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Na atualidade, a esquizofrenia é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública e afeta, além dos pacientes, os seus familiares, causando inúmeros prejuízos funcionais e sociais. A esquizofrenia é definida como uma doença que afeta a zona central do eu e altera toda a estrutura vivencial da pessoa. O esquizofrênico representa o estereótipo do louco, um indivíduo que produz grande estranheza social devido ao seu desprezo para com a realidade reconhecida. Cada grupo social define a esquizofrenia de acordo com seus conhecimentos, crenças e ações específicas. A família tem um lugar e função central na vida dos portadores de esquizofrenia. A confirmação do diagnóstico e o início da doença constituem alguns dos fatores que geram inúmeras mudanças no contexto familiar. Assim, constituiu-se objeto deste estudo apreender o sentido dado pela família acerca do processo de adoecimento do portador de esquizofrenia e os mecanismos para lidar com a doença. Trata-se de um estudo de caso etnográfico, fundamentado no referencial da teoria sistêmica familiar e da antropologia médica, realizado no período de agosto a dezembro de 2005. Participaram do estudo uma família composta por pai, mãe, cinco filhos, dos quais quatro são portadores de esquizofrenia, em seguimento no Núcleo de Saúde Mental do Centro de Saúde Escola da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da observação, análise dos prontuários, registros no diário de campo e entrevistas gravadas realizadas com a família, em sua maioria, no domicílio. Para a apresentação dos dados utilizamos o genograma, história familiar, análise do sistema familiar e descrição das categorias obtidas nas entrevistas. A partir da construção do genograma, pode-se conhecer a estrutura interna da família. A análise do sistema familiar permitiu descrever além da estrutura, seu funcionamento e desenvolvimento. As entrevistas foram transcritas e submetidas a uma análise de conteúdo latente. A análise das entrevistas permitiu identificar sete categorias temáticas relacionadas ao sentido dado ao processo de adoecimento e aos mecanismos de enfrentamento da família. As categorias referem-se às representações sobre o normal e o patológico, as representações do termo esquizofrenia, as explicações para a doença, o impacto relacionado ao sofrimento, à sobrecarga, ao isolamento social e às tarefas da cuidadora, às modificações no relacionamento familiar, o tratamento e a cura. Para a família em estudo, o adoecimento dos filhos causou um rompimento em sua trajetória de vida. O impacto da esquizofrenia foi revelado pelos familiares mediante a manifestação de sentimentos de tristeza, isolamento social e sobrecarga. Os resultados nos levam a considerar que a assistência ao doente mental constitui um desafio para os profissionais de saúde. Torna-se necessário e urgente incluir a família como unidade de cuidado, além de garantir a manutenção do tratamento farmacológico e a reabilitação psicossocial. / On the present days, schizophrenia is one of the most important problems on public health which affects not only the patients, but also their families, causing many functional and social losses. Schizophrenia is defined as an illness that affects the id central zone and changes all person’s living structure. The schizophrenic illrepresents the stereotype of the crazy one, an individual who causes huge social oddness due to his/her despisal to the known reality. Each social group defines schizophrenia according to their knowledge, beliefs and specific actions. Family has a place and a central function on the life of the schizophrenic ill. The diagnostic confirmation and the illness beginning are some of the events that create a number of changes on the family context. Therefore, the objective of this study is learning both the sense given by the family to the illness development process and the facing mechanisms to deal with schizophrenia. This is an ethnographic case study based on the reference of the family systemic theory and medical anthropology, conducted during August through December of 2005. A family composed by father, mother and five kids, four of which are schizophrenic, being followed at the Núcleo de Saúde Mental do Centro de Saúde Escola da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Data were obtained by observation, review of medical registry, camp diary notes and recorded interviews carried out with the family what, mostly happened at their home. A genogram, family history, family system analysis and description of categories from the interviews were used to present the data. From the building of the genogram, one can know the family’s internal structure. The family system analysis allowed describing not only the structure, but the function and development. The interviews were transcribed and submitted to a latent content analysis . The interview analysis allowed pointing seven thematic categories related to the sense given to the illness process and the facing mechanisms used by the family. The categories refer to representation about what is normal and pathologic, representations of the term schizophrenia, explanations to the disease, the impact on suffering, overload, social isolation and tasks for the care taker, changes in family, the treatment and cure. For the studied family, the children illness has caused a break up to their life way. The impact of schizophrenia was shown by the family members by manifesting feelings of sadness, social isolation and overload. The results lead us to thinking that the assistance to the mentally ill brings a challenge to health care professionals. To include the family as a care unit, besides assuring the pharmacology treatment and psycho-social rehabilitation, becomes necessary and urgent.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

