Den snabba utvecklingen och urbaniseringen i stora delar av Kina har ett flertal konsekvenser för miljön. Yangtzedeltats ytvatten är till stor del eutrofierade, delvis p.g.a. diffusa förluster från jordbruket. I denna studie har kväve- och, till viss del, fosforflöden och förluster från två odlingsrutor i ett intensivt odlat grönsaksfält i ett tätortsnära område i Nanjing, med hög tillförsel av organiskt gödsel, undersökts med hjälp av den fältskaliga simuleringsmodellen GLEAMS. GLEAMS parametriserades och kalibrerades mot mätvärden av jordens vatten- och kväveinnehåll. Ett scenario med minskad kvävetillförsel simulerades sedan. Simuleringen av vattenhalten i de olika horisonterna var inte utmärkt. Den simulerade mängden mineralkväve i marken var avsevärt lägre än den uppmätta. Detta kan bero på en felaktig simulering av mineraliseringen av organiskt kväve eller en för långsam nedbrytning av gödsel. Det är också möjligt att felen i vattensimuleringarna bidrog till underskattningen av mängden mineralkväve i marken. Simuleringarna på de båda odlingsrutorna gav liknande resultat, förutom att ruta B hade 20% större förluster av N via simulerad erosion och läckage. För fortsatt simulering av alternativa odlingsmetoder bör modellens parametrisering förbättras, särskilt vad avser parametrar kopplade till gödselns mineralisering. / Many parts of China are going through a rapid development and urbanization resulting in various environmental impairities. The Yangtze Delta Region surface water bodies are affected by eutrophication, partly caused by diffuse losses from agriculture. In this study, nitrogen, and to some extent also phosphorus, flows and losses from two plots in an intensively cultivated vegetable field in a peri-urban area of Nanjing, with a high input of organic fertilizer, were analysed by the use of the field-scale simulation model GLEAMS. The GLEAMS model was parameterized and calibrated against measurements of soil water and nitrogen content in two plots. A scenario with a reduced input of nitrogen was then simulated. The resemblance between simulated and measured water content in the different soil layers was quite poor. The simulated inorganic nitrogen content in the soil was significantly lower than the measured during great parts of the simulation period. This could be due to an inappropriate simulation of the mineralization of organic N under these conditions, or an underestimated decomposition rate of manure. It is also possible that the poor water simulations contributed to the underestimated inorganic N content in the soil. There were similar results for the two plots, except for an unexplained 20% increase in leaching and erosion losses of N in Plot B. For simulation of scenarios to find best management practices, the model parameterization should be further refined.

Although China has a huge cyclist population, the cycling condition in large cities is undesirable. The problem is mainly caused by the mixed-flow of cyclists and motorist on the road. Separation of cyclists and motorist is the key to solve the problem. Based on the research of the successful examples in Europe and a PEBOSCA inventory analysis of the cycling traffic in Nanjing, a set of suggestion is proposed on how to plan the bicycle network. A bicycle network separated from motor traffic and the planning on a cycling district division is introduced. The proposal also involves the suggestion on combination between cycling and public transport, and the experience route of historical culture and the natural beauty of the landscape.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).

The demand of electric power has rapidly increased in China along with the financial development. High pollution rates have pushed the development towards more renewable energy generating alternatives. In recent years larger investments of hydropower- generated electricity have been to satisfy the increased demand. Hydropower can cause non-energy related problems when implemented in a large scale. In this project the Nanjing Reach of Yangtze River was investigated through a hydrodynamic and sediment transport perspective. Nanjing Reach consists of two river branches and the upstream construction of the Three Gorges Dam has caused an imbalance of sediment composition that leads to an increasing difference of the diversion ratio between the branches. This is causing a problematic navigational situation for larger vessels along the north branch. In this project non-submerged water diverting dykes were modelled using two-dimensional depth averaged finite element method to estimate the impact on the hydrodynamic and sediment transport conditions. The examination showed that engineering measures at the downstream part of the reach were more effective than structures at the front, when taking both hydrodynamic and the more long-term impacts from sediment transport into account. Although the results of the sediment transportation are uncertain, the long- term consequences with investigated engineering measures can be concluded to have negative impact on the sustainability of the reach, however short-term improvements can be achieved. Other factors such as stability, material use, economics and marine conditions were not treated in this project but are vital for a reliable solution.

