An extensive review of probabilistic techniques in fatigue analysis indicates that there is a need for new microstructure-sensitive methods in describing the effects of notches on the fatigue life reduction in cyclically loaded components. Of special interest are notched components made from polycrystalline nickel-base superalloys, which are used for high temperature applications in aircraft gas turbine engine disks. Microstructure-sensitive computational crystal plasticity is combined with novel probabilistic techniques to determine the probability of failure of notched components based on the distribution of slip within the notch root region and small crack initiation processes. The key microstructure features of two Ni-base superalloys, a fine and coarse grain IN100, are reviewed and the method in which these alloys are computationally modeled is presented. Next, the geometric model of the notched specimens and method of finite element polycrystalline reconstruction is demonstrated. Shear-based fatigue indicator parameters are used to characterize the shear-based, mode I formation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Finally, two different probabilistic approaches are described in this work including a grain-scale approach, which describes the probability of forming a crack on the order of grain size, and a transition crack length approach, which describes the probability of forming and propagating a crack to the transition crack length. These approaches are used to construct cumulative distribution functions for the probability of failure as a function of various notch root sizes and strain load amplitudes.

Heart failure is the leading cause of death worldwide. In 2013, the American Heart Association estimated that one American will die of cardiovascular disease every 39 seconds. While heart transplantation is the most viable treatment option, the limited availability of donor hearts has necessitated the search for treatment alternatives such as the use of adult stem cells for cardiac repair and regeneration. Following myocardial infarction (MI), the inflammatory cardiac microenvironment, limited survival of stem/progenitor cells, myocardial scarring and fibrosis affect cardiac regeneration. This dissertation examines adult stem cell based approaches for cardiac regeneration by studying the effect of i) H₂O₂- mediated oxidative stress on mesenchymal stem cells, ii) Notch1 activation in cardiac progenitor cells using a self-assembling peptide hydrogel containing the Notch1 ligand mimic RJ in vitro and functional consequences in a rat model of MI. Through these approaches, the central hypothesis that modulation of stem cell response using cues such as oxidative stress and activation of Notch1 signaling can improve functional outcome following myocardial infarction has been studied.

La cycline A2 est un régulateur essentiel du cycle cellulaire qui, en association avec des kinases dépendantes des cyclines (CDK) régule la réplication de l'ADN et l’entré des cellules en mitose. Dans de nombreux types de cancers humains, la cycline A2 a été considérée comme un facteur de prolifération contribuant à la cancérogenèse de par ses fonctions dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire. Récemment, la complexité des fonctions de cycline A2 a été révélée. Certaines études in vitro ont démontré que l'inactivation de la cycline A2 induit une augmentation de la motilité cellulaire et de l'invasion dans les fibroblastes consécutive à une activation défective de RhoA. De plus, il a été montré que l'inactivation de la cycline A2 induit la EMT par l’intermédiaire d’une augmentation de l'activité transcriptionnelle de la β-caténine, mais aussi via la voie TGFβ/Prefoldin. Ces études suggèrent que des niveaux réduits de cycline A2 sont liés à une invasion accrue et à l’apparition de métastases dans certains types de cancer. A l’aide d’un modèle de souris mutante pour la cycline A2, une étude récente a établi une fonction de cette dernière, indépendante des CDK, dans la réparation des cassures double brin de l'ADN et a montré que la perte de la cycline A2 favorise l’apparition de cancers de la peau et du poumon. L’ensemble de ces études met en évidence l’existence de multiples fonctions pour la cycline A2. