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The 19th century represents the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil and, with it, significant changes in society and the local population. A formerly reclusive member of society begins to take shape not only in public life but also within the literature: the Brazilian woman. Despite her changing social role, prevailing hygienist and medical theories of the time pointed to the lack of vocation of the nineteenth-century woman for rational matters; which in naturalism implies that these pseudo-scientific theories would be the base to dissect and explain the social pathologies of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and society at large. In my thesis, I propose the analysis of the Naturalist novel Lar (Home), by Pardal Mallet—a lesser-known Brazilian author who was involved with Naturalist, pro-abolitionist, republican, and divorce issues from 1887 to 1894—while contesting its main argument that female characters in the novel sought only one thing: marriage in order to appease their sexual curiosity. Additionally, I will also analyze the representation of middle-class women in Rio and their greater participation in society in the last decades of the 1800s. For my theoretical basis, I use Gayatri Spivak's analysis of women as the Other, the subaltern; and the examination carried out throughout this work will ultimately focus on answering one question: does the carioca woman of the 19th century have a representation consistent with the advances of social insertion that the genre conquered throughout that century, in this novel?

[pt] Esta dissertação busca observar como os diferentes agentes do meio literário do final do século XIX, autor, editor e críticos literários operaram na construção e recepção da obra, e da figura de seu protagonista, Amaro, o Bom crioulo. O romance Bom Crioulo de Adolfo Caminha (1867-1897), publicado em 1895, é uma das primeiras obras literárias em língua portuguesa a trazer a homossexualidade como tema central da narrativa. E a primeira literatura brasileira a trazer como protagonista um sujeito negro e homossexual. Um romance filiado à estética naturalista, mas que transborda as limitações impostas pelo próprio movimento. Atravessado por diversos interesses como vingança, vendas, o real, dentre outros, Bom Crioulo (1895) expõe uma sociedade oitocentista que presa a sua moralidade cristã, e ao cientificismo da época. Colocou sujeitos negros e homossexuais no lugar de abjeção e imoralidade. Uma obra naturalista que ao mesmo tempo que revela a homoafetividade, a condena a um fim trágico. / [en] This thesis seeks to observe how the different agents of the literary milieu of the late nineteenth century, author, editor and literary critics operated in the construction and reception of the work, and of the figure of its protagonist, Amaro, the Good Creole. The novel Bom Crioulo by Adolfo Caminha (1867-1897), published in 1895, is one of the first literary works in Portuguese to bring homosexuality as a central theme of the narrative. It was also the first Brazilian novel to feature a black homosexual protagonist. A novel affiliated with the naturalist aesthetic, but which overflows the limitations imposed by the movement itself. Crossed by various interests such as revenge, sales, the real, among others, Bom Crioulo (1895) exposes a nineteenth-century society that, bound by its Christian morality and the scientificism of the time, placed black and homosexual subjects in the place of abjection and immorality. A naturalistic work that, while revealing homoaffectivity, condemns it to a tragic end.

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Genom en teoretisk studie kombinerad med praktikbaserad empiri ifrån mitt praktiska arbete redogör jag i denna text för rekvisita som aktör och dess roll inom teater. Med de litterära undersökningarna inom naturalism och Tjechov-tradition och de praktiska erfarenheterna av att arbeta med rekvisita försöker jag ta fasta på vad rekvisita är och hur det används och har använts tidigare i Tjechovs pjäser.

In 1895, French sociologist Gustave Le Bon proclaimed the era of crowds upon us, in his influential work, The Crowd. Le Bon's work was translated into English a year later, inspiring a number of similar works by American sociologists, and almost single-handedly creating the discipline of crowd psychology. Interest in the new masses was not limited to sociologists, however. Due to advances in transportation and communication technologies, and the rise of the city, the problem of "in the mass" came to pervade the atmosphere of America, at the turn of the twentieth-century. Thus, American writers also wrestled with the difficulty of representing this catch-all entity "crowd," often speculating about what the psychology of the crowd might mean for the future of democracy. But, whereas early crowd theory was overwhelmingly conservative in its depiction of the crowd mind as a site of primitive impulses, irrational emotions, and affective contagion, authors like Frank Norris and Sherwood Anderson, though largely ceding to this description, saw in the crowd the possibility for an entirely new social consistency. Contrary to sociological prescriptives designed to brace the individual against the imminent threat of crowd contagion, however, Norris and Anderson identify what contemporary theorist Roberto Esposito terms the "immunitary regime" as the true difficulty to overcome. For Esposito, the biopolitically engendered immunitary dispositif protects modern individuals from "a risky contiguity with the other, relieving them of every obligation toward the other and enclosing them once again in the shell of their own subjectivity" (Terms 49). It is this hard shell of subjectivity that Norris and Anderson attempt to break down in their works. In this way, the two authors represent a small segment of a genealogical thread in American fiction--one stretching from Whitman, to Steinbeck, and beyond--that takes a gambit on what Badiou calls the "communist hypothesis." Perhaps most importantly, though, the texts of Norris and Anderson demonstrate, either deliberately or otherwise, that such a gambit must preclude any recourse to substantialist notions of innate gregariousness, primitive sympathy, or herd instinct. Thus, while refusing to endorse the immunitarian paradigm as the final word on being-together, Norris and Anderson demonstrate how we must work and think through immunity to arrive at an adequate concept of collective life in the modern era. While other studies of the crowd or the masses often ask what the multitude stands for, in a metonymical or metaphorical register, this one asks how it is formed, how it functions, and what it could mean for the possibility of collective life in modernity. Similarly, whereas other studies often judge a particular representation of the crowd against a preformed model of what constitutes the properly political, the following study attempts to unearth the crowd's immanent possibilities to potentially change those very models. / English

This doctoral dissertation examines the intersection between body and nation in the context of Spanish American naturalist short stories from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The many forms of naturalism are useful for exploring national and societal concerns, yet most existing scholarship focuses exclusively on the naturalist novel. By combining the theories of Michel Foucault, Benedict Anderson, and Cesare Lombroso, among others, this dissertation considers the treatment of characters' bodies in their historical contexts and the larger national concerns they portray. Collections by three authors from the Southern Cone are studied: Sub terra, Baldomero Lillo (Chile, 1904); Cuentos de la Pampa, Manuel Ugarte (Argentina, 1903); and Campo, Javier de Viana (Uruguay, 1896). The prologue introduces the theoretical framework that supports the analyses in subsequent chapters and describes the cultural context of the literary movement. It argues that the short story is a particularly useful tool for exploring this topic because, due to its brevity, characters' bodies must often relay vital information. Chapter one analyzes Sub terra and the Chilean miners it presents, studying its connection to the Chilean national body's exploitation at the hands of foreign capitalists who are solely interested in extracting its wealth of natural resources. Chapter two moves to Argentina and examines Cuentos de la Pampa, exploring those characters who reside in limbo between past and present, civilization and barbarism. Chapter three is dedicated to the study of Campo and the ways in which Javier de Viana uses the degraded gaucho body to represent the societal decay plaguing the Uruguayan countryside. For all of these authors, naturalist short stories prove an effective means of exploring national concerns. Within the genre of short fiction, every word is of vital importance and, thus, the body frequently serves as a vessel to communicate ideas such as moral and physical decay, weakness, abuse, and excess. Characters' bodies are a microcosm of the national body as a whole, whose maladies these three authors explore in a variety of ways. / Spanish

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