The relations between China and Japan are strained and continue to foster negative emotions partly because of China’s grievances about Japan’s actions during World War II and the allegedly false historiographical accounts found in Japanese history textbooks. This study will utilize historical analysis of the events leading up to the Nanjing Massacre in December of 1937, examine the Japanese Ministry of Education’s (MEXT) critical and contentious role in the selection of textbooks, used for primary and secondary schools, and will also juxtapose the controversial 2001 Atarashii rekishi kyōkasho with current Japanese history textbooks. The study will also include a syntactical analysis of key terms through my own original translations of multiple Japanese history textbooks, which are currently used in the Japanese school curriculum, to reveal that the textbook publishers, MEXT, and regulation councils are involved in adjusting the content causing the information to reveal various degrees of whitewashing.

China has always been a major agricultural country with the highest number of agricultural workers in the world. In order to raise the income level of farmers and promote rural prosperity and stability, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategy of "revitalising the countryside", and focused on the development of rural tourism as a strategy that can effectively adapt to and serve the revitalisation of the countryside in the new era. The development of rural tourism in recent years has met people's needs and has become an important part of China's tourism development industry. Nanjing, as the capital of Jiangsu Province, has developed new tourism projects in more and more surrounding villages. Although the number of rural tourism attractions has been increased, there are still many problems with the development of these attractions, including the impact of project development on the environment and the standardization of rural tourism facilities, which still need to be given high priority by relevant tourism construction researchers. Based on this, this paper examines the current situation of rural tourism development around Nanjing, and conducts a survey and analysis of Nanjing's ecotourism development based on a tourist demand perspective. Through the comparison, it is found that the development factors of rural tourism around Nanjing include government, human environment, geographical location, tourism construction direction and market condition, etc. Therefore, the study of rural tourism development problems around Nanjing needs to be combined with the actual situation of Nanjing and an in-depth study of the direct factors related to tourism in order to improve the rural tourism development problems.

全球教育改革情境下，国际教育政策议论聚焦于教师在实践中的专业发展，并希冀发展专业学习社群。专业学习社群经由教师互动沟通逐步建构而来，其发展有赖于教师合作的持续开展。回应全球教育改革浪潮，中国内地致力于通过校本教研政策增进教师合作，以促进教师专业发展。 / 本研究以实践社群为理论视角，从南京市两所个案小学选取37名教师，就其对合作的参与、诠释和理解开展深入访谈，并辅以文本搜集和观察，试图探讨校本教研中教师合作开展意义协商的过程。 / 研究所见，教师合作处于校本教研政策引导之下，在科层结构体系中制度化为校本教研教师社群。教师社群在意义协商过程中发展出服从权威、注重和谐、感情和认知并行的沟通规范，以便合作达成工作任务。工具理性之下，教师社群追求短期效用最大化，定位于实用性教学技能再生产。 / 本研究深化了教师参与合作过程的探讨，发展出校本教研意义协商的本土理解，并回应了实践社群、专业学习社群和教师专业性的学术讨论。在社群层面，教师在科层官僚体制下发展出学科社群。在知识领域层面，区教育行政部门主导教研方向。在实务层面，教师分工完成及共享课程规范流程、教案和公开课。在沟通规范层面，教师社群遵从集权式领导，在情感和认知的支持下合力完成技术性工作任务。由于以和谐之名规避不同见解和争议，教师社群并未发展出建设性争议。在实践定位层面，教师社群实践主要定位于问题解决，重教学技能操作再生产，约制了潜在的发展路向和交流空间。教师以多种不同的方式参与教师社群当中，基于不同的发展阶段及个人选择，呈现出多元发展轨迹。个案学校校本教研并未发展成专业学习社群。教师的专业性基于不同的职业生涯阶段，呈现出复合专业性。 / 校本教研教师社群可考虑拓展外延，并通过支持非正式微社群、鼓励参与以提升内涵。教师合作宜摒弃技术取向，开展开放式专业对话，加强专业对话的自我反思，突破模仿借鉴的限制，拓展再专业化空间。 / In the context of global education reform movement, teacher professional development has received much attention in international education arena. It is considered to be a potential way for school-based teacher development develops to be professional learning communities (PLCs). PLCs are viewed to be constructed gradually through teacher interactions and communications. The development of PLCs is tightly related to the continuing teacher collaboration. In response to the wave of global education reform, the Chinese mainland implements school-based teacher development policies to encourage teacher collaboration. / Informed by the theory of communities of practice (CoP), this study adopts a case study approach to explore the process of negotiation of meaning in teacher collaboration in school-based teaching and research. In-depth interviews were conducted on 37 teachers in two primary schools to collect data on teachers’ perception, understanding and participation in collaboration. Observations and document collection were also carried out to collect data to map out a more detailed picture. / Findings revealed that teacher collaboration was institutionalized as subject teacher communities in hierarchical structure system, guided by the policies of school-based teacher development in District Education Bureau. In the process of negotiation of meaning, teacher communities developed into three major norms of interaction: obedience to authority, relational harmony, emotional and cognitive support being combined. With the principle of instrumental rationality, teachers pursued the maximization of short-term utilizing teaching materials. Teacher collaboration was oriented towards the reproduction of teaching skills. / This study enriches the academic discussion on the process of teacher collaboration, develops local understanding of negotiation of meaning in school-based teacher development, and makes theoretical contributions to the international academic discussion on the understanding of CoP, PLCs and teacher professionalism. Concerning the teacher community, teachers were guided to develop subject communities in hierarchical structure system. For the knowledge boundry, district administrators led the direction of school-based teacher development. Regarding the practices, teachers worked together and shared standardized course procedures, teaching plans and open lessons. Concerning the norms of interaction, teacher followed patriarchal leadership, provided emotional and cognitive support reciprocally, and worked together to finish technical tasks. As divergent ideas and opinions were avoided for the sake of harmony, teacher community did not generate constructive conflict. Regarding the orientation of practice, teacher community targeted problem solving, laid emphasize on the reproduction of teaching skills, and limited the potential space for teacher communication. Teacher professionalism underwent a mixed effect based on developmental stages and personal choices. Subject teacher groups were not developed into PLCs in our case schools, but they demonstrated unique local features. Teachers showed divergent learning trajectories in their professional career within the teacher community. / It would help to extend external boundary of communities through developing networked learning communities. The capacity of communities would be cultivated through supporting informal micro-communities and encouraging participation. Teacher collaboration should abandon technical approach, and open professional dialogues should be encouraged. Enhancing reflection in the process of professional dialogues helps to nurture professional judgment to extend professional space. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 乔雪峰. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 263-279). / Abstracts also in English. / Qiao Xuefeng.

民國佛教發展的一條主線是佛教的改革運動，這條線索串聯起了國家、寺僧、信眾，成為觀察和理解佛教如何回應時代劇變的關鍵。學術界對近代中國佛教史的研究中亦對佛教改革有所關注，但至少存在兩方面的不足：首先，關注的對象過於狹窄，局限在少數推行改革的"高僧"或居士的生平、思想上，故常將改革的藍圖當做了改革的實效，導致對民國佛教的特徵概括有所偏差；其次，未能從地方的視角出發，無法具體分析佛教在地方社區的各群體中扮演的複雜角色，因此對改革遭受抵制乃至失敗的原因分析不清。 / 本論文以民國時期（1912 - 1949）政治和佛教重鎮南京市的佛教寺廟、組織和信徒為中心，討論在政府和僧團自上而下的雙重改革計劃中，地方佛教如何進行回應。在研究方法上主要利用社會史、地方史的方法，通過解讀政府公文、檔案、佛教報刊、方誌寺誌、調查報告、時人文集等新、舊史料，結合量化的數據統計和質性的案例分析來呈現民國時首都南京的佛教狀況。 / 全文主體分四章展開，第一章主要透過數據展示南京佛寺、僧眾、廟產的概貌，第二、三兩章分別敘述國家和僧團建設首都模範佛教社群的嘗試及其成效，第四章分析南京城內信佛居士和民眾的實踐及其與佛教改革間的關係。本文的結論認為：相對於國家和僧團的初衷，佛教改革在南京的推行困境重重、收效甚微。其原因不可簡單歸為"保守"僧人的阻撓，"國家"內部的信仰和利益分歧使得政府主導的改革計劃大多被消解，而改革派僧人囿於現實條件而態度搖擺或方式不當也使得僧團主導的改革藍圖空有其名。地方的僧人、居士、信眾往往根據自身和當地的實際情況，在與各方勢力的斡旋中長期維持著他們認為最重要的佛教信仰、儀式和組織，比如佛教的禪、凈實踐、僧人的經懺傳統、寺院的法會香會等。最後在南京這樣的江浙中心城市，佛教所延續的傳統多過革新的成績。 / 通過考察南京的佛教改革進程，我們可以進一步修正甚或挑戰學界對近代佛教史的既有認知。第一，佛教在近代"宗教"/"迷信"的定義和分類中被作為合法的宗教，僧人的改革計劃亦有不少與政府的計劃重合，故佛教常被認作順應國家管制的代表。實則僧信的靈活抵制和佛教組織承擔的慈善、教育等公共角色經常違背國家意圖，這使得佛教也常成為讓政府世俗化計劃擱淺的"暗礁"。