Following the growth of criticism related to Cormac McCarthy, this study examines the author's early works in such a way that treats the different novels as a group, deriving a worldview that functions for McCarthy's works when viewed together, as opposed to treating each novel separately as has been the only previous mode of criticism for this award-winning author. Specifically, the study examines three main themes of the first five novels in McCarthy's oeuvre: The Orchard Keeper, Outer Dark, Child of God, Suttree, and Blood Meridian: Or the Evening Redness in the West. In order, the themes are ontological equality, survival of "ruder forms," and time as it relates to permanence and transience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's texts regarding the concepts of rationality, morality, war, and philosophy itself greatly inform parts of this study, especially relating to the fifth novel, Blood Meridian. Nietzsche's notion of rationality and morality (pre-revaluation) as inimical to survival ( and his conception of war, albeit as a metaphor) directly corresponds to how McCarthy's universe functions as constructed by the characters and action of the novels.

This study shows that her fiction was an influence in pointing the way to American Naturalism as a literary school and that, by her devotion to a single idea over a long span of years, she endows all womankind with stature.

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The Victorian need to compartmentalise and define women’s sexuality in terms of opposing binaries was paralleled by the vague idea that the period’s French and British literatures were at odds with one another. Elucidating the deep connections between, and common concerns shared by, French Naturalist and Realist and British New Woman authors, this thesis shatters the dichotomies that attempted to structure and define women’s sexuality in the mid- to late- nineteenth century. The thesis focusses on novels and short stories by French authors Émile Zola and Guy de Maupassant, and New Woman authors Sarah Grand, Ménie Muriel Dowie and Vernon Lee. In a time during which the feminist movement was gaining momentum, and female sexuality was placed at the heart of a range of discourses, and scrutinised from a number of different angles – not only in literature, but in medicine, psychology, sexology, criminology – the consideration of the female sexual self and her subjectivity brings together the work of authors whose oeuvres have been largely considered as antithetical. Previous work has indeed shown the centrality of female sexuality to both literatures, yet never compared them. This thesis rediscovers the significance of both literatures’ investment in a discourse revolving around female sexuality by contrasting the French male authors with the British female writers, and uncovering unexpected parallels in their claims about the contemporary situation of women. Simone de Beauvoir’s Le Deuxième Sexe’s feminist philosophy frames the thesis’s comparative analysis, questioning and re-examining these authors’ representations of female sexuality. The ideas of sensuality and rationality, motherhood, reproduction, marriage, and prostitution thus become recurring concerns throughout it. The thesis’s first chapter considers the female as sexual subject and/or object of the male gaze, in a range of New Woman and French literature. The second and third chapters are organised around the themes of marriage and prostitution, and the final chapter considers issues of female sexuality within the fantastic short story.

Text in Afrikaans / The actuality of the pedagogical question concerning the role of ideology, values and norms in the life of man in general and education specifically stimulated the interest of the author and prompted her to examine the past in this respect. The contemporary image of ideology, values, norms, personal and global philosophies are looked at in this study. Particular attention is paid to the ideologies that developed from the Renaissance e.g. Humanistic oriented Realism, Rationalism and Naturalism. Certain role players are briefly referred to. The Communist Educational System influenced more than half of the human race over a period of seventy years resulting in a thorough investigation into this system. The influence of People's Education in education in general was also scrutinized. Because so many South Africans are adherents of Calvinism it was important that attention was paid to: The philosophy of Calvinism; What it entails; How it originated and its impact on South African Education. Particular reference was made to the role of Christian National Education. It is fairly generally accepted that a new period in history of the West in relation to values, norms and education is being entered into. The period discussion is more concerned with spiritual development, culture knowledge and religion of the human race than political and military power, although, the latter is not excluded. It was also necessary to take note of the influence of the New Age movement on values and norms. The study is concluded with the evaluation of ideology, values, norms, personal and global philosophies. Some of the most important conclusions arrived at are that these aspects are interwoven and that education is pertinently influenced by the values, norms, culture, personal and global philosophies of the individual, community and government. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Searle’s theory of Biological Naturalism has been largely ignored in the philosophical literature and Searle’s commentators are confused by his seemingly contradictory views. In this dissertation I attempt to make sense of Biological Naturalism. In chapter 2 I will ascertain which concerns prevent Searle’s readers from understanding his position. The remaining chapters aim to dissolve the tensions and dispel any confusion. Chapter 3 considers Searle’s notion of first-person ontology, finding that it expresses a belief that experiences are essentially subjective and qualitative. In chapter 4 I consider the notions of levels of description, causal reduction and what Searle means by causation and realisation. Chapter 5 turns to the question of how to categorise Searle’s position. Many of his critics charge him with being a property dualist. By highlighting the difference between the meaning of irreducibility intended by the property dualist and Searle I show that there is sufficient difference in their use of the term so as to reject an interpretation of Biological Naturalism as a form of property dualism. Chapter 6 is where I turn to the other end of the physicalism/dualism spectrum and assess whether Searle should be seen as holding a form of identity theory. I first argue for a neutral form of identity that I call real identity, which does not include the inherent reductive privileging of standard identity. I then argue that Searle should be seen as advocating a form of real identity theory; a form of token identity theory which does not privilege the physical over the mental. In chapter 7 I return to the main barriers to making sense of Biological Naturalism which I identified in chapter 2 and lay out my response to each. I conclude with a coherent interpretation of Searle’s position.