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à explorer le rôle de la cycline A2 dans l'homéostasie du colon et le développement du Le cancer colorectal.Pour évaluer la valeur pronostique de la cycline A2 dans le CCR, nous avons analysé l'expression de la cycline A2 par IHC sur un grand nombre d'échantillons tumoraux dérivés de patients atteints de CCR de différents stades. Nous avons trouvé que les niveaux élevés de la cycline A2 sont corrélés avec un mauvais pronostic et une survie plus faible chez les patients atteints de CCR de stade I et II. Cependant, une diminution de l'expression de la cycline A2 a été détectée aux stades III et IV par comparaison aux biopsies de CCR de stade I et II. Il est tentant de proposer que le profil d'expression de la cycline A2 reflète ses rôles distincts au cours de la cancérogenèse du côlon, comme la prolifération cellulaire au stade précoce, lorsqu'elle est fortement exprimée, mais favorise l'invasion et l'agressivité à des stades plus avancés, lorsque ses niveaux d’expression sont réduits.En complément de cette étude clinique, nous avons généré des modèles murins porteurs d’une mutation constitutive ou inductible de la cycline A2 dans l’épithélium intestinal. Nous avons montré que la déplétion de la cycline A2 dans l'épithélium intestinal de la souris provoque une rupture de la crypte colique, une inflammation, une augmentation de la prolifération des cellules épithéliales et l’apparition de dysplasies de bas et haut grade, reconnues comme lésions précancéreuses dans le CCR. Ces observations suggèrent un rôle majeur pour la cycline A2 dans la régulation de l'homéostasie du côlon et l'initiation de la tumorigénèse. Une analyse plus poussée a révélé une proportion accrue de lésions au niveau de l'ADN et une activation aberrante de la β-caténine, anomalies couramment détectées chez les patients humains atteints de CCR et considérées comme les premières altérations de cette pathologie. En outre, nous avons détecté une expression élevée de NFkB et YAP1 chez les souris mutantes pour la cycline A2, voies qui jouent un rôle critique dans la régénération tissulaire et peuvent conduire la dédifférenciation des cellules épithéliales du côlon contribuant ainsi à la tumorigenèse. Finalement, les souris mutantes cycline A2 ont été soumises à un protocole de colite associé au cancer et ont développé une proportion accrue d'inflammation, mais aussi de dysplasies et d'adénocarcinomes, en taille et en nombre, suggérant que la perte de la cycline A2 participe à la carcinogenèse colorectale chez la souris. / Cyclin A2 is an essential cell cycle regulator required for accurate DNA replication and mitotic entry in association with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In multiple types of human cancers, cyclin A2 was considered as a proliferation driver contributing to carcinogenesis based on its function to promote cell cycle.Recently, the complexity of cyclin A2 functions has been revealed. Some in vitro studies demonstrated that cyclin A2 inactivation induces increased cell motility and invasiveness of mouse fibroblasts due to defective RhoA activation. Moreover, cyclin A2 inactivation has been shown to induce EMT through the upregulation of β-catenin transcriptional activity, but also via the TGFβ/Prefoldin pathway. These studies suggest that reduced levels of cyclin A2 are linked to increased invasiveness and metastasis in some cancer types. Using a cyclin A2 mutant mouse model, a recent study established the CDK-independent function of cyclin A2 in the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks and showed that loss of cyclin A2 promotes tumorigenesis in skin and lung due to deficient DSBs repair.Altogether, these studies highlight the multiple functions cyclin A2 can execute. The aim of my thesis was to explore the role of cyclin A2 in colon homeostasis and colorectal cancer development.To evaluate the prognostic value of cyclin A2 in CRC, we analyzed cyclin A2 expression by IHC on tumor samples derived from CRC patients of different stages. We found that high levels of cyclin A2 correlate with bad prognosis and lower survival in patients with stage I and II CRC. However, decreased cyclin A2 expression was detected in stage III and IV by comparison to stage I and II CRC biopsies. Complementary to the clinical study, we generated tissue-specific mutant mouse models bearing either a constitutive or inducible cyclin A2 deletion in the intestinal epithelium. We showed that depletion of cyclin A2 in mouse intestinal epithelium causes colonic crypt disruption, inflammation, increased proliferation of epithelial cells and occurrence of low- and high-grade dysplasia, recognized as precancerous lesions of CRC. These observations suggest a major role for cyclin A2 in the regulation of normal colon homeostasis and tumor initiation. Further analysis revealed an increased proportion of DNA damage and aberrant activation of β-catenin, commonly detected in human patients with CRC and which are considered as the first occurring alterations in this pathology. Furthermore, we detected elevated expression of NFkB and YAP1 in the colons of cyclin A2 mutant mice, pathways that have been previously shown to play critical roles for tissue regeneration after tissue damage and to drive dedifferentiation of colonic epithelial cells thus contributing to tumorigenesis. Finally, cyclin A2 mutant mice were subjected to a modified colitis-associated CRC model and developed increased proportion of inflammation, but also dysplasia and adenocarcinomas, in size and numbers, suggesting that loss of cyclin A2 contributes to inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in mice.