The Foundation Phase curriculum framework was introduced by the Welsh Government in 2010 (and revised in 2015). It applies to all children aged 3 to 7 years in Wales and includes a number of additional pedagogies and rights based approaches which support more participatory understandings of learning and the child (WG, 2015). However, these additional pedagogies are expected to be played out within existing constructions of space. Dominated by continuous provision, spaces are to include sand, water, writing, construction and role-play. Recently rebranded as "Learning Zones" (Taylor et al, 2015), these spaces are becoming increasingly structured around a centralised concept of space, activity and outcome, creating a paradox by framing both space and pedagogy as prescribed and not participatory. In response this PhD explores Spatially Democratic Pedagogy (Clement, 2017) as an alternative approach to the construction of classroom space. Using Froebel's (1899) communal gardens as the pedagogical blueprint and reflecting them through recent sociomaterial (Fenwick, 2011) and democratic (Moss, 2014) understandings of learning and space, this research aims to support children in the design and co-creation of their classroom space. Its Design Based Research frame (Reimann, 2011) aims to, “solve real-world problems through the design, enactment and analysis of an intervention” (DBR Collective, 2003). Current constructions of classroom space within the Foundation Phase were found to be complicit in restricting children and teachers' ability to participate in learning. Notably, co-creating space with children, based on their designs, appeared to offer opportunities to support participatory practice. This research contends it is the construction of space that is important when considering participatory practice within the Foundation Phase.

This thesis focuses on Early Years Practitioners who are working with young children and families in early years provision in England. Adopting a narrative approach the study sought to explore how their understandings of poverty in early childhood are shaped by dominant discourses of poverty and professional and personal experiences. Poverty as a concept is multi-dimensional and dynamic including both the experience of poverty as well as absolute and relative understandings. Under the New Labour Government, Early Years Practitioners were positioned as part of a long-term strategy to alleviate child poverty. Successive government policies have resulted in cuts to early years funding under austerity measures and an increasing focus on children and families with the greatest need. Early Years Practitioners hold a contradictory position, being part of a strategy to address poverty in early childhood, whilst at the same, time being part of a workforce which is to a large extent highly gendered, low status and low paid. The research was conducted as a case study in two integrated settings consisting of a maintained nursery school, children's centre and daycare provision in the south-east of England during November 2015 to June 2016. Although the settings were in areas of overall relative affluence, they both served areas of deprivation. Therefore, Early Years Practitioners were working with children and families on low incomes. Thirty-eight Early Years Practitioners took part in focus groups to explore how narratives of poverty might be shaped by dominant discourses of poverty and sixteen Early Years Practitioners took part in follow-up interviews to explore how narratives of poverty might be shaped by their personal and professional experiences. The 'subject' of the case was the Early Years Practitioners and the analysis and theorisation of their narratives of poverty the 'object'. Foucault's concept of regimes of truth was used to explore how Early Years Practitioners' understandings of poverty might be shaped by dominant policy discourses. The concept of 'small stories' was used to explore how Early Years Practitioners' narratives of poverty are co-constructed within interaction, and understandings of how they position themselves in relation to 'other' were explored through I-positions. Five participants took part in a final presentation and discussion of the initial findings, providing an opportunity to comment on and contribute to the analysis of the data.

