This master‘s thesis deals with the problematic of flue gas produced by a gas microturbine which is used as a drying media for general drying. Flue gas needs to be cooled to specific temperatures. The computing part of this work includes solving the microturbine and the mixer. Further part contains bilance solution of a general dryer for resolving the output parameters of wet flue gas. In the last part, the problematic of drying in a laundry facility is described, along with using the flue gas for drying at the specific clothes dryer Primus T24 G.

This Master´s thesis deals with a thermal calculation and dimensional design of steam boiler for natural gas combustion with respect to the high efficiency of the boiler. It includes stoichiometric calculation and calculation of technical specifications of the boiler. Dimensions of combustion chamber are proposed. The crucial part of this thesis includes thermal calculation of designed heat-exchanging surfaces. The heat balance of the whole boiler is made to verify the results.

El objetivo del presente plan de negocios es la creación de la empresa ECOGAS, la cual se dedica al reciclaje de residuos orgánicos, ya sean generados en los hogares, restaurantes, mercados minoristas y mercados mayoristas, la cual serán recicladas y convertidas en gas natural al 100%, siendo una gran alternativa de consumo energético para los miles de hogares que buscan generar ahorro y generar menos acumulación de basura. La generación de energía es un factor importante para su salud y la protección del medio ambiente, sin embargo, sin una buena implementación del modelo de negocio será imposible satisfacer dicha necesidad, la cual consideramos que es una gran oportunidad de negocio, ya que existe un mercado desatendido que no está cubierto por el gobierno central. Empezaremos brindando nuestro servicio a personas de 25 a 50 años de edad del NSE B y C, que practican el reciclaje empleando la tecnología de manera recurrente ya sea mediante celulares, computadoras y que tienen la necesidad de contar con un servicio de gas más económico y seguro. La publicidad que realizaremos a la empresa será básicamente en internet, con mayor enfoque en las redes sociales Finalmente, en nuestro análisis financiero realizado como estudio de la empresa tenemos un costo de oportunidad del capital (COK) de 10.91% y un costo promedio ponderado de capital (WACC) de 9.32%. Por lo tanto, podemos concluir que, de acuerdo con los análisis realizados en el presente trabajo, el desarrollo de la empresa ECOGAS es viable económicamente. / The objective of this proyect is the creation of the company ECOGAS, which is dedicated to the recycling of organic waste, whether generated in homes, restaurants, retail markets and wholesale markets, which will be recycled and converted into natural gas by 100%, being a great alternative for energy consumption for the thousands of homes that seek to generate savings and generate less accumulation of garbage. Power generation is an important factor for your health and the protection of the environment, however, without a good implementation of the business model it will be impossible to satisfy this need, which we consider to be a great business opportunity. Neglected market that is not covered by the central government. We will begin by providing our service to 25 to 50 year-old housewives, from NSE B and C, who practice recycling and who use technology on a recurring basis either through cell phones, computers and who have the need to have a cheaper and safer gas service. The advertising that we will carry out to the company will be basically on the internet, with a greater focus on social networks Finally, in our financial analysis carried out as a study of the company, we have an opportunity cost of capital (COK) of 10.91% and a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 9.32%. Therefore, we can conclude that, according to the analyzes carried out in this work, the development of the ECOGAS company is economically viable. / Trabajo de investigación

Diese Dokumentation beschreibt Daten zum deutschen Strom- Wärme- und Gassektor und ermöglicht eine modellgestützte Abbildung dieser Energiesysteme. Die Aufbereitung der Daten erfolgte im Rahmen des vom BMWi geförderten Forschungsprojekts LKD-EU (Langfristige Planung und kurzfristige Optimierung des Elektrizitätssystems in Deutschland im europäischen Kontext, FKZ 03ET4028C). In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Deutschen Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), der Arbeitsgruppe Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturpolitik (WIP) der Technischen Universität Berlin (TUB), dem Lehrstuhl für Energiewirtschaft (EE2), der Technischen Universität Dresden (TUD) und dem House of Energy Markets & Finance der Universität Duisburg-Essen (UDE). Ziel des Dokumentes ist es, Referenzdaten zur Verfügung zu stellen, die den aktuellen Zustand des deutschen Energiesystems repräsentieren. Das Bezugsjahr ist 2015. Diese Dokumentation trägt dazu bei, die Transparenz in der Verfügbarkeit von Daten zum deutschen Energiesystem zu erhöhen. / This data documentation describes a data set of the German electricity, heat, and natural gas sectors compiled within the research project ‘LKD-EU’ (Long-term planning and short-term optimization of the German electricity system within the European framework: Further development of methods and models to analyze the electricity system including the heat and gas sector). The project is a joined effort by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), the Workgroup for Infrastructure Policy (WIP) at Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), the Chair of Energy Economics (EE2) at Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), and the House of Energy Markets & Finance at University of Duisburg-Essen. The project was funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy through the grant ‘LKD-EU’, FKZ 03ET4028A. The objective of this paper is to document a reference data set representing the status quo of the German energy sector. We also update and extend parts of the previous DIW Data Documentation 75 (Egerer et al. 2014). While the focus is on the electricity sector, the heat and natural gas sectors are covered as well. With this reference data set, we aim to increase the transparency of energy infrastructure data in Germany. On the one hand, this documentation presents sources of original data and information used for the data set. On the other hand, it elaborates on the methodologies which have been applied to derive the data from respective sources in order to make it useful for modeling purposes and to promote a discussion about the underlying assumptions. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the underlying regulations with regard to data transparency in the energy sector. Where not otherwise stated, the data included in this report is given with reference to the year 2015 for Germany.