A galectina-3, um membro da família das proteínas de ligação a glicanas, tem sido objeto de intensa pesquisa nos últimos anos devido ao seu importante papel na biologia tumoral, como a proliferação, transformação, apoptose, angiogênese, adesão, invasão e metástase tumoral. As diferentes funções de galectina-3 nas células tumorais resultam das suas diversas localizações inter- e subcelulares que lhe permite interagir com diferentes proteínas. Esta tese teve como objetivo identificar um papel específico de galectina-3 na regulação da via de sinalização Notch, que cada vez mais tem sido associada com a progressão tumoral e angiogênese. Inicialmente, demonstramos que galectina-3 interage com o receptor Notch-1 e modula diferencialmente a ativação da via pelos ligantes DLL4 e Jagged1. A galectin-3 regulou a expressão dos ligantes de Notch assim como o receptor Notch-1 e extracelularmente recuperou a ativação de Notch na ausência de galectina-3 endógena. Em câncer gástrico humano, a galectina-3 encontrou-se positivamente correlacionada com a expressão de Jagged1, enquanto que a galectina-1, um outro membro da família das galectinas, foi positivamente correlacionado com DLL4. De seguida estudou-se o papel biológico da regulação da via Notch pela galectina-3 na angiogênese. Demonstramos que nas células endoteliais, galectina-3 liga e aumenta a meia vida de Jagged1 promovendo a ativação preferencial da Jagged1/Notch em vez de DLL4/Notch de uma forma independente de VEGF. Verificamos que condições de hipóxia alteraram a expressão de galectina-3 assim como o status de glicosilação das células endoteliais de forma a promover a ativação de Jagged1/Notch e o aumento de angiogênese. A superexpressão de Jagged1 num modelo de carcinoma de pulmão de Lewis, acelerou o crescimento tumoral in vivo que foi inibido em camundongos Lgals3-/-. Por fim, avaliou-se o papel de galectina-3 na resistência das células tumorais a quimioterápicos. Observamos que a expressão de sialil-Tn, um produto biossintético da ST6GalNAc-I, diminuiu in vitro como in vivo a presença e os sítios de ligação de galectina-3 na superfície da células levando à sua acumulação no meio intracelular. Extracelularmente, galectina-3 não levou à indução de morte celular, no entanto contribuiu para a morte induzida por quimioterápicos. As células expressando sialil-Tn encontraram-se protegidas. Em amostras de tumor gástrico, os sítios de ligação de galectina-3 encontraram-se negativamente correlacionados com a expressão de sialil-Tn. Este conhecimento possui implicações diretas no desenvolvimento de estratégias visando o controle do crescimento tumoral e angiogênese e abre novas perspectivas no combate à resistência tumoral à terapia / Galectin-3, a member of a family of glycan binding proteins has been the subject of an intense research over the past few years due to its important role in cancer biology, such as cancer cell growth, transformation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, adhesion, invasion and metastasis. The different roles of galectin-3 on cancer cells behavior appears to have originated from its diverse inter- and subcellular localizations where it interacts with several different binding partners. The aim of this thesis was to pinpoint a specific role for galectin-3 in regulating Notch signaling pathway in cancer. Notch signaling has emerged as an important pathway in carcinogenesis, and activated Notch-1 signaling has being associated with cancer progression and angiogenesis. Initially, we found that galectin-3 was able to interact with Notch-1 receptor and to differentially modulate Notch signaling activation by DLL4 and Jagged1 ligands. Galectin-3 was found to regulate the expression of the Notch ligands and Notch-1 receptor and its extracellular form was able to rescue Notch activation in the absence of endogenous galectin-3. In human gastric cancer, galectin-3 was positively correlated with the expression of Jagged1 whereas galectin1, another member of the galectin family, was positively correlated with DLL4. Furthermore, we studied the biological role of Notch regulation by galectin-3 in angiogenesis. We showed that, in endothelial cells, galectin-3 binds to and increases Jagged1 protein half-life promoting Jagged1/Notch over DLL4/Notch signaling in a VEGF independent way. Hypoxic conditions changed galectin-3 expression and the glycosylation status of endothelial cells, acting in concert to promote Jagged1/Notch activation and sprouting angiogenesis. Jagged1 overexpression in Lewis lung carcinoma accelerated tumor growth in vivo that was prevented in Lgals3-/- mice. Finally, we evaluated the role of galectin-3 in cancer cell resistance to therapy. We found that the expression of sialyl-Tn, a biosynthetic product of ST6GalNAc-I, was able to decrease cell surface galectin-3 and galectin-3-binding sites both in vitro and in vivo leading to an intracellular accumulation of this protein. Exogenously added galectin-3 was found to have no effect on cancer cell death but contributed to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Sialyl-Tn expressing cells were protected. In human gastric cancer samples, galectin-3 binding sites were negatively correlated with the expression of sialyl-Tn. This knowledge has direct implications for the development of strategies aimed at controlling tumor growth and angiogenesis and open novel perspectives to overcome tumor resistance to therapy

