Adolescent dating violence is commonly experienced by adolescents and is associated with a variety of negative outcomes. Stress and coping and social learning theories suggest that dating violence victimization may predict increased substance use and dating violence perpetration. However, few studies have assessed these relations over time, and existing studies have not assessed physical and psychological dating violence victimization separately nor focused on early adolescent populations. The current study addressed these gaps by examining longitudinal relations between physical and psychological dating violence victimization and substance use and physical and psychological dating violence perpetration among early adolescents. The extent to which gender and class norms for dating violence moderated these relations was also examined. Participants included two cohorts of sixth grade students who reported being involved in a dating relationship at Waves 1 and 2 (N = 2,022; 43% female; 52% African American, 21% Latino/a, 20% European American, and 7% other). Analyses utilized a multilevel approach whereby students were represented at Level 1 and classes (scores for students in the same cohort and school; n = 74) at Level 2. Models tested direct effects from Wave 1 psychological and physical victimization to Wave 2 outcomes and the extent to which gender moderated this effect. Models including psychological and physical perpetration also tested cross-level interactions between Level 1 dating violence victimization and Level 2 class norms for dating violence. Key findings indicated that gender moderated relations between physical and psychological victimization and psychological perpetration. High levels of psychological victimization predicted greater change in psychological perpetration for girls as compared to boys and high levels of physical victimization predicted greater change in psychological perpetration for boys as compared to girls. Additionally, physical and psychological victimization significantly predicted changes in substance use. High levels of physical victimization predicted greater change in substance use, whereas high levels of psychological victimization predicted less change in substance use. These findings highlight the need to address dating violence early in middle school, so as to prevent negative outcomes associated with victimization by a dating partner.

Many scholars have suggested that current copyright law is ill-equipped to the challenges of determining the authorship of collaborative work. This thesis analyses four case studies of large scale collaboration (Wikipedia, Indigenous art, scientific collaborations and film) in order to consider how best to determine the authorship of the creative works that they produce for the purposes of copyright law. Current scholarship and much of the case law has tended to favour a restrictive approach to the grant of joint authorship status, in order to minimise the number of potential authors of a work. This is motivated by instrumental/pragmatic concerns related to the ease of exploiting a copyright work. As joint authors are often joint first owners of copyright, proponents of this approach fear that a minor contributor might cause hold-up problems by refusing to consent to licence or assign their copyright interest. This thesis argues that an instrumental/pragmatic approach to the application of the joint authorship test is undesirable, because it distances the test both from the creativity reality of collective authorship and from copyright’s notion of the author. In addition, the instrumental/pragmatic approach relies upon assumptions about creators, the creative process and the exploitation of creative works which are not borne out in the case studies. Building on the insights from the four case studies, the thesis argues that the best approach to applying the joint authorship test to works of collective authorship is one that is inclusive (of all those who have made a more than de minimis contribution of creative choices to the protected expression) and contextual (in that it takes the context of creativity into account). In coming to this conclusion the thesis also offers broader lessons about the nature of authorship and the ongoing relevance of copyright law standards for the regulation of collaborative creativity.

