On December 26th, 2004, 280,000 people lost their lives. A massive earthquake struck Indonesia, triggering a tsunami that affected several countries, including Thailand. The disaster had important implications for health status of Thai citizens, as well as health system planning, and thus underscores the need to study its long-term effect. This dissertation examined the patterns, determinants, and spatial analysis of health service utilization following the tsunami in Thailand. The primary aim was to determine whether tsunami-affected status (personal injury or property loss) and distance to a health facility (public health center or hospital) influenced health service utilization. The study population included Thai citizens (aged 14+), living in the tsunami-affected Thai provinces: Phuket, Phang Nga, Krabi, and Ranong. Study participants were randomly selected from the ‘affected’ and ‘unaffected’ populations. One and two years after the tsunami, participants were interviewed in-person on demographic and socio-economic factors, disaster impact, health status, and health service utilization. Five types of health services were examined: outpatient services, inpatient services, home visits, medications, and informal (unpaid) care. Distance to a health facility was calculated using Geographic Information System’s Network Analyst. The Grossman model of the demand for health care and a distance decay concept provided the foundation for this study. A propensity score method and a two-part model were used to examine the study objectives. There were 1,889 participants. One year after the tsunami, individuals affected by property loss were more likely to use medications than unaffected participants. Two years after the tsunami, individuals with personal injury were more likely to use outpatient services, medications, and informal care than unaffected participants. Distance to a health facility was associated with the use of medications and informal care. The results confirmed the long-term effect of a tsunami. This dissertation may assist the decision- and policy-makers in the identification of those most likely to use health services and in the request of health resources to the affected areas. The patterns, determinants, and spatial analysis of health service utilization found in this study may not be specific to a tsunami and may provide insights on post-disaster contexts of other natural disasters.

Seventeenth-century Seville, one of early modern Spain's most populous cities and the mercantile hub of its imperial trade, endured repeated and severe flooding of the Guadalquivir River, events that have been largely overlooked by historians. Additionally, Seville's boom-then-bust history and the allure of the 'decline of Spain' thesis have ensured that the second half of the seventeenth century for both the urban and the national context remains similarly neglected. This thesis, by conducting research into the city's flooding from 1621 to 1700 presents an alternative narrative of continuity, at the same time as asserting the value to be gained from a historical study of the environment and disasters. I argue that urban responses - political and cultural - to disaster provide fundamental evidence of the impact of wider historical processes and structures. The asistente - the royal governor - of Seville likewise lacks sustained or detailed study. These men, as the king's appointees, had a vital role in the performance of the government of the Habsburg monarchy. The city's equivalent of the corregidor in other Spanish cities and towns, and previously understood as a legal and administrative official, the asistente was, I argue, responded to a broader set of political attitudes, which prioritised conservation and discouraged novelty. I also stress the hands-on and practical aspects to the post, which demanded a working appreciation of urban space. By connecting a study of royal government in one of the most significant of early modern Spanish cities to an environmental history of flooding, I address important gaps in the scholarship and suggest new avenues of research into the history of environmental disaster. Spanish 'decline' might be reinterpreted as a failure to deal with specific local environmental issues, and environmental disaster acknowledged as an issue of central political importance.