Les Glioblastomes (GBM, grade IV selon l’OMS) sont les tumeurs cérébrales primaires les plus agressives et sont caractérisées par une néovascularisation importante associée à l’hypoxie et à la nécrose. L’origine cellulaire des GBM est controversée, mais des sous-populations de cellules multipotentes ont été identifiées au sein des tumeurs, et seraient responsables de la radio/chimiorésistance des GBM. Ces cellules souches de glioblastome (GSC) contrôlent activement la vascularisation tumorale par leur interaction étroite avec les cellules vasculaires composant les niches tumorales. La voie Notch est une signalisation canonique essentielle au développement et à l’homéostasie du système nerveux central et son réseau vasculaire associé. Dans le contexte des GBM, cette cascade serait nécessaire à la gliomagénèse, par le maintien du réservoir de GSC au sein de la niche périvasculaire. Cependant, le mode d’action moléculaire de Notch dans les GBM reste encore à démontrer, du fait de résultats divergents observés dans plusieurs études. Dans la première partie de mon travail de thèse, j’ai contribué à l’exploration de la signalisation Notch1 dans des cultures de GSC établies et caractérisées au sein du laboratoire. Le niveau basal d’activation de Notch1 étant faible dans nos GSC, l’approche a été d’activer constitutivement cet axe par transduction lentivirale. Suite à cette activation forcée, les GSC subissent un changement phénotypique majeur et se différencient en cellules périvasculaires ou cellules « pericyte-like ». Cette transition neurovasculaire des GSC promeut la vascularisation active des tumeurs par la normalisation du réseau vasculaire in vivo. Par la suite, j’ai posé la question des mécanismes moléculaires en aval de Notch1 ; par l’étude des facteurs de transcription TAL1 et SLUG, deux candidats potentiels au contrôle de cette plasticité neurovasculaire. Dans ce but, j’ai examiné leur contribution au phénotype vasculaire des GSC dans un modèle in vitro de la niche périvasculaire ; et in vivo par l’analyse d’échantillons humains de GBM. Enfin, j’ai également observé que l’activation de Notch1 module l’activité de la machinerie du protéasome, ce qui pourrait contribuer activement à la transition moléculaire observée dans les GSC. Ces travaux mettent en avant la plasticité phénotypique des GSC: une meilleure compréhension de ces processus pourrait mener à la conception de thérapies ciblant efficacement les GSC et leur vascularisation associée. / Glioblastomas (GBM, WHO grade IV) are highly aggressive brain tumors in which extensive vascularization is associated with hypoxia and necrosis. GBM cell of origin is controversial; however multipotent stem-like subpopulations have been identified within tumors, and could account for GBM radio/chemoresistance. These glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) actively promote tumoral vascularization processes by closely interacting with vascular cells composing tumoral niches. The Notch cascade is a canonical signaling pathway required during developmental stages and adult homeostasis of the central nervous system and the associated vascular network. In the context of GBM, this molecular axis could induce gliomagenesis by promoting GSC maintenance in the perivascular niche. However, Notch-induced molecular mechanisms controlling GBM progression still remain elusive, due to divergent results observed in numerous reports. During the first part of my thesis work, I contributed to the assessment of Notch1 functions in GSC cultures isolated and characterized in our lab. Given a low Notch1 basal activation status in our GSCs, our approach was to constitutively activate this axis via lentiviral transduction. Following this forced activation, GSCs undergo drastic phenotypic changes and differenciate into perivascular-like or “pericyte-like” cells. This neurovascular transition of GSCs induces active tumoral vascularization by promoting normalization of the vascular network in vivo. Consequently, I questioned the molecular mechanisms downstream of Notch1 by focusing on TAL1 and SLUG transcription factors, two potential candidates controlling this neurovascular plasticity. For this purpose, I examined their contribution to the GSC vascular-like phenotype in an in vitro model of the perivascular niche; and in vivo by analyzing human GBM samples. Finally, I also observed that Notch1 activation modulates the activity of the proteasomal machinery, which could actively contribute to the molecular transition occurring in GSCs. This work highlights GSC phenotypic plasticity: a better understanding of these processes could lead to the design of therapies efficiently targeting GSCs and their associated vasculature.