第二，在看似最具備改革條件的南京，佛教革新舉步維艱，民國時大多佛教徒反而熱衷於追求彼岸之解脫、重視儀式和神秘力量，這不同於學者通常總結的近代佛教的理性化、去傳統化、去神話化、心理化等現代特徵，兩種特點至少是並存的。第三，佛教改革的不徹底甚或失敗，並不意味其積重難返，反而表明在不同特徵的混融與競爭中各方的宗教需求都能得到滿足，這顯示了佛教社群的整體繁榮。故在評價佛教的地位時不必預設一種唯一"正確的"形態去判別其"衰落"或"復興"，而可採取更為開放、包容的宗教學立場。 / The Buddhist reformation was a main theme in the history of modern Chinese Buddhism. It showed how did a Buddhist community respond to the challenge of that times by involving the state, Buddhist temples, monks and laypersons. Scholarly attention has been paid on this theme, while there still is room for improvement. Firstly, previous researches preferred lives and thoughts of "eminent monks" or intellectual lay Buddhists who endorsed the reform rather than ordinary believers, which led to the confusion between reform blueprint and real effects. Secondly, the reason why Buddhist reformation failed was vague because few study applied a region-based approach to analyze different roles Buddhism played in local societies. This dissertation focuses on Buddhist temples, organizations and believers in Nanjing during the Republican period (1912-1949). It aims at local responses to Buddhist reformations launched by the government and Buddhist activists respectively. Approaches of social and local history will be applied to analyse various materials such as official documents and archives, Buddhist newspapers and periodicals, local and temple gazetteers, memoirs and collected works of contemporaries. Pictures of the Buddhist community in capital Nanjing will emerge from statistical analysis as well as case studies. / This thesis consists of four main chapters. Quantitative studies have been done in chapter 1 to portray the general picture of temples, monks and temple properties in Nanjing. Chapter 2 & 3 discusses and evaluates the reformative attempts of some officials and monks in Nanjing respectively as to make a model Buddhist community in the capital. Chapter 4 presents the practice of laymen in the city and illustrates its relationship with the reform. It can be concluded that the effects of the Buddhist reform were quite limited compared to its ambitious plan. The reason cannot be simply ascribed to the boycott of those "conservative monks". As a matter of fact, divergent opinions and interests in state and sangha made the reform campaigns exist in name only. Besides, clergy and laity were good at evading reformative pressures come from the top. They maintained those beliefs and rituals they considered valuable, such as the practice of pure land, the tradition of chanting and confession, the dharma assemble and pilgrimage and so forth. As a result, the conventional traditions in Buddhism were much more transparent than those unconventional reformative characteristics in a modern city like Nanjing. / Based on the example of Nanjing, we can shed some light on the research of modern Chinese Buddhism. First of all, Buddhism was considered as a disciplined religion in the religion/superstition dichotomy formulated by government. But the practice of monks and laypersons always went against the reform plan. The charitable and educational roles Buddhist organizations played alarmed the officials as well. These made Buddhism actually become "hidden obstacles" to the secularization progress launched by government. Secondly, the failure of the reform demonstrates that most Buddhists were enthusiastic about afterlife, rituals and mysterious power in modern times. Therefore, characteristics of modern Buddhism summarized by scholars as rationality, de-traditionalization, demythologization and psychologization should be reevaluated. Thirdly, the unthoroughness of the reform didn’t necessarily mean the degeneration or decline of Buddhism in the Republican era. On the contrary, the confrontational and competitive ideas of Buddhism met different demands of believers and brought prosperity to this religion in a local society. The Nanjing example reminds us that we should not assume a "standard Buddhism" to judge others. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 邵佳德. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-236). / Abstracts also in English. / Shao Jiade.