Depuis plus de 40 ans, les mobilisations autour d’enjeux environnementaux interrogent les relations que l’homme entretient avec la nature. Mais toutes les questions d’environnement ne retiennent pas l’attention des pouvoirs publics et du public. Fondée sur une approche constructiviste de sociologie des problèmes publics et de sociologie cognitive, la thèse permet de comprendre, à partir de l’exemple de la conservation des bois morts, comment cette question a été instituée en problème public – sous l’impulsion de scientifiques et de responsables d’associations environnementales – et inscrite à l’agenda des politiques environnementales. Si la dimension sectorielle de ce type de problème a rendu difficile sa médiatisation, la thèse montre aussi qu’il a bénéficié de l’alignement du cadre interprétatif sur des catégories de problèmes publics déjà identifiés comme celui de la biodiversité. La thèse interroge également la production normative inhérente à la publicisation de cette question ainsi que les conditions d’élaboration de solutions. Si la production de normes censées résoudre ces problèmes est de plus en plus décentralisée et négociée, ce travail de normalisation montre ses limites en termes d’asymétrie de pouvoir, de légitimité sociale accordée aux différents acteurs de la négociation et de l’hétérogénéité des référentiels qui reposent parfois sur des compromis minimalistes et fonctionnels. Malgré cette absence de cadres interprétatifs et de référentiels normatifs stabilisés, les forestiers de terrain, enquêtés dans les Landes de Gascogne et la forêt de Rambouillet, se montrent de plus en plus réceptifs à la question de la biodiversité associée aux bois morts mais aussi à l’utilisation de cette biomasse comme source d’énergie renouvelable. Notre approche de sociologie cognitive, et en particulier de la pensée technique, montre que cette mise en concurrence et ce recadrage autour de problèmes publics environnementaux présentés comme d’égale importance interrogent à nouveau les forestiers sur leur façon de concilier éthique environnementale et économie dans le cadre de leur gestion forestière. / For more than 40 years, mobilizations around environmental issues try to engage the public and the public authorities about the relationship between human beings and nature. But all environmental issues do not become the focus of public attention or public authorities. Based on the sociology of social problems and knowledge sociology, the thesis shows how the question of dead wood conservation was instituted as a public problem by scientists and managers of environmental associations and how it was put on the agenda of environmental policies. If the professional dimension of this type of problem has complicated its media coverage, the thesis shows that this issue benefited from the alignment of its interpretative framework with some public debates which were already identified such as biodiversity issues. The thesis also queries the normative production inherent to the publicization of this issue and the conditions for the development of solutions. If the production of standards that ought to solve these problems is more and more decentralized and negotiated, this standardization shows its limits in terms of asymmetry of power, social legitimacy given to the different actors of the negotiation and the heterogeneity of the standards systems that are sometimes based on functional and minimalist compromises. Despite this absence of interpretative frameworks and stabilized normative references, foresters, in the Landes of Gascony and the forest of Rambouillet, were more and more receptive to the biodiversity issues associated with dead wood, but also to the use of this biomass as a renewable energy source. Our approach of cognitive sociology shows that this competition between these two public environmental problems is of equal importance for foresters who are dubious about the way to reconcile environmental ethics and economics in the framework of their forest management.

The main object of this diploma thesis is to describe the process of setting ethical standards for the Czech media after the Velvet Revolution. The thesis also describes the media's reflection on how the journalists abide by these ethical rules and what is their approach to ethical self- regulation. The thesis consists of two main parts. The first one is theoretical, it describes the evolution of media ethics in the Czech environment and also it lists the main issues of media ethics. The second part is analytical. The subject of the qualitative analysis is a number of texts published in years 1990 - 1992 and 2010 - 2012 in Respekt weekly, Reflex weekly and the dailies Mladá fronta Dnes (former Mladá fronta) and Právo (former Rudé právo). Both time periods were analyzed separately. The outcomes of those two analyses were thereafter compared. In order to get an idea about what ethical issues are considered to be the most problematic by the media audience, a quantitative analysis of complaints to the syndicate ethical committee is also included in the thesis.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Economic Studies Title Page MASTER'S THESIS Executive Compensation in Firms Producing Addictive Goods Author: Bc. Michael Janský Supervisor: Jiří Novák, M.Sc., Ph.D. Academic Year: 2014/2015 Abstract This thesis investigates executive compensation, turnover and migration patterns in firms that produce addictive goods (tobacco, alcohol, and gambling). Previous research has identified costs associated with the production of harmful goods specific to these industries. Consistent with this stream of research, I find increased executive compensation in tobacco, alcohol, and gambling firms. This finding seems to be driven by industry specific characteristics, rather than by executives' traits or by the 'traditional' determinants of executive compensation. Executive migration patterns and the effect of job change on compensation indicate that the higher compensation is not caused by executives' attributes well suited for these firms' specific needs, by executives' contribution to value-creating activities, or by other executive-specific characteristics. Rather, the higher compensation seems to reflect a payment to executives for having to bear society's aversion to or displeasure with these harmful goods, and those who produce them. JEL...

