Denna studie undersöker de förändringar som följt av att den svenska apoteksmarknaden har omreglerats. Förändringar vi undersöker är avgränsade till området verksamhetsstyrning med inriktning på strategier, arbetsmetoder samt ledning & organisation. Vi har använt oss av New public management och teori om privatiseringar som behandlar organisatoriska förändringar som grund för undersökningen. Datainsamlingen har gjorts genom intervjuer med nio apotekschefer samt insamling av sekundärdata från årsrapporter. Resultaten visar att reformen har lett till en konkurrensutsatt marknad karaktäriserad av låga marginaler och ökat kundfokus. Detta har lett till en anpassning av branschen mot ökat fokus på resultatinriktade arbetsmetoder, kostnadsminimeringar, en större vilja att pröva mer innovativa strategier, större krav och arbetsbörda på de anställda, implementeringar av incitamentsprogram samt till viss del ökad decentralisering.

This case study has its starting point in an unpublished study where the results showed that there is a conflict between the leadership and the employees in a private company. The conflict is identified as a result of the company leadership is steering for cost savings and efficiency The aim of this study is through analysis of  the open questions in a quantitative survey describe how the staffs  attitudes and culture is affecting the leadership of the organization. The ideological aspect is very clear and through the aspect of the structural differences between the public and private sector makes it possible to identify the staff’s social rules, ideology and group norms.  These are shown to be in conflict with the economical perspective of the private sector. The Culture within the public sector is old and ingrained in the staff’s identity also in the private sector which is causing the organizational change from public to private sector to conflict with the staff’s vocational pride

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur Svenska Filminstitutets förändringsarbete från filmavtal till en helstatlig filmpolitik har gått till och på vilket sätt det har påverkat medarbetarnas arbetsförhållanden. För att undersöka förändringsarbetet ur ett medarbetsperspektiv genomfördes tre intervjuer med tre medarbetare från Svenska Filminstitutet, alla verksamma vid enheten för filmstöd. Dessa intervjuer har sedan kompletterats med artiklar, rapporter kring SFI och organisationens förändringsarbete. I studien framgick det att det under året hade pågått två förändringsprocesser parallellt – dels kring de nya filmstöden, dels rörande administrativa uppgifter. Medarbetarnas uppfattning kring den organisatoriska förändringen diskuteras utifrån teorier kring bland annat kommunikation och kompetens. Medarbetarna har upplevt en större arbetsbelastning och högre stressnivåer under förändringen, vilket härleds till brist på kommunikation och utebliven extern hjälp. / The aim of this paper is to study the change within the Swedish Film Institutes when it moved from being funded by The Film Agreement to being completely funded by the government and how this change effected the employees within the organisation. The perspective of the employees was attained by interviews with three members of staff, all active within the Production Funding Unit. The information gained from these interviews has been supplemented with articles and reports regarding the Swedish Film Institute and its organisational change. The study found that two major organistional changes has been implemented in parallel during the last year – both the restructuring of funding allocation and a change in administrative tasks. Employees' perception of the organizational change is discussed from outside theories around communication and competence. The employees have experienced a larger workload and higher stress levels during the change, which is attributable to lack communication and lack of external help.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa hur Socialstyrelsens reglering om ledningssystem försystematiskt kvalitetsarbete kan påverka en verksamhet som den sociala barnavården. Jag söker bl.a. svar på vilka idéer som regleringen ger uttryck för och hur de har möjliggjorts. I uppsatsen undersöks också vilka effekter som styrningen kan få för olika nivåer och grupper som verkar inom den sociala barnavården.Utifrån en diskursanalys med inspiration från WPR-ansatsen finner jag att det i huvudsak ärrationalitetsidéer från NPM-trenden som ligger bakom den i uppsatsen analyserade regleringen. Styrningen har förmåga att påverka både den politiska nivån i kommunen och socialsekreterarna negativt, på så sätt att regleringen kan innebära mindre inflytande och handlingsutrymme för dem i verksamheten. I analysen drar jag slutsatsen att det är förvaltningsledningen och de organisationsprofessionella som utifrån regleringen erhållit bäst förutsättningar för inflytande och makt i den sociala barnavården.Kraven om ledningssystem och systematiskt förbättringsarbete leder sannolikt till en ökadadministration och administrativ överbyggnad i den sociala barnavården. Den uppföljning ochgranskning som regleringen innebär kan bli en organiserande princip som innebär att mer fokus läggs på administration och att följa processer i förhållande till att träffa och stödja barn.Regleringen har förmåga att fungera subjektskapande och självdisciplinerade för socialsekreterarna, vilket innebär att de i hög utsträckning kan förmås att delta i de förbättringsaktiviteter som regleringen kräver. Att krav om ledningssystem och ständiga förbättringar förts in i bindande föreskrifter kan fungera förstärkande för diskurserna om management, ledningssystem och ständiga förbättringar. Detta kan ha påverkat och förstärkt effekterna av diskurserna i den sociala barnavården.Det samlade resultatet tyder på att de diskurser som speglas och manifesteras i regleringen kan bidra till en verksamhet som inte förmår att prioritera kärnverksamhet. Istället kan den aktuella styrningen och sättet att begripliggöra kvalitet och systematiskt kvalitetsarbete leda till en social barnavård som inte har tid att möta barn.