Almost every day, people are exposed to various dangers that pose for them unexpected situations, such as natural disasters, accidents or variety of accidents involving the release of hazardous substances. To reduce these incidents the state adopts various measures such as legal standards. Such a main measure is to protect the population. To mitigate the effects of emergencies it is necessary citizens also know how to preserve these adverse situations, how they react and how to help themselves and the others. It is possible however not without constant education. Education and population education should start at an early age and throughout life would have knowledge in this area should get deeper. In the theoretical part of this thesis all the incidents with which one can meet are described. Whether it is an extraordinary event caused by natural or caused by man. Further on procedures relating to just protect the population. How to behave at the signal "general alert" to prepare for an evacuation and how you perform or how to hide in the case of danger. Furthermore acquainted with crisis situations that may arise. Also important they are the procedures of the individual components of the integrated rescue system, which play a big role in fighting emergencies. Finally, theoretical part explains the statistics, which represent a large percentage of research. The aim of this study was to evaluate students' knowledge selected at secondary schools in the occurrence of the incident and the knowledge of the activities arising for citizens in case of emergency on the territory of the district Klatovy. Subsequently, two hypotheses were set, namely: H1: "Students selected secondary schools are aware of the possibility of extraordinary events in the town Klatovy" and H2: "Students from higher grades have more information on the issue of protecting the population than students of lower classes." To these targets and verify of the hypotheses it was necessary to compile an anonymous questionnaire focused on this issue and agree with it on statistical surveys. The survey was conducted at a secondary school at Business college in Klatovy and the sample consisted the numer of 200 students. 100 students from the 1st and 2nd grade and 100 students from the 3rd and 4th grades. The questionnaire contained 13 questions and there was always only one correct answer. The success rate among the issues was very diverse. The results were striking some questions, but there are also questions that the students completed without any problems. The term "general warning" was known only by 21% of students. This means that if a general warning tone will be 79% of the students know what to do. Conversely, 90% of students knew with an overview of important phone numbers to be dialed in an emergency. Only 39% of students have an overview of the risks due to them on the territory of district Nýrsko water reservoir. 86% of all students have a good grasp of the individual components of the integrated rescue system. Overall, students with lower grades were successful 49% success rate. 42% of students got older. Then 7% less. Through descriptive and mathematical statistics the evaluation of hypothese was achieved. Hypothesis no. 1 was confirmed on the basis of descriptive statistics. Hypothesis no. 2 was refuted by means of mathematical statistics, which means that students of higher classes have no more information to the occurrence of extraordinary events on the territory of district of Klatovy. All the data is processed and presented in the "Discussion" and "Results". The results of this work have been forwarded to the school management representatives who act as an annual lecture on emergency and the first aid principles in the context of armed courses Hracholuska dam. The questions used in the questionnaires can be used and properly explained during these mandatory courses within the presentations that focus on individual questions used in the questionnair

Natural emergency events endanger mankind since ever. Jilemnice - municipality with extended competence - is located in Podkrkonoší. This town should be prepared for any unexpected event. Every season brings risk, especially in this "close to mountain" area. Town is endangered by snowstorms in the winter and subsequently floods, caused by melting snow in the spring. We can´t stop it, we can only minimize effects. Information / knowledge is the most important aspect for proper and prompt decision, that affects our life, health and property. Studying and preparing the theoretical part was basic task for realizing the goal of his thesis. Theory consists of natural emergency events typology and principles of proper behavior. Below short area description of municipality with extended competence called Jilemnice. According to information found during theoretical preparation, questionaire was created and consequently introduced to the respondents - adult inhabitants of Jilemnice. Participants were chosen in quota sampling in conjunction with local authonomy specialist. We chose 100 laymen, split into 50 men and 50 women. There were two hypotheses set to reach the goal of my work - basic (H) and partial (H1) formulated below: H) Adult Jilemnice´s inhabitants (laics) knowledge matches Gaussian distribution. H1) There is only [alpha]= 0,05 statistic difference between men´s and women´s knowledge, when talking about natural events problem. Hypothesis and its partial hypothesis were determined per descriptive and mathematical statistics, through following steps: formulation, scaling, measuring, elementary statistical processing. Then within nonparametical testing 7 identical density intervals were defined. [chí2] test / good accordance test using [chí2]teor and [chí2]exp comparison, second normality test inclusive integral calculation was selected (using u variable, primitive function F(ui) and statistical tables) to validate/disprove the hypothesis. Double-selection test was used to disprove partial hypothesis, per empiric argument [mí1]=O1 or [sigma2] and external theoretical data [mí2] and [sigma2] comaprison. Basic hypothesis was proved and accepted. Adults in Jilemnice are informed as presumed, knowledge matches Gaussian/normal distribution. Partial hypothesis wasn´t proved. We expected difference between men and women knowledge in natural emergency event occurence and best practice of treatment. This is surprise according to the first premise.

