Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur kommunalt anställdas arbetsrelaterade hälsa påverkas av nedskärningar. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna är att nedskärningar i kommunal sektor riskerar att leda till att kommunalt anställda får mer att göra med mindre resurser och att detta leder till ökade krav och stress som kan leda till arbetsrelaterad ohälsa. Metoden som används är differences in differences regression, en typ av regressionsanalys som möjliggör jämförelser mellan olika grupper över tid utan att ha en slumpmässig tilldelning av förklaringsvariabeln. Avvikelser från de gemensamma trenderna som etableras i materialet ger en bild av hur orsakssambandet ser ut. Materialet som analyseras är offentlig statistik över 288 svenska kommuners bruttokostnader och nettokostnader för verksamheten samt sjukfrånvaro och personalomsättning. Resultatet av regressionsanalyserna visar att lägre bruttokostnader har ett samband med högre sjukfrånvaro samt högre personalomsättning. Sambandet för sjukfrånvaro är statistiskt signifikant, sambandet för personalomsättning är inte det. Dessa resultat tolkas som ett tecken på att anställda i kommuner som skär ned får mer att göra med mindre resurser, att de i större utsträckning drabbas av överkrav och högre psykologisk press som leder till att fler drabbas av arbetsrelaterad ohälsa och blir sjukskrivna eller säger upp sig. Studien bidrar till en förståelse för vilka konsekvenser nedskärningar kan få för anställda i kommunal sektor så länge kraven fortfarande är desamma. Mer forskning på området är dock nödvändig för att få en klarare bild av vilka mekanismer som ligger bakom orsakssambandet samt ge en mer detaljerad beskrivning av vilka typer av resurser som påverkar arbetstagare på olika sätt.

In the modern software development process, it has become a very mainstream practice to build software projects on top of third-party packages to simplify the development process. In this development method, it is quite common to copy existing code or files in other libraries instead of making regular calls. Although this approach can reduce the project's dependence on other libraries and make the project more streamlined, it also causes difficulties in maintenance and understanding. The ignorance of code duplication by third-party library community can even be exploited for malicious purpose, such as typo-squatting attack. This paper serves as a starting point to analyze the growing code duplication issues surrounding third-party open source packages, and what is the root cause of code duplication. In this paper, I conducted code duplication-related research based on some popular packages in the third-party open source packages community, the NPM community, by using the tokenizer tool and the code comparison tool to compute the code similarity, quantitatively analyzed the prevalence of code duplication in the NPM community, and did some related experiments based on this similarity. In the experiments, I found that code duplication is very common in NPM community: 17.1% of all the files have 1-93 similar file in other package when the threshold of similar file is set to 0.5. 29.3% of all the packages has at least one "similar package" when the threshold of similar package is set to 0.5. In all the 951 similar package pairs, 33.9% of them, 323 package pairs comes from the same domain. The ultimate goal of this paper is to promote the awareness of the commonness and the importance of code duplication in the third-party package community and the reasonable use of code duplication by developers in the project development. / In the modern software development process, developers often call other people's completed code to build their own programs. There are generally two ways to do this: indirectly call other people's code through "import" or similar instructions in the program, or directly copy and paste other people's code and make slight modifications. The second method can make the program more independent and easy to use, but the code duplication problem caused by this method also has great security risks.This paper serves as a starting point to analyze the growing code duplication issues, and what is the root cause of code duplication. In this paper, I conducted code duplication-related research based on some popular code packages in the NPM community.I used some tools to compute a value to define how different codes are similar to each other, quantitatively analyzed the prevalence of code duplication in the NPM community, and did some related experiments based on this similarity. In the experiments, I found that code duplication is very common in the NPM community: 17.1% of all the files have 1-93 similar file in other package, and 29.3% of all the package have at least one "similar package", when the definition of similar files and packages are not that "strict".In all the 951 similar package pairs, 33.9% of them, 323 package pairs comes from the same domain. The ultimate goal of this paper is to promote the awareness of the commonness and the importance of code duplication in the third-party package community and the reasonable use of code duplication by developers in the project development.