<div>Conventional soybean oil and high-oleic soybean oil offer opportunities as bio-solvents for sweetening sour natural gas, adding value to the soybean oil industry and the natural gas industry. The rise of fracking in the United States and changing economics in the energy industry have increased use of natural gas, which is often rendered sour by high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a toxic and corrosive impurity. The present work evaluates the viability of both conventional and high-oleic soybean oil to act as bio-solvents for removing gaseous H2S. Predictive in silico methods, experimental validation, and economic feasibility analysis are included to draw conclusions regarding the overall capability and feasibility of using soybean oils as bio-solvents for gas sweetening.</div><div><br></div><div>In silico predictive methods for sweetening were implemented to assess the relationship between fatty acid composition in the soybean oils and the ability to effectively partition H2S from methane or nitrogen gases. The Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to predict the partition coefficient (K) of H2S in a bi-phasic liquid-vapor system made up of fatty acids in the liquid phase and methane or nitrogen gas in the vapor phase. The fatty acid mass fractions represented those found in soybean or high-oleic soybean oil. Methane represented gas and nitrogen was considered in order to compare to experimental conditions. This proof of concept work predicted K values for H2S below 0.0005 at temperatures from 10 to 100 °C at atmospheric pressure; K values near zero indicate near-complete removal of H2S from the gas phase.</div><div><br></div><div>Experimental validation included equilibrium extraction experiments as well as data collection for isotherm model development. Experimental equilibrium studies were carried out at residence times ranging from 0 – 60 minutes with mixing at ambient conditions. Experiments resulted in K values below 0.1 for H2S in soybean oil and high-oleic soybean oil at 25 °C with residence times less than 15 minutes and a 2:1 gas to oil ratio. More than 90% of the H2S was removed from the gas phase within 15 minutes. Isotherm models demonstrated the saturation limits of the soybean oils and compared them to saturation limits in water and heptane. </div><div><br></div><div>Economic feasibility experiments used graphical and algebraic methods to determine the number of equilibrium stages needed to remove 99.9% of H2S from feed gas with H2S concentrations ranging from 40 – 400 ppm. A gas flow rate equivalent to industrial levels was used to design an extraction column. Capital costs and operating costs were estimated, along with the revenues to be gained from selling methane and selling recovered elemental sulfur as a secondary product. Solvent regeneration would need to exceed 98% in order to keep the cost of treating a unit of natural gas equal to or less than existing industrial methods. Suggestions for cutting costs and improving process viability are made.</div><div><br></div>

Energy security is an important and current issue that resonates especially in resource-poor countries. In these countries, it is crucial to ensure a stable energy supply in order to maintain economic stability and ensure future economic growth. Germany is a state with low energy reserves (apart from coal reserves), and therefore this work focuses on German energy security in gas sector. The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the current level of energy security in Germany in natural gas sector and to point out future potential threats arising from the realization of Nord Stream gas pipeline. In order to meet this goal, a new analytical framework is created, which evaluates gas security in terms of both short-term and long-term energy security indicators. This framework is based on several studies, primarily on the Model of Short-term Energy Security published by International Energy Agency. The framework is further extended by other studies dealing with the long-term dimension of energy security. Second part of the thesis deals with the role of natural gas in German energy transition (so- called Energiewende). Text examines the importance of natural gas in the situation of gradual disconnection of nuclear and coal capacities and in the ongoing decarbonization of the German economy. It was found that...

This thesis deals with problems of electricity generation and saving at compression stations of magistral gas transporting pipelines in Russia. Russia is a biggest country in the world which faces set of challenges like transporting gas in European part from far North. Average gas travel distance in Russia is over 4000 km which means huge energy demand for transportation. Permanent availability of energy at compression stations is the key for stabile operation of gas transporting system. For satisfying those needs external sources of electricity used, or part of the transported gas used on special “self needs electricity stations” for electricity production. In 2012 in Russia about 655 bln m3 of gas were produced. About 10% of that number doesn’t come to consumer, because this amount spent for gas transport needs (biggest share is electricity production).  It is obvious, that in order to increase income, company should work on transport cost decreasing and on cheap electricity production. Even 10% decrease in transport costs can give economy in about 6-7 bln m3, which is bigger that production of many countries. In this thesis pipeline systems efficiency and reliability, gas turbines in Russian pipeline systems considered. Analysis of renewable energy included and propositions for reconstruction of CS “Russkaya” with help of PV panels for electricity generation and gas usage decreasing included. Also, economical calculations and sensitivity analysis and technological calculation of PV panels installed included. Finally, proposition in area of principal construction of PV panels in hard relief situations on the Black Sea Russian shore included.

