Les changements climatiques anthropogéniques posent des défis énormes pour toutes les sociétés humaines. Ces défis majeurs mettront à l’épreuve les capacités d’adaptation des États et de ses institutions et des communautés partout dans le monde et devront se résoudre par un élan de solidarité humaine afin d’en atténuer les conséquences. Le Canada connaît déjà un réchauffement climatique important. Le pays a d’ailleurs récemment été touché par des événements climatiques extrêmes : des canicules, des feux de forêt, une sécheresse anormale et des inondations dont l’intensité est prévue d’augmenter avec les changements climatiques anthropogéniques. La province du Québec a quant à elle été touchée par de fortes inondations entre 2017 et 2019. L’objectif principal de la présente étude vise à discuter la manière dont le paradigme écosocial peut faire évoluer le travail social en tant que champ de savoir et d’intervention dans un contexte de changements climatiques. Cette étude s’est appuyée sur des données issues de groupes focus réalisés avec des intervenants suite aux inondations survenues au Québec (2017-2019). Notre analyse vise les interventions réalisées en contexte d’inondations, dans le sud de la province, mise en œuvre par le système de santé. Les données ont été collectées lors d’entrevues de groupe réalisées avec des intervenants psychosociaux et des gestionnaires de CI(U)SSS au courant des mois d’octobre et de novembre 2019. Les thèmes suivants ont émergé des analyses: les caractéristiques des inondations de 2019, les divergences d’opinions vis-à-vis des changements climatiques, l’aide et le soutien apportés durant les inondations et la participation citoyenne. J’insisterai également sur l’exacerbation possible des inégalités sociales dans ce contexte. D’autres thèmes se sont également révélés importants : l’engagement des intervenants psychosociaux, la participation et la décentralisation des décisions politiques. Enfin, mes réflexions porteront sur les conséquences sociales qu’entrainent les inondations et sur les types de pratiques sociales qui s’avèrent pertinentes à l’ère des changements climatiques et dans un contexte d’urgence. / Anthropogenic climate change poses enormous challenges for all human societies. These major challenges will test the adaptive capacities of States and their institutions and communities around the world and will need to be resolved through a surge of human solidarity in order to mitigate the consequences. Canada is already experiencing significant global warming. The country has recently been affected by extreme weather events: heatwaves, forest fires, abnormal drought and floods which are expected to increase in intensity with anthropogenic climate change. The province of Quebec was affected by heavy flooding between 2017 and 2019. The main objective of this study is to discuss how the ecosocial paradigm can evolve social work as a field of knowledge and intervention in a context of climate change. This study was based on data from focus groups carried out with stakeholders following the floods in Quebec (2017-2019). Our analysis targets interventions carried out in the context of flooding, in the south of the province, implemented by the health system. The data were collected during group interviews carried out with psychosocial workers and CI(U)SSS managers during the months of October and November 2019. The following themes emerged from the analyzes: the characteristics of the floods in 2019, the differences of opinion on climate change, the help and support provided during the floods and citizen participation. I will also emphasize the possible exacerbation of social inequalities in this context. Other themes were also found to be important: the engagement of psychosocial workers, participation and the decentralization of political decisions. Finally, my reflections will focus on the social consequences of flooding and the types of social practices that are relevant in the era of climate change and in an emergency context.

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With natural disasters occurring with more frequency and severity, understanding how to facilitate survivors’ resilience and recovery is becoming increasingly important. The Camp Fire in California, which started on November 8, 2018, was one of the most destructive wildfires in recorded history in terms of loss of life and damage to property. Aid from many types of entities (e.g., non-profits, governments, and for-profits) at various levels (e.g., local, state, and federal) was available to survivors, but perhaps the most influential source of support was Disaster Facebook Groups. In the month after the Camp Fire, around 50 Camp Fire Facebook Groups (CFFGs) were created, with over 100 CFFGs existing over the course of recovery. CFFGs are Facebook Groups with the goal of helping Camp Fire survivors. The support exchanged in CFFGs was immense and ranged from financial assistance to emotional support to community building. <br><br>This dissertation offers a mixed-method, event-specific case study of the use and utility of Disaster Facebook Groups after the Camp Fire. I examined how CFFGs offered unique and valuable spaces for connection that allowed members to engage in resilience organizing and disaster response and recovery. To conduct this case study, after engaging in observations of the Groups for over two years, I interviewed 25 administrators of CFFGs and distributed a survey in the Groups that was completed by survivors of the Camp Fire who were members of at least one CFFG during their recovery. I used network perspectives and the Communication Theory of Resilience (Buzzanell, 2010, 2019) as lenses through which administrators’ and survivors’ experiences with CFFGs was understood. I also analyzed the two datasets using multiple and mixed methods but primarily thematic analysis and path modeling. <br><br>The analyses for this case study are presented in four studies. The first two studies provide an understanding of the spaces for connection offered by CFFGs (i.e., characterizing the CFFGs and describing the spaces for connection as both helpful and hurtful), while the last two