Open Source software plays an essential part in modern software development. Ifn ot used directly by a project, it may very well be used second or even third hand through its dependencies. Any disruption in the delivery, quality or reliability of a vital dependency may send large shock waves throughout a project. This poses the question of how much trust we can put into these open source dependencies and their overall viability. In this study we investigate the effects funding through GitHub Sponsors has on NPM packages and how it affects their viability. By analyzing data queried from GitHub, NPM and NPMS we analyze how different factors affects the viability of NPM packages, with the overall aim of determining the impact funding has on a projects viability.

Införandet av New Public Management (NPM) i svensk offentlig sektor har lett till ökad administration och större fokus på rapportering och utvärdering. Kritiker hävdar att omfattande administration kan minska kostnadseffektiviteten inom offentliga verksamheter och underminera professionellas förmåga att utföra sina kärnuppdrag. Ökningen av administrativa uppgifter har bland annat påverkat lärare, som länge har flaggat för att den höga administrativa arbetsbelastningen är ett arbetsmiljöproblem. Rektorer har en nyckelroll i förändringsarbetet med att minska administrationen i skolverksamheten. Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka utmaningar i förändringsarbetet med att minska administration inom den kommunala skolan. Studien består av semistrukturerade intervjuer av rektorer inom kommunala gymnasieskolor i Uppsala kommun, tillsammans med granskning av kommunala styrdokument. Resultatet av studien indikerar att hinder för att minska administrationen i den kommunala skolan främst består dels av en bristande informationsdelning från huvudmannen kring målsättning och tillvägagångssätt för att minska administration. Dessutom identifierades hinder i den institutionella kontext som rektorerna befinner sig i, vilket påverkar och begränsar deras handlingsutrymme.