Along with the increasing rate of urbanization takes place in the world, the population keeps shifting from rural to urban areas. China, as the country of the largest population, has the highest urban population growth in Asia, as well as the world. However, the urbanization in China, in turn, is leading to a lot of social issues which reshape the living environment and cultural fabric. A variety of these kinds of social issues emphasize the challenges regarding a healthy and sustainable urban growth particularly in the reasonable planning of urban land use and land cover features. Therefore, it is significant to establish a set of comprehensive urban sustainable development strategies to avoid detours in the urbanization process. Nowadays, faced with such as a series of the social phenomenon, the spatial and temporal technological means including Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used to help the city decision maker to make the right choices. The knowledge of land use and land cover changes in the rural and urban area assists in identifying urban growth rate and trend in both qualitative and quantitatively ways, which provides more basis for planning and designing a city in a more scientific and environmentally friendly way. This paper focuses on the urban sprawl analysis in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China that being analyzed by urban growth pattern monitoring during a study period. From 2001 to 2016, Nanjing Municipality has experienced a substantial increase in the urban area because of the growing population. In this paper, one optimal supervised classification with high accuracy which is Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was used to extract thematic features from multitemporal satellite data including Landsat 7 ETM+, Landsat 8, and Sentinel-2A MSI. It was interpreted to identify the existence of urban sprawl pattern based on the land use and land cover features in 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016. Two different types of change detection analysis including post-classification comparison and change vector analysis (CVA) were performed to explore the detailed extent information of urban growth within the study region. A comparison study on these two change detection analysis methods was carried out by accuracy assessment. Based on the exploration of the change detection analysis combined with the current urban development actuality, some constructive recommendations and future research directions were given at last. By implementing the proposed methods, the urban land use and land cover changes were successfully captured. The results show there is a notable change in the urban or built-up land feature. Also, the urban area is increased by 610.98 km2 while the agricultural land area is decreased by 766.96 km2, which proved a land conversion among these land cover features in the study period. The urban area keeps growing in each particular study period while the growth rate value has a decreasing trend in the period of 2001 to 2016. Besides, both change detection techniques obtained the similar result of the distribution of urban expansion in the study area. According to the result images from two change detection methods, the expanded urban or built-up land in Nanjing distributes mainly in the surrounding area of the central city area, both side of Yangtze River, and Southwest area. The results of change detection accuracy assessment indicated the post-classification comparison has a higher overall accuracy 86.11% and a higher Kappa Coefficient 0.72 than CVA. The overall accuracy and Kappa Coefficient for CVA is 75.43% and 0.51 respectively. These results proved the strength of agreement between predicted and truth data is at ‘good’ level for post-classification comparison and ‘moderate’ for CVA. Also, the results further confirmed the expectation from previous studies that the empirical threshold determination of CVA always leads to relatively poor change detection accuracy. In general, the two change detection techniques are found to be effective and efficient in monitoring surface changes in the different class of land cover features within the study period. Nevertheless, they have their advantages and disadvantages on processing change detection analysis particularly for the topic of urban expansion.

陳樹強. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (p. 224-244) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Chen Shuqiang. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (p. 224-244) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.