studies examine the use and utility of CFFGs (i.e., explaining the evolution of activity in CFFGs and investigating the connectivity and social support in CFFGs). <br><br>Across the four studies, I explored three central arguments, which are the primary contributions of this dissertation. First, I advocated for incorporating network thinking into resilience theorizing. With the findings of this dissertation, I extend the Communication Theory of Resilience by offering “managing communication networks” as a refinement of its fourth process of resilience (i.e., using and maintaining communication networks). Managing communication networks addresses the active strategies people use to manage their communication networks, including expanding, contracting, maintaining, and using their communication networks, as they endure and overcome hardship. I also forward the argument that people’s resilience is encompassed by their social networks, meaning their social network can be passively implicated by their resilience or actively involved in their resilience, but can also initiate resilience on their behalf.<br><br>Second, I contended Disaster Facebook Groups offer unique and valuable spaces for connection that facilitate resilience organizing and disaster response for at least five reasons. I argued that Disaster Facebook Groups empower emergent organizing; privilege local knowledge; are convenient; lack anonymity which adds authenticity; and allow for individualization. The findings of this dissertation provide evidence of how these reasons converged in CFFGs to enable members to exchange support that was not, and could not be, available elsewhere.<br><br>Third, I hypothesized that the use of Disaster Facebook Groups would predict the utility of Disaster Facebook Groups, resilience, and recovery for survivors. I tested two models that use different variables to represent the use and utility of CFFGs and recovery from the Camp Fire. The first model investigated how activity in CFFGs influenced the perceived helpfulness of CFFGs and how both the activity in and perceived helpfulness of CFFGs influenced the extent of recovery for survivors. I used retrospective data about five time points across survivors’ first two years of recovery and found the model was most explanative up to one month after the Fire. The second model assessed how various indicators of connectivity in CFFGs impacted received social support (i.e., informational, emotional, and tangible support), resilience, and satisfaction with recovery for survivors. The intensity of survivors’ connections to CFFGs, when they joined their first CFFG, and how many Facebook Friends they gained from their participation in CFFGs were the most predictive indicators of connectivity. From the Groups, survivors reported receiving informational support more than emotional support and emotional support more than tangible support.<br><br>I put the findings of the four studies, as well as the three central arguments, in conversation with each other in the discussion section, focusing on theory, practice, and methodology. Regarding theory, I contribute network thinking to resilience theorizing: I underscore resilience as an inherently networked process; I acknowledge expanding and contracting communication networks as sub-processes of resilience that complement but are distinctly different from using and maintaining communication networks; and I forward “managing communication networks” as a refinement and extension of the Communication Theory of Resilience’s fourth process of resilience (i.e., using and maintaining communication networks). Related to practice, I call for the continuation of conversations around Disaster Facebook Groups as unique and valuable spaces for connection, particularly regarding the five reasons I established. I also give suggestions for practice related to the use and utility of Disaster Facebook Groups for disaster response and recovery. For methodological considerations, I discuss the importance of forming relationships with participants when engaging in research about online communities and natural disasters and call to question the translation of findings about social media across platforms and the role of neoliberalism in resilience and disaster research and practice. Despite its limitations, this dissertation makes meaningful contributions to theory, practice, and methodology, while offering fruitful directions for future research. This mixed-method, event-specific case study brings attention to the influential citizen-driven disaster response in Facebook Groups after the Camp Fire. <br>

To effectively prevent and mitigate the outbreak of natural disasters is a more pressing issue in the twenty-first century than ever before. The frequency and cost of natural disasters is rising globally, most especially in developing countries where the most severe effects of climate change are felt. However, while climate change is indeed a strong force impacting the severity of contemporary catastrophes, it is not directly responsible for the exorbitant cost of the damage and suffering incurred from natural disasters -- both financially and in terms of human life. Rather, the true root causes of natural disasters lie within the power systems at play in any given society when these regions come into contact with a hazard event. Historic processes of isolation, oppression, and exploitation, combined with contemporary international power systems, interact in complex ways to affect different socioeconomic classes distinctly. The result is to create vulnerability and scarcity among the most defenseless communities. These processes affect a society’s ideological orientation and their cultural norms, empowering some while isolating others. When the resulting dynamic socio-political pressures and root causes come into contact with a natural hazard, a disaster is likely to follow due to the high vulnerability of certain groups and their inability to adapt as conditions change. In this light, the following discussion exposes the anthropogenic roots of natural disasters by conducting a detailed case analysis of natural disasters in Haiti, Ethiopia, and Nepal.