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of limited normative data and its aim is to report the norms of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in a large sample of cognitively healthy Czech elderly (N = 501; aged 60 to 99). The CDT is a commonly used tool for screening of cognitive functions. We worked with the following version of test: clock drawing with pre- drawn circle and time setting 13.45 using three different scoring systems (Babins, Slater, Whitehead, & Chertkow, 2008; Cohen, Ricci, Kibby, & Edmonds, 2000; Shulman, Pushkar Gold, Cohen, & Zucchero, 1993). As a result, we found a significant effect of age and education, but non-significant effect of gender on CDT performance in old age. Therefore normative data was calculated considering those two demografical variables; the tables present means, standard deviations and t-scores based on defined subgroups. The results indicate that CDT performance of cognitively healthy elderly is negatively influenced by age, while directly proportional effect of education. Moreover it seems that the range of scores of the test grows with increasing age. Data collected in this thesis may be used for a more effective and standardized interpretation of CDT performance in old age in both clinical context and research. We also confirmed high inter-rater reliability...

The aim of the study is to, with a norm critical perspective, highlight how men and their parenting are represented and framed in child custody investigation reports in Sweden. The main focus is to show norms and beliefs about men and their parenting as several sources indicate that discrimination related to gender and ethnicity occurs. Based on a qualitative research effort, a document analysis has been made by 14 child custody investigation reports from diverse areas in the country. Through a thematic analysis tree themes became apparent. “Culture as an explanation”, “Gender inequality and women understand women best” and “The receiving father vs. the authoritarian father”. The selected theories that have been used to create an understanding of our research problem are the gender system and postcolonial theory. The results gave us the conclusion that in this context both structural discrimination and racial prejudices towards fathers are apparent in many cases.

This study was conducted to investigate norms for motherhood and gender equality among Swedish mothers. The aim was to find if there are differences in how women relate to the norms, how they control impressions they send out, and if there is any conflict regarding these norms. Used theoretical framework was norms in general and impression management. We used a qualitative approach, and conducted interviews with mothers of young children.   The results show that women relate to the norms about the good mother as a norm, feeling guilt and shame, not being able to reach up to all expectations, but also facing sanctions when being too good. On the other hand we find that the Swedish gender equality ideal, aren’t a norm but an ideal and that some women refer to equality in the household as a question of that both should be satisfied. We believe this is a proof of that the Swedish equality has not yet been integrated in the society norms, for our informants. We also find that norms and ideal affect the impression management. Various number of expectations therefore results into a norm conflict for the mother. All together these expectations are unreachable, and results in sanctions of for example guilt and shame. We introduce a new concept to describe all these norms and the norm conflict within the mother; norm conglomeration. Our conclusion are that to be a good mother you must be moderate both related to motherhood norms and ideals of gender equality.

In this study I have analysed three picture books from a gender perspective: Gittan gömmer bort sig, Vera och Vilgot i byggvaruhuset, and Superhjälte. The aim was to find out how the characters are presented from a gender perspective and whether traditional gender patterns are reinforced or challenged. The aim is to find signs of equality between the sexes. The method used is discourse analysis. The theory from which I proceed is gender-focused literature analysis.   The analyses showed that several of the characters break traditional gender patterns and that the equality of the sexes is manifest. It is above all the children in the books who do not follow the norm, whereas the adults are more stereotyped. My perception is that these books seek to question traditional gender roles. A broad repertoire of books can help to affect children’s view of gender. School should uphold the equality of the sexes, and as teachers we can help to shape the children so that they do not get stuck in traditional patterns.

In this study we have analysed six modern books for children and adolescents. The books we chose to analyse were four titles from the series Lassemajas detektivbyrå, Rum 213 and Cirkeln because they are popular among girls in compulsory school. The aim of the analysis was to investigate how girls are presented in the books as regards personality, appearance and relations. We also wanted to investigate the gender relations expressed in the books. We discovered that the books we analysed largely go against traditional norms. This was most visible in Cirkeln. In Lassemajas detektivbyrå there are leading characters who break the norms, but otherwise traditional gender patterns are retained. In Rum 213 it was not as clear that the author wanted to break traditional patterns. In the books we observed a desire to create new spaces for girls to be themselves on the basis of their identity and not their gender. It is our perception that today’s books for children and adolescents are increasingly questioning traditional norms.