Syfte Studien syftar till att med hjälp av sjuksköterskor vid Landstingen i Värmland och Dalarna bidra till forskningen om hur sjuksköterskorna själva uppfattar att dagens NPM-influerade styrning inom vården påverkar deras förutsättningar att skapa värde. Frågeställningar • Vad är det som sjuksköterskorna själva uppfattar styr deras arbete? • Vilka områden upplever sjuksköterskorna påverkas av styrningen? • Vilka brister inom styrningen har sjuksköterskorna uppmärksammat och ser de några potentiella lösningar? • Hur anser sjuksköterskorna att förutsättningarna för värdeskapande påverkas av styrningen? Metod För att svara på studiens syfte har en kvalitativ ansats tagits. Det har utförts sjutton personliga intervjuer med sjuksköterskor på olika kirurgavdelningar inom Värmlands och Dalarnas Landsting. Resultat Studien visar att den NPM-influerade styrningen har en mestadels negativ påverkan på sjuksköterskornas möjlighet att skapa värde. Avdelningschefens styrning hade en positiv påverkan på sjuksköterskornas arbete. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde ett orimligt krav på produktivitet där hög genomströmning av patienterna efterfrågades, ofta i konflikt med vårdkvalitet. Bristande kommunikation mellan ledning och sjuksköterskor medför också onödig irritation och missnöje från sjuksköterskor. Slutsats Den hierarkiska maktstrukturen som idag finns inom sjukvården påverkar sjuksköterskorna på kirurgavdelningarna på landstinget i Värmland och Dalarna negativt när det kommer till deras möjlighet att skapa värde. Problemen rörande krav på produktivitet och dokumentation från ledningen har förvärrats av den hierarkiska strukturen och att sjuksköterskorna inte får vara med och påverka sitt eget arbete i den mån de önskar. / Purpose The aim of the paper is to research how today's NPM-influenced methods of control affects the nurse’s ability to create value from the nurses point of view. Problem • According to the nurses, what controls their work? • Which areas are affected by the management control according to the nurses? • What flaws in the management control have the nurses noticed and do they see any potential solutions? • How do nurses consider the conditions for value creation to be influenced by management control? Methodology In order to answer the purpose of the study has a qualitative approach been used. Seventeen interviews were conducted with nurses at different surgeon sections in Värmland and Dalarna county. Results The study shows that the NPM-influenced governance has a negative impact on the nurses' ability to create value. The management control from the head of the department had a positive impact on nurse’s work. The nurses experienced an unreasonable demand for efficiency, where high flow of patients was requested, often in conflict with the safety of the patient. A lack of communication between management and nurses also causes unnecessary irritation and dissatisfaction from nurses. Conclusion The hierarchical power structure that exists today in the healthcare negatively affects the nurses on the surgeon sections in the county of Värmland and Dalarna when it comes to their ability to create value. The problems regarding the demands of productivity and documentation has been worsened by the hierarchical structure and the fact that the nurses cannot influence their own work to the extent they wish.

Les translocations chromosomiques sont des événements cellulaires rares signatures de nombreux cancers, pouvant mener à l’expression de nouveaux gènes de fusion oncogènes ou à la dérégulation d’un oncogène existant. Cependant, le lien direct entre la formation de translocations et la tumorigenèse n’est pas toujours bien établi. Jusqu’à présent, la modélisation de translocations se limitait principalement à la surexpression du gène de fusion créé. Pour mieux comprendre leur contribution à l’oncogenèse, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode pour induire des translocations oncogéniques de novo, afin de recréer plus fidèlement les premières étapes de la transformation cellulaire.Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur la technologie des nucléases artificielles telles que les nucléases à doigt de zinc, les TALEN (TALE Nucleases) et le système CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) pour générer des cassures ciblées de l’ADN et induire la formation de remaniements chromosomiques. Nous nous sommes particulièrement concentrés sur l’induction de la translocation modèle t(2;5)(p23;q32) et du gène de fusion NPM-ALK, associés au Lymphome Anaplasique à Grandes Cellules (ALCL), dans divers modèles cellulaires. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence des propriétés oncogéniques du gène de fusion NPM-ALK exprimé sous son promoteur endogène suite à la formation du réarrangement chromosomique. Cependant, l’induction de la translocation dans des lymphocytes T primaires suggère que cet événement ne suffit pas à lui seul à initier l’oncogenèse, et nécessite probablement un contexte génétique ou épigénétique favorable. / Chromosomal translocations are signatures of numerous cancers and lead to expression of fusion genes that act as oncogenes. However, the wealth of genomic aberrations found in cancer makes it challenging to assign a specific phenotypic change to a specific aberration. We set out to use genome editing with Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Tale Effector Nucleases (TALEN), and the CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats) to induce de novo specific chromosomal translocations in human cells, thus generating new models to interrogate the contribution of tumor-related translocations in first steps of oncogenesis. We specially focused on Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) t(2;5) translocation and NPM-ALK consequent fusion gene. For the first time, we highlighted oncogenic properties for NPM-ALK fusion expressed under endogenous promoter. However, translocation induction in primary T cells suggests that t(2;5) is not sufficient to initiate ALCL oncogenesis, and likely requires favourable genetic or epigenetic or context.