Previous research has shown a post-disaster increase of Gender Based Violence [GBV], suggesting a need for further investigation of the phenomena and its causes. This research draws together a wide-ranging collection of secondary data sets concerning disasters and gender based violence. It analyses the social environment in post-disaster settings that breeds an increase in GBV with focus on Sexual Gender Based Violence[SGBV] and Intra Personal Violence [IPV]. Through a comparison of two case studies: (a) post-earthquake Haiti and (b) post-hurricane Katrina. The cases are analysed through an analytical framework constructed out of three theories, Eco-feminism, Hyper-masculinity and Situational Theory, which together could give a trustworthy explanation of the phenomena. The findings show that similar factors were prevalent in both cases, and in turn provides insights for the abductively derived framework that relates the causal mechanisms behind the phenomena of post-disaster gender-based violence, building on the commonalities between social environments and structures in the cases. In particular, it was found that a patriarchal root structure and high rates of frustration both provided explanatory causal mechanisms for increased GBV. Though changes in environments can affect the prevalence of GBV as it can provide easier access of victims and lower the risk of penalties in relation to the crimes. In order to address GBV associated with future disasters, post-disaster plans need to adapt a gender mainstreamed approach with focus on safe housing and rapid rebuilding processes for the grass root level.

The title of the Diploma thesis is "The role of public finances in restoring municipal facilities and territory". The thesis assesses a participation of the public finances sector in a process of restoring the essential municipal facilities and territory damaged by disaster. It analyses the public investments released on prevention of natural disasters and intended to subsequent restoration as illustrated by example of flood. To assess an effectiveness of spending the public funds to disaster prevention, the example of flood has been chosen, because the Czech Republic is suffered especially from flooding. The outcome of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of public expenditures in comparison with the experience of neighboring European countries and to formulate recommendations for improving the system of financing the destructive after-effects of natural disasters.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to determine the amount of indemnity for damage caused by a lightning strike to a house in the village Šebetov. The thesis is dividend into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the basic concepts, associated with the topic. Furthermore, the approach of valuation of assets and insurance. The practical part uses theoretical knowledge addresses a specific case. First, the location is described, house and insured event (natural event – flash). Following the calculation of the time value immediately before the insured event, further costs are quantified to repair the damage incurred and then is detected current value after repairs. At the end, there is comparison of the time price comparisons of costs incurred for repairs and evaluation of the agreed sum insured in the insurance contract.

No description available.

La presente investigación aborda el comportamiento y temas de discusión de los grupos de Facebook creados con el objetivo de dialogar sobre desastres naturales. Este trabajo recoge estudios sobre cómo los temas que se discuten en las comunidades online podrían ayudar en prevenir y enfrentar un desastre natural. Además, busca comprender cómo la información es difundida en estos espacios puede perjudicar este trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir con las investigaciones sobre las percepciones de las personas ante los desastres naturales en el Perú, comprendiendo las preocupaciones y el pensar de las personas, así como los temas sobre desastres naturales que se discuten en una comunidad digital. Asimismo, otro motivo es contribuir con los estudios sobre el comportamiento de usuarios de grupos de Facebook, ahondando en esta oportunidad en los grupos que han sido creados con fines para discutir sobre desastres naturales. Como metodología se empleó una metodología cualitativa en donde se analizarán a los usuarios del grupo de Facebook SISMOS, CATASTROFES Y mas.2020. La presente investigación tiene el objetivo analizar el comportamiento de los grupos de Facebook creados para dialogar sobre desastres naturales. Para esto, se utilizó como recurso diversos estudios sobre el papel de las comunidades online para ayudar a la prevención de desastres naturales tomando en cuenta / This research addresses the behavior and discussion topics of Facebook groups created for the purpose of dialogue on natural disasters. This work gathers studies on how the topics discussed in the online communities could help in preventing and facing a natural disaster. In addition, it seeks to understand how information is disseminated in these spaces can harm this work. The objective of this work is to contribute to research on people's perceptions of natural disasters in Peru, understanding people's concerns and thoughts, as well as the issues of natural disasters that are discussed in a digital community. Likewise, the reason for another contribution is to contribute with studies on the behavior of users of Facebook groups, deepening in this opportunity in the groups that have been created with the purpose of discussing natural disasters. As a methodology we used a qualitative methodology where we will analyze the users of the Facebook group SISMOS, CATASTROPHES AND more.2020. / Trabajo de investigación