Submitted by MURILO RAPHAEL DE MELO null (engenhariasp@piraflora.com.br) on 2017-03-29T19:30:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Modelo novo Final.pdf: 1070767 bytes, checksum: 9448e5eb4a8f905c67d161d2933a9827 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-30T18:20:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_mr_me_bot.pdf: 1070767 bytes, checksum: 9448e5eb4a8f905c67d161d2933a9827 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T18:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_mr_me_bot.pdf: 1070767 bytes, checksum: 9448e5eb4a8f905c67d161d2933a9827 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / Um dos fatores que mais contribuem para queda da produtividade em mudas de Eucalyptus spp. são as doenças. Nos últimos anos tem se observado o aumento gradativo de doenças de origem bacteriana, principalmente de ocorrência foliar. A mancha foliar bacteriana ocorrem em mudas de eucalipto em todas as fases de produção do viveiro, podendo facilmente ser levada a campo, prejudicando o desenvolvimento inicial da muda. No presente estudo foi avaliado o efeito da severidade de bacteriose e da desfolha no crescimento pós-plantio de mudas de Eucalipto. As plantas avaliadas apresentaram um retardo no desenvolvimento devido a doença e a desfolha, no entanto, mantendo a adubação, após a recuperação, as mudas tiveram seu crescimento normalizado. / Diseases are one of the factors that most contribute to decrease the Eucalyptus spp. productivity. Now a day observe the gradual increase of bacterial origin diseases, mainly of foliar occurrence. The bacterial leaf spot occurs in eucalyptus seedlings at all stages of nursery production, and it can easily take to the field, damaging the initial development of the seedlings. In this study was evaluated the effect of bacterial leaf spot severity and defoliation on post-planting growth of Eucalyptus seedlings. The evaluated plants presented a delay in the development due to disease and defoliation; however, maintaining the fertilization, after the recovery, the seedlings had their growth normalized.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a assistência ao recém-nascido (RN) no período neonatal, realizada em uma unidade do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) do Município de Guarapuava-PR, com vistas a subsidiar a organização da atenção à saúde da criança no contexto da família. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, a partir do levantamento de dados registrados em declarações de nascidos vivos e em prontuários de famílias com bebês nascidos no período de 01/10/2003 a 30/09/2004, num total de 90 RNs. Verificou-se que grande parte dos RN apresentou Apgar 9/10, nasceu na faixa de normalidade de peso e a termo (acima de 3.000g e de 37 a 41 semanas de gestação), porém há um número expressivo de RN de baixo peso ao nascer (peso menor que 2.500g) e prematuros (menos que 36 semanas de gestação). No tocante às mães, mais da metade realizaram 7 ou mais consultas de pré-natal, sendo que uma parcela significativa o fez abaixo do recomendado; a maioria dos partos foi cesáreo; metade delas tem idade entre 20 e 29 anos, sendo encontrado número expressivo de gestantes em idade considerada de risco gestacional (16 entre 15 e 19 anos e 14 acima de 35 anos); e grande parte tem nível de escolaridade inferior a 8 anos de estudo. Constatou-se que a maioria dos RNs recebeu aleitamento materno exclusivo e vacinação completa no período neonatal e 6 (6,6%) foram hospitalizados por pneumonia. A cobertura vacinal e o aleitamento materno foram os componentes da assistência materno-infantil que apresentaram melhor resposta às ações realizadas pela equipe do PSF. Em relação aos atendimentos, tem-se que a maioria dos RNs foi visitada por Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACSs), no período neonatal precoce e uma parcela relativamente pequena compareceu à unidade no período neonatal para 8 atendimento pelo médico e/ou pela enfermeira, sendo que esse atendimento está centrado na demanda espontânea. A partir da descrição da forma de captação da clientela e da verificação dos atendimentos realizados, foi possível construir um fluxograma de atendimento ao recém-nascido. Depreendeu-se que o fluxograma representa uma forma adequada de identificar o tipo de demanda, o atendimento de cada profissional, os procedimentos, encaminhamentos, retornos, assim como as lacunas. Permitiu, ainda, visualizar o período neonatal esquematicamente, possibilitando contribuir na organização da assistência ao recém-nascido em unidades de PSF. / The goal of this survey is to describe the assistance given to newborn children in the neonatal period. It was carried out at a Unit of the Hea1th of the Fami1y Programme (PSF) in the City of Guarapuava (PR) with the specific aim of subsidizing the organization that cares for children’s health in the context of the family. It is a descriptive study and was conducted from the registered data in the certificate of live birth and medical records. The research was done with children born between 01/OCT/2003 and 30/SEP/2004 adding up 90 newborn babies. We have noticed that a lot of birth certificates showed a 9/10 Apgar and that despite a large number of born children who were of average weight; there was also a significant number of underweight and premature babies. Concerning women, about half of them got prenatal care with 7 or more appointments, but the number of mothers who didn't go to the doctor as it was recommended is considered very large too. The main delivery procedure was the Cesarian section. Half of the women were between 20 and 29 years old, the number of teenagers (between 15 and 19 years old) and women over-30s being significant. It was discovered that many of the pregnant women were at a maternal age risk (under 19 and upper 35 years old) and some of them had a level of education lower than 8 years. Our survey revealed that most of the newborn babies had exclusive breastfeeding and complete vaccination at the neonatal period, 6 of them (6,6%) having been taken to hospital due to pneumonia. The covering of the children who were being vaccinated and breastfed was the part of the maternal-infant assistance that has showed the best answer to the actions taken by the PSF team. With regard to the service, it was provided mainly by spontaneous request. We discovered that the 10 majority of children was visited by ACS in the premature neonatal period having been attended by a doctor and/or a nurse. From the description of the way of attracting clients and from the verification of the taken services, it was possible to create a flow chart containing information on the assistance given to newborn children. It was deduced that the flow chart represents a right way of identifying the type of request, the service taken by each professional, the procedures, the requirements of further visits to specialists, returns, as well as the omissions. It has allowed us to see the neonatal period schematically and contributed to an organization of the aid to newborn children in Units of the PSF.