La transplantation de cellules souches de muscle possède un grand potentiel pour la réparation à long terme du muscle dystrophique. Cependant, la croissance ex vivo des cellules souches musculaires réduit de manière significative l'efficacité de leur greffe puisque le potentiel myogénique est considérablement réduit lors de la mise en culture. La voie de signalisation Notch a émergé comme un régulateur majeur des cellules souches musculaires (MuSCs) et il a également été décrit que la sur-activation de Notch est crucial pour le maintien du caractère souche des MuSC. Cette découverte pourrait être traduite comme un bénéfice thérapeutique potentiel. Des MuSCs murines ont été fraîchement isolées et ensemencées sur des boîtes de culture recouverte de Dll1-Fc, le domaine extracellulaire de Delta-like-1 est fusionné au fragment Fc humain, afin d'activer la voie de signalisation Notch et avec un IgG hu-main comme contrôle. Nous avons utilisé le rAAV afin d’exprimer le Dll1 spécifique-ment dans les muscles de souris. Les souris P3 ont été traitées avec de l’AAV pendant 3 semaines et 6 semaines afin d’étudier l'effet de Dll1 au cours du développement postnatal. Afin d’étudier le processus de régénération, l'AAV a également été injecté dans les muscles de souris mdx alors que les souris de type sauvage ont été utilisées comme contrôle. Un potentiel caractère souche supérieur (marquée avec le Pax7) est observé dans les cultures des MuSCs qui sont recouverte de Dll1-Fc par rapport à leurs homologues contrôles, par contre le taux de proliférer est réduit. Au cours du développement postnatal, la sur-activation de la voie de signalisation Notch par Dll1 sur les fibres musculaires a été en mesure d'élargir le pool des cellules Pax7+, cependant elle entraîne une diminution de la masse musculaire avec réduction de la taille des fibres et ceci sans affecter l'accumulation des myonuclei. Dans les MuSCs quiescentes (de type sauvage), la sur-activation de la voie de signalisation Notch ne présente pas de réel effet. La surexpression de Dll1 dans le muscle mdx a diminué la masse musculaire et agrandit le pool de cellules souches musculaires, ce-pendant le taux de régénération n'a pas été affecté. L’augmentation des MuSCs est attribuée à une différenciation entravée des cellules souches musculaires. En étudiant la stimulation de la voie de signalisation Notch dans les MuSCs à la fois in vitro et in vivo, nous démontrons que sur-activation de Notch préserve le caractère souche des cellules via l’inhibition de la prolifération et de la différenciation myogénique des MuSCs. / Muscle stem cell transplantation possesses great potential for long-term repair of dys-trophic muscle. However expansion of muscle stem cells ex vivo significantly reduces their engraftment efficiency since the myogenic potential is dramatically lost in culture. The Notch signaling pathway has emerged as a major regulator of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and it has recently been discovered that high Notch activity is crucial for maintaining stemness in MuSCs. This feature might be exploited and developed into a novel therapeutic approach.Murine MuSCs were freshly isolated and seeded on culture vessels coated with Dll1-Fc, which fused Delta-like-1 extracellular domain with human Fc, to activate Notch sig-naling and with human IgG as a control. The rAAV gene delivery system was em-ployed to express Dll1 in murine muscles. P3 mice were treated with AAV for 3 weeks and 6 weeks to investigate the effect of Dll1 during postnatal development. To investi-gate the regeneration process, AAV were injected into mdx muscles whereas wild-type mice were used as control.Higher potential stemness (marked by Pax7 positivity) was observed in MuSCs grow-ing on a Dll1-Fc surface as compared to their counterparts on the control surface, while their proliferation rate was reduced. During postnatal development, overstimulation of Notch signaling by Dll1 on the mus-cle fibers was able to enlarge the Pax7+ cell pool, while also resulting in decreased muscle mass and smaller muscle fibers without affecting the accretion of myonuclei into the fiber. In quiescent (wild-type) MuSCs, overstimulation of Notch signaling did not have any discernible effect. Overexpression of Dll1 in mdx muscle decreased the muscle mass and enlarged the muscle stem cell pool, while muscle regeneration re-mained unaffected. By investigating Notch stimulation in MuSCs both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrate that high Notch activity preserves stemness via inhibition of MuSCs proliferation and myogenic differentiation. Our findings point out that the Dll1 molecule, as a canonical Notch ligand, might have a therapeutic potential in cell-based therapies against muscu-lar dystrophies.