The primary aim of this research is to examine the extent which prison management has been influenced by New Public Management (NPM). Much has been written about the growing influence of NPM on public services like health, transport and education. In the prison field, however, the literature is relatively limited. Accordingly, with particular reference to the Scottish Prison Service (SPS), this research attempts to fill this gap in knowledge by exploring the influence of NPM on the SPS and its relation to the use of contractual management of prisons. Key concerns of this research are the development of prison policy during the last two decades, the use of “business-like” mechanisms to manage prisons and the accountability measures which the SPS has undergone as a result of NPM. The main sources of data are interviews with key actors in the recent development of the SPS and documentary analysis. Interviewees were asked during the semi-structured interviews to reflect on the key concerns referred to above. Material from the interviews was then integrated with academic literature, policy papers, annual reports, contracts and other published documents. This research concludes that NPM has affected the SPS on the dimensions of both prison policy discourse and of operations. For the former, the analysis of contemporary prison discourse demonstrates that the focus of prison policy in Scotland has extended over time from traditional concepts, for instance control, deterrence and rehabilitation, to embrace managerial ones such as effectiveness, efficiency and value for money. On the operational dimension, this research reveals that the extensive use of a “business-like” approach in the management of prisons, in particular the delegation of decision-making power from the Headquarters to prison governors; the use of contractual management to manage both private and public prisons; the use of contracting out for prisoner transportation and prisoner programme and the SPS’s focus on ‘customer service’. In summary, the influence of NPM is more far-reaching than the privatisation of public prisons as such. This is because NPM changed the way public prisons are managed by bringing in managerial mechanisms borrowed from the private sector.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:36:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo643_1.pdf: 4952784 bytes, checksum: 5468acbc71cd87d36f24afd89e97a563 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco / Este Estudo de Caso - Uma proposta de identificação e acumulação de resultado na perspectiva das Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade Aplicadas ao Setor Público: um estudo de caso no Centro de Informática da UFPE - vem na perspectiva de inserir nas questões de governo (administração pública) o debate sobre o resultado econômico como única medida de desempenho capaz de mensurar a eficiência, a eficácia e a efetividade esperadas das entidades públicas, legalmente, desde 1964. As abordagens teóricas aplicadas foram: gestão econômica (Gecon), o MIAR, modelo que identifica, mensura e acumula receitas e custos; e a teoria sóciointeracionista de Vygotsky. Convencionou-se por um estudo de caso, aplicando perguntas semi-estruturadas, banco de dados, relatório do estudo, caso-piloto, e protocolo de atividades. A pesquisa foi descritiva, explicativa e exploratória aplicada ao Centro de Informática da UFPE - CIn. Os principais resultados foram que as premissas do MIAR, e o modelo de mensuração do Gecon são aderentes em 92% às premissas da NBC T SP 16; Os Centros de Responsabilidade transformados em áreas de resultado, permitiu identificar e acumular as receitas das atividades e custos diretos e fixos dos serviços prestados aos usuários. Os Centros de Resultados estudados foram Graduação, Pós Graduação, Extensão, Cooperação e Empreendimentos, Pesquisa e Projetos, Planejamento e Orçamento, Infraestrutura e Diretoria que compõem o CIn. A mensuração das receitas foi realizada pelo custo de oportunidade a partir do plano de eventos de cada centro. O estabelecimento do preço foi obtido por meio de Benchmarking entre empresas que prestam serviços e qualidades semelhantes aos serviços prestados em cada Centro de Resultado do CIn. Os custos diretos foram