Förekomsten av extremväder på grund av klimatförändringar har med åren ökat vilket gjort att förekomsten av naturhändelser bedöms öka i framtiden. Vid krissituationer i samhället är det bra om det är planerat för trygghetspunkter som är platser dit människor kan ta sig vid kris. Kommuner har det yttersta ansvaret för krisberedskap i kommunen men kan även samarbeta med andra aktörer som till exempel trossamfund. Svenska kyrkan är ett sådant trossamfund som har vana av att hjälpa till vid kriser och som innehar ett fastighetsbestånd med byggnader över hela Sverige. Syftet med den här studien är att i Säffle, Åmåls och Melleruds pastorat utvärdera kyrkbyggnader inom Svenska kyrkans fastighetsbestånd som potentiella trygghetspunkter. Detta utifrån underkriterierna naturolyckor, energi och tillgänglighet samt huvudkriteriet trygghetspunkt. I Sverige är vegetationsbrand och översvämningar samt ras och skred bland de vanligast förekommande orsakerna till naturolyckor. Vid kriser som dessa kan orsaka kan trygghetspunkter som uppfyller vissa kriterier behöva finnas tillgängliga. Ett sätt att hitta optimala lösningar med hjälp av olika kriterier är att använda sig av en multikriterieanalys (MKA). Det finns flera olika metoder inom MKA och en av dessa är Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) som är en viktningsmetod. En annan MKA-metod är Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) och den implementerar MKA i geografiskt informationssystem (GIS).    Totalt utvärderades 50 kyrkbyggnader som lämpliga trygghetspunkter. Analyser för att ta fram viktningsattribut utfördes i ArcGIS Pro eller kontrollerades manuellt i kartor. MKA-metoderna AHP och WLC användes och resultatet visar att Säffle kyrka är den byggnad som är mest lämplig som trygghetspunkt under samtliga kriteriekategorier med undantag för energi där Åmåls församlingshem är lämpligast. Byggnader i examensarbetet har viktats mot varandra utifrån olika attribut och inte mot yttre variabler. Flera byggnader fick högt lämplighetsvärde i flera kriteriekategorier och många av dessa byggnader låg i närheten av orterna Säffle, Åmål och Mellerud. Möjligheten för fortsatta studier inom området trygghetspunkter är stor. / The occurrence of extreme weather events due to climate change has increased over the years, which has made the occurrence of natural disasters to be expected to increase in the future. When crisis occurs in society it is good if there are planned points of safety to where people can go. Municipalities have the ultimate responsibility for crisis management in the municipality, but they can also work together with other parts of society to achieve this, such as religious communities. The Church of Sweden is one such faith community that are used to helping in crises and that have buildings throughout Sweden.  The purpose of this study is to evaluate church buildings within the Church of Sweden's property holdings in the parishes of Säffle, Åmål and Mellerud as potential points of safety. The evaluation is based on the sub-criteria natural disasters, energy and accessibility, as well as the main criterion point of safety. In Sweden, vegetation fires, floods and landslides are among the most common causes of natural disasters. When crises caused  by these occurs, points of safety that meet certain criteria need to be available. One way to find optimal solutions using different criteria is to use Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE). There are several different methods within MCE and one of them are AHP, which is a weighting method. Another MCE method is called Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) which is a method that implements MCE in Geographic Information System (GIS). A total of 50 church buildings were evaluated as potential points of safety in this study. Analyzes to obtain weighting attributes were performed in ArcGIS Pro or checked manually in maps. MCE methods AHP and WLC were used to bring out a result. The result shows that the Säffle kyrka was the most suitable building to become a point of safety in all criteria except for energy where Åmåls församlingshem received the highest value. Buildings in this study were weighted against each other based on their different attributes and not against outer variables. Several buildings received a high value within several criteria and many of these buildings were located near the towns of Säffle, Åmål and Mellerud. The opportunities for further studies regarding point of safety are great.