The meteoric increase in the popularity of JavaScript and a large developer community has led to the emergence of a large ecosystem of third-party packages available via the Node Package Manager (NPM) repository which contains over one million published packages and witnesses a billion daily downloads. Most of the developers download these pre-compiled published packages from the NPM repository instead of building these packages from the available source code. Unfortunately, recent articles have revealed repackaging attacks to the NPM packages. To achieve such attacks the attackers primarily follow three steps – (1) download the source code of a highly depended upon NPM package, (2) inject malicious code, and (3) then publish the modified packages as either misnamed package (i.e., typo-squatting attack) or as the official package on the NPM repository using compromised maintainer credentials. These attacks highlight the need to verify the reproducibility of NPM packages. Reproducible Build is a concept that allows the verification of build artifacts for pre-compiled packages by re-building the packages using the same build environment configuration documented by the package maintainers. This motivates us to conduct an empirical study (1) to examine the reproducibility of NPM packages, (2) to assess the influence of any non-reproducible packages, and (3) to explore the reasons for non-reproducibility. Firstly, we downloaded all versions/releases of 226 most-depended upon NPM packages, and then built each version with the available source code on Github. Secondly, we applied diffoscope, a differencing tool to compare the versions we built against the version downloaded from the NPM repository. Finally, we did a systematic investigation of the reported differences. At least one version of 65 packages was found to be non-reproducible. Moreover, these non- reproducible packages have been downloaded millions of times per week which could impact a large number of users. Based on our manual inspection and static analysis, most reported differences were semantically equivalent but syntactically different. Such differences result due to non-deterministic factors in the build process. Also, we infer that semantic differences are introduced because of the shortcomings in the JavaScript uglifiers. Our research reveals challenges of verifying the reproducibility of NPM packages with existing tools, reveal the point of failures using case studies, and sheds light on future directions to develop better verification tools. / Master of Science / Software packages are distributed as pre-compiled binaries to facilitate software development. There are various package repositories for various programming languages such as NPM (JavaScript), pip (Python), and Maven (Java). Developers install these pre-compiled packages in their projects to implement certain functionality. Additionally, these package repositories allow developers to publish new packages and help the developer community to reduce the delivery time and enhance the quality of the software product. Unfortunately, recent articles have revealed an increasing number of attacks on the package repositories. Moreover, developers trust the pre-compiled binaries, which often contain malicious code. To address this challenge, we conduct our empirical investigation to analyze the reproducibility of NPM packages for the JavaScript ecosystem. Reproducible Builds is a concept that allows any individual to verify the build artifacts by replicating the build process of software packages. For instance, if the developers could verify that the build artifacts of the pre-compiled software packages available in the NPM repository are identical to the ones generated when they individually build that specific package, they could mitigate and be aware of the vulnerabilities in the software packages. The build process is usually described in configuration files such as package.json and DOCKERFILE. We chose the NPM registry for our study because of three primary reasons – (1) it is the largest package repository, (2) JavaScript is the most widely used programming language, and (3) there is no prior dataset or investigation that has been conducted by researchers. We took a two-step approach in our study – (1) dataset collection, and (2) source-code differencing for each pair of software package versions. For the dataset collection phase, we downloaded all available releases/versions of 226 popularly used NPM packages and for the code-differencing phase, we used an off-the-shelf tool called diffoscope. We revealed some interesting findings. Firstly, at least one of the 65 packages as found to be non-reproducible, and these packages have millions of downloads per week. Secondly, we found 50 package-versions to have divergent program semantics which high- lights the potential vulnerabilities in the source-code and improper build practices. Thirdly, we found that the uglification of JavaScript code introduces non-determinism in the build process. Our research sheds light on the challenges of verifying the reproducibility of NPM packages with the current state-of-the-art tools and the need to develop better verification tools in the future. To conclude, we believe that our work is a step towards realizing the reproducibility of NPM packages and making the community aware of the implications of non-reproducible build artifacts.

This essay is a qualitative study that explores the importance of social workers with different levels of work experience and their attributes to social work education, who meet the challenges of working life. The study made a comparison between social workers who have one to two years of work experience and five to ten years of work experience at the Social Service Centre in Kalmar. Semi-structured interviews have been used. The essay contains information about the regime New Public Management (NPM) that gives knowledge of how the public sector looks today, which gives a greater understanding of what the interviewees are faced with regarding their challenges in working life. Referring to previous research, it was found that a common occurrence within social education students is a feeling of being unprepared and feeling uncertain about future careers. The results gained from the study showed that the social workers with five to ten years of work experience use knowledge from education more in their everyday work, compared to the social workers with one to two years of work experience. Also the social workers with more work experience had gained an overall view of what social work is about, owing to the education. In the result, it was also found that all interviewees regardless of work experience felt that social work education should include more practice to prepare them for working life.

