This diploma thesis deals with the history and the development of the gas industry in Czechoslovakia, namely the construction of the transit gas pipeline and development of the gas transit system. One of the part of this thesis is a history of the coal gas and the reasons for its gradual replacement by a natural gas. The metodology of this thesis is based mainly on interviews based on the method of oral history, on archival records, and contemporary literature. Primarily it is focused on oral history fieldwork, particularly on the personal experiences of narrators who were direct participants in the construction. This work is also focused on the circumstances of the negotiations of the construction of a transit gas pipeline and further expansion of the transit system from the seventies to the nineties of the 20th century. Keywords Transit pipeline, natural gas, gas industry, economy, energetics, coal gas, normalization

El presente plan de negocio, es para la creación de una empresa de instalación de gas natural para negocios de preparación de comidas. La sostenibilidad del presente trabajo se sustenta en que actualmente en el país se viene impulsando el uso de energía menos contaminante y económica, puntualmente en nuestro caso, es el de reemplazar el uso del gas propano por el gas natural. El gas natural se extrae de los yacimientos en Camisea (Cuzco) y es traida por diferentes concesionarios a las ciudades del país, en el caso de Lima por Cálidda. Debido a la alta demanda, Cálidda ya no tiene la capacidad para efectuar las instalaciones en todos los hogares o negocios, por lo que se ha permitido que empresas certificadas puedan atender estas conexiones, es ahí nuestra oportunidad de negocio. De acuerdo a las encuestas efectuadas, entrevista con experto y entrevistas de profundidad, nos ha permitido detectar potenciales clientes interesados, que se dedican al negocio de restaurantes, como punto de partido en el distrito de Comas, y que consumen gas propano y que están dispuestos a cambiarse a gas natural, mediante una inversión en la instalación, pero que sería recuperado en el corto o mediano plazo en el consumo por ser mucho más económica, así como brinda mayor comodidad y seguridad. Para ello nuestro proyecto de empresa efectuará estrategias de ventas y marketing para poder llegar hacia el cliente indicando los beneficios y valor agregado en el servicio de la empresa, así como una adecuada estructura organizativa que sea eficiente. El financiamiento de la empresa será con fondos propios. Considerando una tasa de crecimiento de ventas en 5% anual y una tasa de descuento del 15%, obtenemos un VAN que indica la viabilidad económica del proyecto, así como una tasa interna de retorno superior a las expectativas de los inversionistas. / This business plan is for the creation of a natural gas installation company for food preparation businesses. The sustainability of this work is based on the fact that the country is currently promoting the use of less polluting and economical energy, specifically in our case, it is to replace the use of propane gas with natural gas. Natural gas is extracted from the fields in Camisea (Cuzco) and is brought by different concessionaires to the cities of the country, in the case of Lima by Cálidda. Due to the high demand, Cálidda no longer has the capacity to carry out the installations in all homes or businesses, so certified companies have been allowed to attend these connections, this is our business opportunity. According to the surveys carried out, an interview with an expert and in-depth interviews, it has allowed us to detect potential interested clients, who are engaged in the restaurant business, as a starting point in the Comas district, and who consume propane gas and who are willing to switch to natural gas, through an investment in the installation, but which would be recovered in the short or medium term in consumption because it is much more economical, as well as provides greater comfort and safety. For this, our company project will carry out sales and marketing strategies to be able to reach the client indicating the benefits and added value in the company's service, as well as an adequate organizational structure that is efficient. The financing of the company will be with its own funds. Considering a sales growth rate of 5% per year and a discount rate of 15%, we obtain a NPV that indicates the economic viability of the project, as well as an internal rate of return higher than the expectations of investors. / Tesis

Biomethane (upgraded form of biogas) holds unlocked potential as a substitute to fossil natural gas, in terms of achieving climate reduction targets as well as developing a locally secured fuel supply. Biomethane is fully compatible with the existing natural gas grid infrastructure. Currently, nine countries in European Union are practicing natural gas grid injection. Remaining countries are in various phases of development concerning production and utilisation of biomethane. Successful deployment of a biomethane project requires coordinated action in terms of academic, industrial and economic co-operation. It demands established legal and political framework as well as supportive financial conditions. The thesis aims at researching how the state of development of biomethane generation and utilization gets affected by the support activities within a countries policy framework? To seek a solution, the theoretical framework of “Technological Innovation System (TIS)” is adapted. TIS provide a methodological approach to assess the development of an upcoming technology under the existing policies, regulatory and financial conditions. In the given study, the framework of TIS is adapted to the technology of “biomethane generation and injection into natural gas grid”. This adaptation led to the development of: Detailed overlapping matrix of the main structural components i.e. Actors, Networks and Institutions and their corresponding activities across the value chain. Development of a set of diagnostic questions and performance indicators, enabling an assessment of the dynamics of the technological system, eventually leading to the identification of strengths and weaknesses in the system. The adapted technological system analysis framework is further applied on two countries “Germany and UK” as case studies. With the aid of diagnostic questions, the dynamic system characteristics are evaluated in each country context. Germany reveals a well-functioning biomethane TIS. Considerable knowledge base and experience is available, appropriate policies and financial incentives are in place, dedicated organisations are established to address the technological and industrial issues. Germany currently has a market promoting biomethane utilisation via CHP applications. Further growth can be expected by addressing resource mobilisation to fulfill a larger share of heat demand and application as renewable transport fuel. Biomethane industry is in its nascent stage in the UK. At the time of thesis research two upgrading plants are in operation. Analysis of the system functions within UK, signals a healthy biogas industry, but there is lack of activity within the “biomethane” context. The industry is in the stage of knowledge development. Biomethane production is well communicated within national strategies. The key technical issues being encountered by the industry are the focus of research. A balanced market formation would require increasing the resource mobilisation in terms of availability of skilled manpower as well as providing access to financial capital. The industry is experiencing pilot trials and subsequent dissemination of information of the results of these trials to the stakeholders in the value chain is recommended. Overall, Technological Innovation System (TIS) has been an effective tool to evaluate the national approach towards development and deployment of biomethane as a technology .Moreover TIS assists in systematic identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the system. It provides a methodological approach to statically and dynamically analyse biomethane development strategy within a given region and can also assist in benchmarking the development conditions in more than one region. / European Project Titled "GreenGasGrids"

