and software requirements, testing, but also a demonstration phase for desired interactive behaviour including response time. The latter is not previously identified as a major step in the general literature on requirements engineering but should definitively be noted by researchers and practitioner alike.

The increased sophistication of customer needs pushes manufacturers toward integrated offerings where physical products and intangible services collaboratively generate value, also known as Product-Service Systems (PSS). This shifts the focal point from product performance to overall system functionality. However, this naturally increases the importance of requirements linked to the operation and the system's behavior, e.g., reliability, safety, and flexibility. These kinds of requirements that dictate how a system should behave and operate in its context are called non-functional requirements. However, most manufacturing firms have a legacy of focusing mainly on functional requirements.  Alongside this trend, there has been an increasing affordability and availability of data. However, how this data can be utilized for value creation remains a question for the industry. Operational data can serve as a vital source of information about the PSS behavior and value delivery process. Since non-functional requirements depend on the operational context for measuring their performance, operational data can thus provide new insights.  This thesis aims to study the motivation for and challenges of working with non-functional requirements and value within Digital PSS design by manufacturing firms. Firstly, the management of non-functional requirements in the design process is studied. The empirical research determined that there are six challenges that a design team and organization face when working with non-functional requirements. The challenges highlight that non-functional requirements’ fuzzy and intangible aspects make them easy to neglect and hard to include in design and decision-making. A state-of-the-art review is conducted to identify possible remedies. Onward, the intersection between data and value is explored. An overarching classification of operational data and how these can contribute to different forms of value creation is presented based on previous literature. Further, the analysis shows what kind of operational data can be collected using three levels of granularity. Experiences and reflections from multiple companies at different stages in their servitization journey are gathered to complement and expand the perspective on operational data and value.

[pt] Mesmo com o processo de refatoração sendo investigado cada vez mais nos últimos anos, muitas de suas características se mantém pouco compreendidas. Refatoração de software é o processo de melhorar a manutenibilidade de um sistema por meio de mudanças estruturais que não alteram seu comportamento. Estudos recentes revelaram que projetos de software frequentemente recebem refatorações compostas. Em tais refatorações, desenvolvedores aplicam uma série de transformações únicas em conjunção e em um único commit, e se espera que estas refatorações tenham um efeito maior e mais positivo do que refatorações singulares. Porém, refatorações frequentemente causam mudanças que ou mantém a qualidade do software da mesma forma, ou causam a piora do mesmo, levando trabalhos recentes a procurar causas em potencial para este comportamento. Porém, o porquê da complexidade destas mudanças compostas frequentemente afetarem seus resultados de alguma forma positiva ou (inesperadamente) negativa continua não investigado. O mesmo ocorre com o potencial efeito das preocupações dos desenvolvedores durante a aplicação de refatorações. Sobre estas preocupações, alguns trabalhos anteriores foram desenvolvidos em torno da caracterização e detecção de discussões de desenvolvedores relacionadas a refatorações. Porém, não se sabe se e como estas preocupações de desenvolvedores com refatorações, tornando-se explícitas em tais discussões, podem influenciar os efeitos de refatorações em um sistema. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta dois estudos com o objetivo de preencher a lacuna no conhecimento de que causas levam aos efeitos não-positivos frequentemente encontrados em refatorações, procurando entender: (i) se refatorações mais complexas realmente são mais efetivas do que refatorações simples, como esperado; (ii) em que situações desenvolvedores tendem a explicitar suas preocupações com refatoração do código; e (iii) qual é o impacto de tais preocupações na efetividade de uma refatoração em melhorar a qualidade estrutural do código. Nós analisamos estas características e atingimos os seguintes resultados: Primeiro, conforme a complexidade das refatorações aumenta, a efetividade das mesmas aumenta conjuntamente. Segundo, há uma relação entre a efetividade de refatorações e preocupações explícitas com refatorações, onde a possibilidade de efeitos negativos é menor quando desenvolvedores estão explicitamente preocupados com refatoração. Finalmente, desenvolvedores tendem a explicitar mais frequentemente suas preocupações com o processo de refatoração quando deparados com tarefas de refatoração mais complexas. / [en] Even though the refactoring process has been increasingly investigated in the last years, many of its characteristics remain poorly understood. Software refactoring is the process of improving the maintainability of a system through structural changes that do not alter its behaviour. Recent studies revealed that software projects frequently have to undergo composite refactorings. In such refactorings, developers perform a series of single transformations in conjunction and in a single commit, which are expected to have a larger and more positive impact than single refactorings. However, refactorings frequently cause changes that either keep the software quality the same, or cause it to worsen, which lead recent works to look for potential causes of this behavior. However, the complexity of these composite changes often affecting their outcomes in some positive or (unexpectedly) negative way remains not investigated, much like the developers concerns while performing refactoring. For the latter, some previous work was performed around characterizing and detecting refactoring-related developer discussions. However, it is unknown whether and how developers refactoring concerns made explicit in such discussions can influence the refactorings effects on a system. Thus, this work reports two studies aimed at bridging some of those gaps in knowledge in which causes lead to the non-positive effects frequently found in refactoring, by understanding: (i) if more complex refactorings are indeed more effective than simple refactorings, as one would expect; (ii) in which situations developers tend to have explicit concerns while refactoring the code; and (iii) what is the impact of such concerns on the effectiveness of a refactoring to improve structural quality. We analyze these characteristics and reach the following results: First, as refactoring complexity increases, the effectiveness of such refactorings increases as well. Second, there is a relationship between refactoring effectiveness and explicit refactoring concerns, in which the possibility of negative effects is lower when developers are explicitly concerned about refactoring. Finally, developers tend to be more explicit about their concerns on the refactoring process when they are faced with more complex refactoring tasks.

Актуальность темы магистерской диссертации обусловлена применением методик к организации, занимающейся инновациями в отраслевом секторе и при этом, имеющей потенциал для оптимизации трудозатрат. Цель данной работы – проектирование новой информационной системы для реализации инновационных технологий предприятия. Результаты работы: Представлен план по модернизации ИС с использованием информационных технологий, внедрение которых способно оптимизировать трудозатраты. / The relevance of the topic of the master's thesis is due to the application of methods to an organization that is engaged in innovation in the industry sector and, at the same time, has the potential to optimize labor costs. The purpose of this work is to design a new information system for the implementation of innovative technologies of the enterprise. Results of the work: A plan for the modernization of IS using information technologies was presented, the implementation of which can optimize labor costs.

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