Grâce à la production de nanoparticules lipidiques, les SELN (Synthetic Exosomes-Like Nanoparticles), mimant la composition des exosomes produits par les cellules tumorales pancréatiques humaines SOJ-6, nous avons démontré que les effets apoptotiques des exosomes naturels étaient dus aux lipides. En effet, nous avons montré que les SELN dont le rapport rafts/phospholipides est le plus élevé, interagissent avec les cellules SOJ-6 au niveau des rafts et perturbent la voie Notch. Cela conduit à la diminution de l'expression du facteur de survie Hes-1, qui est accentuée par la perte d'activité du complexe PTEN-GSK-3β. Ces dérégulations induisent l'apoptose dépendante de la mitochondrie des cellules SOJ-6, caractérisée par l'augmentation du ratio Bax/Bcl-2, l'activation de la caspase 9 et la dégradation de l'ADN. En revanche, les cellules MiaPaCa-2 résistent aux SELN, ce qui s'explique par leur caractère indifférencié. Ainsi la surexpression de marqueurs de cellules souches tels que l'ALDH et CXCR4 leur confèrent une grande résistance. Elles sont toutefois sensibles à la cyclopamine un inhibiteur de la voie Hedgehog, dont les effets sont atténués si les cellules MiaPaCa-2 sont préincubées avec les SELN, prouvant que ces cellules mettent en place des voies de survie leur permettant d'échapper à l'apoptose. Nos investigations ont montré que dans les cellules MiaPaCa-2, sous l'effet des SELN, l'activation de la voie canonique NF-кB permet d'induire la transcription du gène codant SDF-1α, seul ligand connu du récepteur CXCR4. Le facteur produit et sécrété active de manière auto et paracrine une voie de survie Akt-dépendante. / It has been previously reported that exosomes released by the human pancreatic tumoral cell line SOJ-6 could induce their own apoptosis. Thanks to the production of lipid nanoparticles, SELN (Synthetic Exosomes-Like Nanoparticles) mimicking the lipid composition of natural exosomes, we have shown that lipids were responsible for the observed effects. Indeed, we showed that SELN with the higher ratio rafts/phospholipids could interact with SOJ-6 cells at the level of the rafts to perturb the Notch pathway, preferentially localized in these lipid microdomains. This induces a decreased expression of the main target of this pathway, the survival factor Hes-1. This decrease is intensified by the activation of the complex PTEN-GSK-3β. These deregulations drive cells towards the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis as shown by the increase of the ratio Bax/Bcl-2, the caspase 9 activity and the DNA fragmentation. Whereas MiaPaCa-2 cells are resistant to SELN, which is explained by their stem-like cell phenotype, contrarily to the well-differentiated SOJ-6 cell line. Although the over-expression of some stem cell markers, such as ALDH and CXCR4 is responsible for their resistance, they remain sensitive to the cyclopamine, a Hedgehog inhibitor. We found out that MiaPaCa-2 cells pre-incubation with SELN could protect them from the inhibitory effect of the cyclopamine, meaning that upon SELN incubation, a survival pathway is triggered in MiaPaCa-2 cells. So we showed that, upon SELN incubation, the canonical NF-кB pathway is activated in MiaPaCa-2 cells to promote SDF-1α expression. Once released, SDF-1α interacts with its receptor CXCR4 to activate an Akt-dependent survival pathway.

Le cancer du poumon est la principale cause de décès par cancer chez les hommes et les femmes dans le monde. Malgré les avancées majeures dans les traitements, les thérapies à base de platine restent la thérapie standard pour les patients atteints du cancer du poumon induit par la mutation KRAS. Bien que les composés de platine aient un premier effet sur ces patients, l’apparition d’une rechute constitue le principal défi au niveau clinique.Dans ce contexte, notre projet actuel vise à caractériser l’activation de la voie Notch dans la réponse aux sels de platines d’adénocarcinomes mutés pour K-Ras ainsi que son rôle dans l’acquisition de la résistance à ce traitement. Nous avons mis en évidence que la voie Notch est activée en réponse à divers agents induisant des dommages à l’ADN dans des lignées de cancer du poumon. Nous avons montré que cette activation est dépendante de la voie de checkpoint de Réponse aux Dommages de l’ADN (DDR) via ATM, ATM qui est une des principales kinases de la réponse cellulaire aux lésions de l’ADN telles que les cassures double-brin, causé notamment par la chimiothérapie conventionnelle. Parmi les nombreux substrats d’ATM en réponse à ces dommages, nous montrons un effet direct de MDM2 dans l’activation de la voie Notch en réponse aux dommages à l’ADN causé par le carboplatine. Nos données montrent une nouvelle interaction entre ATM, MDM2 et Notch, lors du traitement au carboplatine, qui pourrait jouer un rôle dans la cascade de signalisation favorisant la survie des cellules tumorales pulmonaires.En utilisant des xénogreffes dérivées de patients atteints d’adénocarcinomes du poumon, ainsi qu’un modèle cellulaire de xénogreffe résistant à la carboplatine, nous avons montré que l’association d’inhibiteurs de Notch et de MDM2 associé au traitement au carboplatine ont un effet accru sur le ralentissement de la croissance de la tumeur et sur la survie, en comparaison avec le traitement actuel de référence que représente le carboplatine.Nos résultats offrent une nouvelle possibilité de thérapie pour les adénocarcinomes de poumons mutés pour KRAS, et pourrait donc répondre à un besoin clinique urgent notamment pour contrecarrer la résistance aux chimiothérapies conventionnelles à base de sels de platine. / Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women worldwide. Despite the major advances in the treatments, platinum-based therapy remains the standard of care for patients affected by KRAS-driven lung cancer. Even though the platinum-compounds display an initial effect on these patients, the onset of the relapse constitutes the