The master thesis analyzes the natural gas policy of Hungary in light of the duality in its international context. Hungarian decisions regarding energy policy are directly influenced by the EU through the country's membership and subscription to the Union's multilateral framework, but are simultaneously affected by the bilateral relationship with the key supplier of natural gas, Russia. This duality is analyzed as embodied in two natural gas pipelines projects, Nabucco and South Steam, both including Hungary as a transit country, but serving different interests. The study finds that the multilaterally defined community interests - although of increasing importance - do not prevail over bilaterally articulated interests with Russia in the field of energy.

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Biomass to Liquids via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (BTL-FT) is regarded as one of the most promising routes for providing alternative solution to growing demand for energy and environmental protection. In Chapter I, the development and key issues of BTL-FT process (especially Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) were reviewed and identified. In Chapter II, Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst was synthesized using Incipient Wetness Impregnation method and tested in nitrogen rich model bio-syngas. Different operation parameters (temperature, pressure, and GHSV) were tested to investigate their influence on the catalytic performance. Those parameters were found to affect the performance significantly. Liquid samples from conversion were mainly composed of C8 to C10 range hydrocarbons. The catalyst characterization revealed that molybdenum species were well distributed on the catalyst support, while dealumination, agglomeration and coke deposition were observed in spent catalyst. The top layer of the spent catalyst had the most coke deposition. A Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macro-porous (3DOM) Fe based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst was developed using a facile in-situ Nitrate Oxidation-PMMA templating technique in Chapter III. Several techniques (including SEM, BET, TPR, HRTEM, XRD, XPS, and DRIFTS) were combined to characterize the morphology, textural properties and microstructures of 3DOM Fe catalysts at different stages. The effects of bio-syngas composition on carbonaceous species formation, iron phase transformation and catalytic performance were investigated and correlated. A novel hybrid bio-refinery process co-converting biomass and natural gas into liquid fuels via FTS with a CO2 recycle loop was developed, modeled and simulated by using Aspen Plus in Chapter IV. The Aspen Plus model utilized experimental data from the 3DOM Fe catalyst. Economic analysis was performed on different scenarios based on the simulation results to determine profitability of the process. Results indicated that 102.65 t/h gasoline and 22.93 t/h diesel can be produced with the co-processing of 100.00 t/h biomass and 112.3 t/h natural gas using 307.78 t/h of recycled CO2 in the process simulation. The carbon conversion rate was estimated to be 81.23% for the hybrid process. Economic analysis revealed that the process can be profitable when using at least 10.00 t/h biomass and 11.23 t/h natural gas.

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[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta dois estudos de caso de Plantas Industriais que atualmente utilizam Óleo Combustível e/ou Carvão como fontes de energia para seus processos. Dada a grande relevância destes combustíveis em seus custos de manufatura e seu caráter estratégico para a estabilidade das operações, torna-se extremamente pertinente a busca contínua por alternativas mais econômicas, com garantia de oferta no longo prazo e atendimento aos requisitos ambientais cada vez mais restritivos. Uma particularidade importante para as duas plantas é a sua localização em regiões brasileiras sem oferta de Gás Natural (GN) canalizado. Neste contexto, o Gás Natural Liquefeito (GNL) é a alternativa logística estudada neste trabalho para suprimento de GN para as plantas estudadas. Ainda não ocorrem no Brasil importações de GNL, entretanto a primeira descarga do combustível deve ocorrer em breve e pode passar a ser fonte regular de energia para diversos consumidores. Exatamente por ser tão recente enquanto alternativa de suprimento de energia para o mercado brasileiro, busca- se conhecer suas características logísticas e, considerando o valor de investimento necessário, avaliar a viabilidade econômica de sua implementação. / [en] This dissertation presents two case studies of Industrial Plants that currently use Fuel Oil and/or Coal as source of energy for its processes. Given the great importance of these fuels in the manufacturing costs and its strategic role to the stability of the operations, it is extremely relevant the continuous search for most economic alternatives, with long term supply security and alignment with more and more restrict environmental standards. An important particularity of these two plants is its location in Brazilian areas without availability of Natural Gas (NG) in pipelines. Therefore, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the logistic alternative to supply the NG to the plants under analysis. Still Brazil does not import LNG, however the first unloading of this fuel shall happen very soon and may become a regular source of energy to many consumers. Exactly for being such a recent energy supply alternative to the Brazilian market, it is so important to understand its logistic and, considering the value of needed investments, evaluate its economic viability of implementation.

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