identificados por meio de sua natureza e o local da ocorrência da receita de serviços, sendo associado a ela. Para isto foi utilizado o plano de contas sugerido pelo estudo, o plano de entidades e o de eventos. Os custos comuns identificados e acumulados foram àqueles obtidos por meio de preço de transferência, mensurado pelo custo de oportunidade entre as unidades. Os custos fixos não identificados foram considerados como de responsabilidade da entidade como um todo (diretoria) e não de um Centro de Resultado específico para não responsabilizar indevidamente um serviço prestado ao cidadão. Para identificar e acumular os eventos dos Centros de Responsabilidade e de Custos da Portaria 09/2009 do MEC, realizou-se uma adequação contábil e de sistema, introduzindo os códigos C (de CIn) e 1-8 (identificação do Centros de Resultados) representando a 9ª e 10ª posição no código SIAF. Através do MIAR verificou-se existir contribuições operacionais em todos os Centros de Responsabilidade principalmente em Infraestrutura, responsável por atividades de suporte e apoio operacional às demais atividades do CIn. A demonstração de resultado do centro Graduação permitiu inferir que a abertura de um novo curso viria a agregar um desempenho operacional positivo em 9%. A partir da classificação da Portaria 09/2009 foram analisados não apenas os gastos, mas os desempenhos dos Centros de Responsabilidade A, C, E, F, I, por meio dos eventos e das atividades desempenhadas nos Centros de Responsabilidade transformados em Centros de Resultados denominados de Graduação (01), Pós Graduação (02), Extensão (03), Cooperação e Empreendimentos (04), Pesquisa e Projetos (05), Planejamento e Orçamento (05), Infraestrutura (06) e Diretoria

This empirical research uses interpretative enquiry in order to identify the barriers to school improvement by examining the impact of New Public Management (NPM) on the dual role of the Head Teacher in Scotland. For the purpose of this research staff absence management is employed as a surrogate for the adoption of New Public Management techniques. Three main concepts are covered within the context of this thesis: NPM; staff absence in the public sector and the dual nature of Headship in Scotland. The main frameworks that guide this research are Constructed Grounded Theory (Charmaz), Embedded Multiple Case-Study (Yin), NPM (Hood), Service-Dominant Logic (Vargo and Lusch), Co-production (Ostrom; Osborne et. al. and Pestoff et. al.), New Public Governance (Osborne), Occupational Professionalism and Organisational Professionalism (Evetts). Logic models are central to the cogency of the argument and throughout this thesis the logic models of Old Public Administration, NPM (Hood; 1991) and Service dominant logic (Vargo and Lusch, 2004) are central. Adopting Osborne’s position (2009), that the root of NPM is based on a product-dominant/manufacturing logic, this thesis argues that this logic model is at odds with the occupational professionalism (Evetts; 1994) that exists at the school level, a logic model rooted firmly within a service-dominant logic model. The thesis proffers that it is this clash of logic models that has created a void between the goals of NPM, the organisational professionalism that exists within the case study local authority, and the occupational professionalism found on the ground in practice at the school level. The thesis concludes by stating that NPM has had a damaging effect on the dual role of the Head Teacher in Scotland and offers three main themes to support this original contribution to theory. Firstly, that NPM has failed at the school level in Scotland because of an underestimation of how complex schools are and a systematic failure to understand the complex nature, and high level of variance, within the public service delivery as exemplified through a focus on absence management. Secondly, NPM has had a damaging effect by continually expanding the tasks and responsibilities devolved to the Head Teacher over the last two decades in particular. Finally, NPM has failed at the school level in Scotland because of a systematic failure to understand both the occupational professionalism of the Head Teacher and the service-dominant organisation in which the Head Teacher works.