main challenge for the clinic. The molecular mechanisms underlying lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) relapse are not completely elucidated yet, thus it is fundamental to understand them in order to improve survival of patients. Our data show that upon carboplatin treatment, the Notch pathway is activated in vitro. Since this effect was common for several other DNA damage insults, our driving hypothesis connected the DNA Damage Response (DDR) to the activation of the Notch pathway. Our data demonstrates that protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) is a key mediator in the activation of the Notch pathway during DNA damage signalling. ATM is well-known as the chief mobilizer of the cellular response to the most toxic lesions to the DNA, the double-strand breaks which are also the type of damage caused by the conventional chemotherapy. Among the several substrates of ATM in response to the damage, there is the mouse double minute 2 protein (MDM2) that it is known to interact with the Notch pathway. Our data uncovered a new pathway connecting ATM, MDM2 and NICD during carboplatin treatment in LUAD cells.Using LUAD Patient-Derived Xenografts and a new generated carboplatin resistant cellular model, we show in vivo that the combination of Notch and MDM2 inhibitors with carboplatin showed a therapeutic benefit in tumour growth and survival compared to the standard of care, i.e. carboplatin.Our results can offer a new therapeutic window for KRAS-driven LUAD that become resistant to platinum-based therapy, hence tackling an urgent and unmet clinical need.

Dans le système nerveux central adulte, la glycine est principalement connue pour son rôle de transmission d’un signal inhibiteur à l'intérieur des neurones matures, régulant ainsi l'activité du réseau neuronal. Paradoxalement, durant l'embryogenèse, ce même neurotransmetteur génère une transmission excitatrice produisant ainsi le premier signal électrique dans les neurones immatures. Le rôle et la signification fonctionnelle de ce changement d’activité durant le développement neurologique restent toujours inconnus. En utilisant l’embryon du poisson-zèbre comme modèle, nous avons exploré les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires dépendants de la signalisation de glycine dans les cellules souches neuronales (CSNs). En premier lieu, nous avons développé un outil d’analyse basé sur une combinaison de deux éléments: une lignée transgénique qui exprime du GFP dans les CSNs et la technique de séquençage de l’ARN total. Nous avons utilisé cette technique pour isoler et déterminer les mécanismes moléculaires régulés par la glycine dans les CSNs. Ceci a permis d’identifier plusieurs gènes candidats dont l’expression est modulée par l’activité glycinergique. Ces gènes appartiennent principalement à cinq différentes voies de signalisation canoniques incluant la voie de signalisation du calcium, TGF-bêta, Shh, Wnt et p53. Pour en apprendre davantage sur ces mécanismes moléculaires, nous avons exploré l’un d’entre eux soit la régulation de la signalisation p53 par l’activité glycinergique. En effet, nous avons démontré que l’activité glycinergique favorise la survie des CSNs par la régulation de la signalisation de p53 et agit spécifiquement sur la sous-population CSN-nestin+ durant la neurogenèse. Dans un autre projet, nous avons examiné la régulation de l’expression de lnx1 par l’activité glycinergique. Nous avons démontré que la signalisation de glycine/lnx1 régule la prolifération des CSNs via la modulation de l’activité de Notch durant la neurogenèse. En conclusion, dans ce projet de thèse, j’ai mis en lumière plusieurs mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires modulés par l’activité glycinergique dans les CSNs. Ceci peut contribuer dans le futur à la compréhension de la physiopathologie liée au dysfonctionnement de cette dernière ainsi qu’à l’identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. / In the adult central nervous system, glycine is mainly known as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in mature neurons, thereby regulating the neural network activity. Paradoxically, during embryogenesis, the same neurotransmitter generates excitatory transmission and induces the first electrical signal in immature neurons. The role and functional significance of this change in glycinergic activity during neurogenesis are still unknown. In this study, we used zebrafish embryos as a model to explore the glycine-dependent molecular and cellular mechanisms in neural stem cells (NSCs). First, we developed an in vivo analysis method based on two main elements: a transgenic line that expresses GFP within NSCs and the RNA sequencing technique. This method of analysis was used to determine glycine-dependent molecular mechanisms in NSCs. We identified several candidate genes whose expression is modulated by the glycinergic activity. These genes participate in five different canonical signaling pathways including the calcium signaling pathway, TGF-beta, Shh, Wnt and p53. To further understand these molecular mechanisms, we focused our investigation on the regulation of p53 signaling by the glycinergic activity. Indeed, we have demonstrated that glycinergic activity promotes the survival of NSCs by regulating p53 signaling and more specifically acting on NSC-nestin + subpopulation during neurogenesis. Finally, we explored the regulation of lnx1 expression by glycinergic activity. We have demonstrated that glycine/lnx1 signaling regulates the proliferation of NSCs via the modulation of Notch activity during neurogenesis. In conclusion, during this thesis project, I highlighted several molecular and cellular mechanisms modulated by the glycinergic activity in NSCs. These relevant results may contribute in the future to the understanding of the physiopathology related to glycinergic activity dysfunctions and the identification of new therapeutic targets.