Bakgrund och problem:         Målstyrning, som utvecklades inom den privata sektorn, blev som en följd av New Public Management (NPM) ett vanligt styrsätt inom svenska kommunorganisationer redan i början av 1990-talet. Skillnader i förutsättningarna mellan privata och offentliga organisationer har sedan dess gjort att det funnits svårigheter att tillämpa styrsättet. Tidigare forskning har identifierat problem i form av målträngsel, målformulering, mätbarhet och uppföljning. Studier som fokuserat på beslut i kommunorganisationer har bland annat tittat på tjänstemanna- kontra politikerrollen och individernas egenskaper. I den här studien dockas de båda områdena samman då beslut under kommunala organisationers målprocesser studeras med särskilt fokus på individers påverkan på besluten. Forskningsfråga:                        Hur påverkar individer i en kommunorganisation, i praktiken, de beslut om mål och delmål som förekommer under målstyrda arbeten? Och varför ser påverkan ut som den gör? Syfte:                                              Syftet med studien är att förklara individers påverkan på beslut om mål och delmål under ett målstyrt arbete i en kommunorganisation, detta för att skapa en helhetsbild som ökar den totala förståelsen för målarbeten i dessa organisationer. Teoretisk referensram:           Studien koncentreras kring individers påverkan på beslut, genom att ta utgångspunkt i den vidareutvecklade Garbage-Can-teorins begrepp; problem, lösningar, tid, engagemang och möjligheternas fönster. Samtliga delar inriktas på målstyrda kommunorganisationers förutsättningar, genom att de beskrivs med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning kring NPM, målstyrning samt individers roller och egenskaper. Ett praktikteoretiskt perspektiv används för att länka samman delarna till en förklarande helhet. Metod:                                           Arbetet har genomförts som en kvalitativ fallstudie och empiriinsamlingen har i första hand gjorts genom direkta observationer under mötestillfällen i en kommunal målprocess. Slutsatser:                                    Studien har visat att individer i målstyrda kommunorganisationer påverkar beslut om mål och delmål genom att argumentera för olika problem och lösningar och agera med skiftande tidsinsats och engagemang. Detta i sin påverkan av målförslagen, arbetsfördelningen och beslutsprocessen. Att påverkan ser ut på detta sätt beror enligt vår studie på att den, tillsammans med den sociala värld där den ägt rum, är en del av en ömsesidigt grundläggande helhet. Den sociala verkligheten är formad av flera strukturella och politiska förutsättningar som både påverkas av individerna och som påverkar dem. / Background and problems:   Management by objectives was developed in the private sector and became, with the help of New Public Management (NPM), a commonly used mode of control in Swedish municipalities in the early 1990s. Different prerequisites between private and public organizations have made the implementation problematic all from the beginning. Previous research has identified problems with goal inflation, goal writing, measurability and monitoring. Studies of decision making in municipal organizations has focused on the roles of officials and politicians and the characteristics of these individuals. This study brings the two areas together by focusing on decisions during municipal goal processes and the impact of the individuals on the decisions made in these processes. Research question:                   How do the individuals in a municipal organization, in practice, affect the decisions of objectives that occur during work managed by objectives? And why does the affect appear this way? Purpose:                                        The purpose of this study is to explain the individual’s impact on objectives set for a municipal work managed by objectives; this will help to create an overall picture that increases the understanding of goal processes in this kind of organizations. Frame of reference:                 The study concentrates on individual’s impact on decisions by starting off from the concepts of the extended Garbage Can theory; problems, solutions, time, dedication and windows of opportunity. By being described in relation to previous research of NPM, MBO and the roles and characteristics of individuals, these components where oriented towards the conditions of a municipal organization managed by objectives. Practice Theory has been used to link the concepts together to a holistic explanation. Method:                                        This study was made as a qualitative case study where the empirical data collection where made primarily through direct observations during meetings in a municipal goal process. Conclusions    The study has shown that individuals in municipal organizations managed by objectives affect decisions of objectives by arguing in favor of different problems and solutions and acting with shifting time effort and dedication. This in their effect on the suggested objectives, the division of labor and the decision process. According to this study, the affect appears this way because it is, together with the social world that surrounds it, a part of a mutual constitution. The social world is formed by both structural and political conditions that are being affected by the individuals as well as they affect them.

This essay focuses on the following issues:• What are the effects of Stockholm's Action Plan on both decision-makers and social security officers in the field?• How is the outcome of the Action Plan and the work environment affected by methods, organisation and control systems?• Why are conflicts between stakeholders and the organization handled in the way they are done? The overall purpose of the essay is to a critically study of New Public Management, the ongoing personnel crisis in services for children and young people.  Where yhe crisis is resulting in significant staff turnover and high health statistic. What is being done and can be done within the local Action Plan to address this, and whether or not the Stockholm City Action Plan to improve the working situation of the Social Security Officer and Assistant Handler, or is it the organization itself and how is it managed in that case? The paper is supported by Michel Foucault's theories on power and by Christopher Hood's work on New Public Management. In addition, I interviewed four Social Security Officers working in children and young peoples' services, along with four decision-makers (including politicians, managers and union representatives) and have incorporated information gained from those interviews in this essay. The main result in the essay is that: There are common expectations of the action plan's output and that in the long term it will lead to a better working environment, but the decision-makers had more confidence about what can actually be resolved.  However, there is a concern that changes should have been implemented earlier. The crucial challenges are clearly linked to the economy and today's management systems, such as New Public Management (NPM).  NPM has changed over time and within different welfare areas.  There are also clear links between NPM and deficiencies in the working environment in Social Services. The essay addresses a number of these shortcomings and the strategies that Social Security Officers use to address the situation. However, more and more require other reforms, but at present there is no legitimate alternative, although this is being studied at state level in Sweden and Denmark. Conflicts between stakeholders revolve around the power that the organisation has produces; the organisation disciplines its employees as well as the clients, who are the same as society's residents. This has resulted in a culture of silence, where staff are focused on doing and reporting the right things, rather than looking at long-term results. The Action Plan challenges and balances these structures.