Increasingly growing consumption of natural gas all around the world requires development of new transporting equipment and optimization of existing pipelines and gas pumping facilities. As a special case, Russian gas pumping system has the longest pipes with large diameter, which carry great amounts of natural gas. So, as reconstruction and modernization needs large investments, a need of more effective and low cost tool appeared. As a result diagnostics became the most wide-spread method for lifecycle assessment, and lifecycle extension for gas pumping units and pipelines.One of the most effective method for diagnostics of gas pumping units is parametric diagnostics. It is based on evaluation of measurement of several termo-gas dynamic parameters of gas pumping units, such as pressures, temperatures and rotational speed of turbines and compressors.In my work I developed and examined a special case of parametric diagnostics – methodic for evaluation of technical state and output parameters for gas pumping unit “Ural-16”. My work contains detailed analysis of various defects, classified by different GPU’s systems. The results of this analysis are later used in development of the methodic for calculation of output parameters for gas pumping unit.GPU is an extremely complex object for diagnostics. Around 200 combinations of Gas Turbine engines with centrifugal superchargers, different operational conditions and other aspects require development of separate methodic almost for each gas pumping unit type.Development of each methodic is a complex work which requires gathering of all possible parametric and statistical data for the examined gas pumping unit. Also parameters of compressed gas are measured. Thus as a result a number of equations are formed which finally allow to calculate such parameters as efficiency, fuel gas consumption and technical state coefficient which couldn’t be measured directly by existing measuring equipment installed on the gas compressor station.

Energy issues have always been on the global economics and geopolitics agenda, even though energy sources have been changing over time. In recent years, the awareness of Arctic offshore oil and natural gas development has escalated, yielding economic opportunities and incurring risks. The offshore Arctic is one of ‘edges’ of the global petroleum industry. The importance of these oil and natural gas resources extends beyond regional and national boarders and local economies, as these activities have become a key geopolitical, economic, and social concern. In an attempt to shed light on this growing issue, this thesis outlines the Arctic is a link in the global energy system and shows how it plays a special role. The aim of this research is to provide deeper insight into offshore hydrocarbon development activities in the Arctic. Historical approach is applied as a main conceptual framework to provide a critical link of past to the present in order to explore the origin and intensity of these activities in the Arctic. This licentiate thesis presents the results of an ongoing doctoral research project. The study provides several insights into Arctic offshore oil and natural gas resources development in the global context via an analysis of the relevant investments and technology from a country-by-country and historical perspective in the maximum period time frame between 1920 and 2025. The two papers included in this thesis explore the impact of investment and technology. This research project illustrates the importance of several factors influencing the Arctic offshore oil and natural gas production and highlights the most promising areas for cooperation at the industrial and global level. The implications of the study results can be useful for identifying and emphasizing the factors that influence offshore Arctic hydrocarbon resource development and investment trends, as well as making assumptions regarding future development. Topics for further research are discussed and refined relating to the ongoing study and the conceptual framework presented. / <p>QC 20150407</p>

Combustion phenomena are complex in theory and expensive to test, analysis techniques<br>provide handles with which we may describe them. Just as simultaneous experimental tech-<br>niques provide complementary descriptions of flame behavior, one might assume that no<br>analysis technique for any kind of flame measurement would cover the full description of<br>the flame. To this end, the search continues for complementary descriptions of engineering<br>flames that capture enough information for the engine designer to make informed decisions.<br>The kinds of flames I have encountered are high pressure transverse jet flames issuing into a<br>vitiated crossflow which is itself generated from combustion of a gaseous fuel and oxidizer.<br>Summarizing the behavior of these flames has required my understanding of experimen-<br>tal techniques such as Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence of a reaction intermediate -OH,<br>Particle Image Velocimetry of a passive tracer in the flame and OH * chemiluminescence of<br>another reaction intermediate. The analysis tools applied to these measurements must reveal<br>as much information as is laden in these measurements.<br>In this work I have also used wavelet optical flow to track flow features in the visualization<br>of combustion intermediates using OH * chemiluminescence. There are many limitations to<br>the application of this technique to engineering flames especially due to the interpretation<br>of the data as a 2-D motion field in 3-D world. The interpretation of such motion fields<br>as generated by scalar fields is one subject matter discussed in this dissertation. Some<br>inferences from the topology of the ensuing velocity field has provided insight to the behavior<br>of reacting turbulent flows which appear attached to an injector in the mean field. It gives<br>some understanding to the robustness of the attachment mechanism when such flames are<br>located near walls.