This thesis is about the impact of the New Public Management (NPM) paradigm on public sector reform in Thailand. The main objective of the thesis is to explore the question of whether Thai public sector reform belongs to the NPM paradigm, especially whether the intentions and contents of policy documents are actually realised in the implementation process. The study commences by reviewing the transformation of public administration to NPM and how this has affected developing countries. In theory, the traditional model of public administration, namely bureaucracy, has been considered as dysfunctional, no longer able to cope with changing circumstances and the new environment. NPM was introduced during the 1980s and 1990s in some rich countries in order to replace the traditional model of public administration. However, there are doubts about the appropriateness of NPM for the public sector in developing countries. The thesis is specifically concerned with Thailand and as a first step delineates the history of public administration and its reform in Thailand including current policies. This includes the introduction of NPM. The remainder of the thesis is comprised of a case study of one ministry in Thailand. Much of the data was collected from semi-structured interviews with officials in the ministry and government agencies responsible for reform. The case study focused on four dimensions of reform: organisational restructure and redesign of internal authority, public culture and values reform, workforce reduction, and internal NPM reform initiatives. The findings were mixed. Some NPM style initiatives such as restructuring of roles and functions were accomplished. However, some areas of NPM have either been partially implemented (downsizing) or not introduced at all (greater competition in public sector). It was also found that some reform initiatives, such as public culture and values reform, fell outside of the NPM paradigm. The research concluded that the NPM paradigm had made limited progress in the Thai public sector.

Der vorliegende Band vereinigt Beiträge zu zentralen Bereichen des Public Managements. Dabei werden Fragestellungen und Herausforderungen für Wissenschaftler und Praktiker aufgezeigt, Entwicklungen im öffentlichen Sektor empirisch nachgezeichnet und Problem- sowie Erfolgsfelder der Verwaltungsmodernisierung beleuchtet. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Frage, wie ein modernes Management von öffentlichen Dienstleistungen aussieht und aussehen kann. Die Autoren/innen nehmen die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre im öffentlichen Sektor zum Anlass, ihre eigenen Forschungsarbeiten im Bereich eGovernment, Wissensmanagement, Nonprofit und Hochschulmanagement, Finanzmanagement sowie dem Management öffentlicher Dienstleistungen zu präsentieren. Jeder dieser Beiträge ist das Resultat langjähriger und empirischer Beschäftigung mit dem Phänomenbereich des Public Management.

Att ledarskapet är viktig för medarbetarnas psykosociala arbetsmiljö och hälsa är det många studier som visar. För att den operativa linjechefen ska kunna skapa en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö och samtidigt bemästra de krav som denna position innebär, krävs goda förutsättningar i linjechefens egen arbetssituation. Studier visar att den offentliga sektorns förändringar de senaste decennierna har förändrat förutsättningarna för arbetet inom dessa organisationer. Syftet med följande studie är att skapa kunskap om hur linjechefen upplever sina förutsättningar för ledarskapet i en offentlig organisation som har förändrat styrning och organisering. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i klassisk organisationsteori som pekar på att organisationer upprätthålls av sociala relationer och kommunikation samt tidigare studier om hur offentlig sektor förändrats. Tidigare forskning visar att offentlig sektors förändring har ökat betydelsen av ledarnas kommunikativa roll och stärkt behovet av förutsättningar. Vidare visar forskningen att förändringarna påverkat kommunikationsmönstren i organisationerna, linjechefernas relationer till chefer och kollegor samt möjligheter att vara närvarande och kunna påverka. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ fallstudie med fem semistrukturerade intervjuer i en utvald vård och omsorgsförvaltning. Resultatet visar att intervjupersonerna upplever försämrade förutsättningar för ledarskapet. Arbetsrollen innefattar enligt intervjupersonernas beskrivningar orimliga krav och rollen uppfattas som gränslös. Förutsättningarna för tillitsfulla relationer till medarbetare, chefer och kollegor har enligt intervjupersonerna försämrats och möjligheten att påverka minskat. Dessa försämrade förutsättningar kan till stor del härledas till förändrad organisering och styrning som medfört försämrad kommunikation genom sociala relationer. Essentiella förutsättningar för både ledarskapet och organisationens funktion. Studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse för intervjupersonernas arbetsroll och förutsättningar att vara en kommunikativ och meningsskapande ledare. Vidare bidrar studien med förståelse för varför de förändringsmodeller som använts i offentlig sektor ofta varit negativa för organisationen och dess medlemmar.