The free play behavior of two of the Utah State University nursery school groups was observed and recorded according to the time sampling instrument devised to assess the musical activity of children. Twelve group music experiences, in addition to those of the regular curriculum, were presented to the experimental group while the control group received two such experiences. Sex was found not to be a significant factor in the amount of musical activity; however, girls were slightly more active rhythmically than the boys. The children between 3 years 10 months and 4 years 4 months were the most active musically and there was a slight tendency toward increased music activity at nursery school as music involvement in the home increased . The amount of music activity increased as the number of quarters of nursery school attendance increased. The data depict the experimental children as involved in more music experiences per day; involved for a greater number of days, especially in rhythmic movement; creating more individual music experiences with an increasing amount of rhythmic content and covering a longer period of time, as compared to the control group. Because the findings were not statistically significant, the null hypothesis stated as, "The inclusion of an extended music curriculum in the nursery school program produces no significant change in the behavior of preschool children," was held tenable .

Attitudes of middle class mothers and fathers toward nursery school education were measured and compared. The subjects were parents of children who attended the Utah State University nursery school. A scale was developed to test parental attitudes. Attitudes toward nursery school education were definitely favorable. Comparison of attitudes expressed by mothers with those expressed by fathers revealed significant differences between the two groups, when the total number of responses of all scale items were considered together. The total scale included 48 items comprising three subscales, which tested the following parental attitudes toward nursery school education: attitudes concerning a child's independence or dependence as it relates to nursery school attendance, attitudes pertaining to the value that the nursery school has for a child, and attitudes toward the care and guidance of a child while at nursery school . Comparisons of attitudes of mothers and fathers in each of these three areas disclosed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in attitudes expressed . Mean scores of mothers and fathers were 77.4 and 76.2, respectively. The scale used to measure attitudes was found t o discriminate significantly between the high and low scoring subjects . However, an item analysis of the scale revealed few individual items which could discriminate significantly between the high and low scoring subjects.

The purpose of this study was to determine if parents change in their attitudes toward child guidance after participating in a Cooperative Nursery School Parent Education Program. The study was conducted in the Fall of 1959 in the Weber College Department. Control and experimental groups were used. The experimental group was made up of forty mothers and father who were enrolled in the Parent Education Program and whose children were enrolled in the nursery school. The control group was made up of forty mothers and fathers whose children were on the waiting list of the nursery school. Attitudes were determined by means of parent attitudes scale in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaires were given to the control and experimental group before and after a thirteen-week Parent Education Program. The experimental group participated in this program which consisted of a ten-week study discussion group under the direction of the investigator, and a thirteen-week experience of actively participating in a cooperative nursery school teacher. Parents were tested in four areas in which they might change as a result of experience in a Cooperative Nursery School Program. These were (a) dependency, (b) child aggression toward parents, (c) child aggression toward other children and (d) relationships with other children. The results of the study show statistically significant changes in all four areas in the attitudes of the experimental group mothers toward more permissive guidance, while the control group had essentially the same attitudes at the conclusion of the study as they had at the beginning. Fathers and mothers differed in their attitudes toward child guidance in that fathers favored punitive control while the mothers were more permissive.