Oscillations are present at many different levels of biological organization. The cell cycle that directs the division of individual cells, the regular depolarization of neurons in the sinu-atrial node which underlies the regular beating of the heart, the circadian rhythms that govern the daily activity cycles of virtually all organisms, and the clocks that make entire populations of fireflies flash on and off in unison feature as prominent examples of biological clocks. During development, biological clocks regulate the patterning of growing tissues, as is the case in vertebrate somitogenesis, and potentially also in vertebrate limb outgrowth and axial segmentation of invertebrate embryos. During vertebrate segmentation, the embryonic axis is subdivided along its anterior-posterior axis into epithelial spheres of cells called somites. This rhythmic process is thought to be driven by a multicellular oscillatory gene network, the so-called segmentation clock. Oscillations of hairy and enhancer of split gene products have been proposed to constitute the core clockwork in individual cells, and these oscillators are coupled to each other by Delta-Notch intercellular signaling. The interaction of the segmentation clock with a posteriorly-moving arrest wavefront then translates the temporal information encoded by the clock into a spatial pattern of segments. In the framework of this Clock and Wavefront model, segment length is determined by both clock period and arrest wavefront velocity. How the period of the segmentation clock is regulated is presently unknown, and understanding the mechanism of period setting might yield insight into the nature and function of the segmentation clock. In this study, two different but complementary approaches were pursued to investigate how period is regulated in the zebrafish segmentation clock. First, it has been reported that zebrafish mind bomb (mib) mutant embryos form somites more slowly than their wt siblings, suggesting that Mib might be implicated in period setting. Mib is an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for ubiquitination and endocytosis of the Notch ligand Delta, and Notch signaling is impaired in mutants with defective Mib. It has been suggested that the mechanistic basis for the requirement of Delta endocytosis in Notch signaling is a need for Delta to enter a particular endocytic compartment, potentially a recycling endosome, in a ubiquitin-dependent manner, where its signaling ability might be established or amplified by an as yet unknown posttranslational modification. In the present study, Delta trafficking through the endocytic pathway was analyzed in the PSM of wt and mib embryos through colocalization studies with endocytic markers. The rationale of this approach was that if Delta gained access to a particular endocytic compartment through Mib-dependent endocytosis, the presence of Delta in this compartment would be expected to be reduced in mutants with defective Mib, thereby revealing the compartment’s identity. However, no qualitative changes in colocalization with different endocytic markers could be detected in mib mutants, and the methods available did not allow for quantification of colocalization in wt or mutant backgrounds. However, Delta colocalized with 13 markers of recycling endosomes, consistent with the hypothesis that these are functionally important in Notch signaling. More refined techniques will be necessary for a quantitative analysis of normal as compared to impaired Delta trafficking. A genetic approach to period regulation proved to be successful for the Drosophila circadian clock, where the identification of period mutants advanced the understanding of the clock’s genetic circuitry. This motivated a screen for period mutants of the segmentation clock, which was carried out by measuring somitogenesis period, segment length and arrest wavefront velocity in a pool of candidate mutants. A subset of Delta-Notch mutants, and embryos treated with a small-molecule inhibitor that impairs Notch signaling, displayed correlated increases in somitogenesis period and segment length, while there was no detectable change in arrest wavefront velocity. Combined, these findings suggested that segmentation clock period is increased in experimental conditions with impaired Delta-Notch signaling. Using a theoretical description of the segmentation clock as an array of coupled phase oscillators, the delay in the coupling and the autonomous frequency of individual cells were estimated from the direction and magnitude of the period changes. The mutants presented here are the first candidates for segmentation clock period mutants in any vertebrate. The nature of the molecular lesions in these mutants, all of which affect genes implicated in intercellular Delta-Notch signaling, suggests that communication between oscillating PSM cells is a key factor responsible for setting the period of the segmentation clock.