Nosso objetivo é analisar as bases naturalísticas da teoria da investigação de John Dewey. Primeiramente apresentamos os fundamentos biológicos de sua teoria lógica da investigação. Com efeito, em sua Lógica Teoria da Investigação, uma de suas mais importantes obras, o naturalismo do filósofo defende a continuidade entre operações investigadoras e operações e funções biológicas, sendo que estas preparariam o caminho para aquelas. Em seguida, a exposição das bases culturais da teoria evidencia o importante papel da linguagem na investigação, mostrando que há uma transformação gradual da conduta puramente orgânica em conduta inteligente. Em nossa pesquisa, analisa-se ainda a relação de continuidade vista por Dewey entre senso comum e ciência, e também o padrão comum, por ele estabelecido, de toda investigação humana. / Our goal is to analyze the bases of naturalistic theory of inquiry of John Dewey. First we present the biological foundations of his logical theory of inquiry. Indeed, in his Logic - Theory of Inquiry, one of his most important works, the naturalism of the philosopher argues for continuity between operations researchers and operations and biological functions, and these prepare the way for them. Then, the exposure of the cultural foundations of the theory highlights the important role of language in research, showing that there is a gradual transformation of the conduct purely organic in conduct intelligent. In our research, we analyze further the relationship of continuity seen by Dewey between common sense and science, and also the common standard, established by it, to all human inquiry.

Orientador: Antonio Trajano Menezes Arruda / Banca: Maria Eunice Quilici Gonzalez / Banca: Andre Leclerc / Resumo: O problema da Intencionalidade da mente tem sido, por mais de duas décadas, objeto de intensa e persistente análise filosófica elaborada pelo filósofo americano John Rogers Searle (1932- ). Junto com o problema da consciência, não menos relevante no conjunto de sua teorização, sua visão acerca da natureza e das operações da Intencionalidade se constitui como um dos pilares centrais de seu programa filosófico de estudos dos fenômenos mentais. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é apresentar, discutir e avaliar criticamente sua concepção de Intencionalidade da mente. Com o fim de atingir esses três objetivos, que estruturam nosso trabalho, argumentamos que, para alcançar uma compreensão bem detalhada, ampla e profunda da concepção searleana de Intencionalidade da mente, é preciso explicar esta última tanto como um fenômeno mental (psicológico) quanto como um fenômeno natural/biológico. Expomos de modo pormenorizado as famílias de noções que definem a natureza, a estrutura, as formas mentais centrais, o funcionamento, bem como a maneira como Searle entende que devamos naturalizar a Intencionalidade, no capitulo 2 deste trabalho (respectivamente nas seções 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3,4, 3.5). Além disso, observamos que a ambição desse filósofo, no campo da filosofia da mente, não se limitou somente a ter desenvolvido uma visão sobre a natureza e o funcionamento da Intencionalidade da mente, e em mostrar como tratá-la naturalisticamente, mas consistiu também em apontar o que há de errado nos estudos filosóficos e científicos contemporâneos sobre o assunto, e propor correções. Nesse ponto, apresentamos os principais e gerais descontentamentos de Searle no Capítulo 1: das seções 2.1 à seção 2.6 apresentamos sua ambição de criticar e reformar os estudos atuais, os quais são focados na análise do materialismo contemporâneo no estudo da mente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The problem of the intentionality of mind has been, by more than two decades, object of intense and persistent philosophical analysis prepared by American philosopher John Rogers Searle (1932 - ). Together with the problem of conscience, not least in the whole of its theorizing, his vision about the nature and of the operations of the intentionality is as a central pillars of its philosophical program studies of mental phenomena. The aim of this work is to discuss and evaluate John Searle's conception of Intentionality. In order to carry out this task it was necessary first to show that to reach a more detailed, broader and more profound understanding of Searle's conception of Intentionality it is necessary to explain Intentionality as a mental (psychological) phenomenon as well as a natural/biological one. We present in detail the families of concepts which define the nature, the structure, the central mental forms, operation, as well as how Searle believes that we should naturalize the Intentionality, in Chapter 2 of this work (respectively in sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5). Furthermore, we emphasize that our philosopher's ambition, as regards his investigations in the philosophy of mind is not limited to developing a theory of the nature and functioning of the intentionality of mind and to show how to naturalize it as a natural/biological phenomenon, but consists also in identifying, criticizing and correcting with a view to overcome various mistakes in the views of other thinkers (philosophers or scientists) about what he takes to be errors in the studies of mental phenomenon both in philosophy and in contemporary science. In that point, we present the main and general disagreements of Searle in Chapter 1: in the sections 2.1 of section 2.6 presenting its ambition to criticize and reform the current studies, which are raised in the analysis of materialism contemporary in the study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Des trois auteurs français Zola, Daudet et Malot, l'on ne connaît le plus souvent que Les Rougon-Macquart, les contes, les nouvelles et les romans populaires. Leur œuvre témoigne pourtant d'une plus grande variété qui se justifie par leur carrière d'écrivain-journaliste. Comme leurs prédécesseurs les plus célèbres, Balzac, Hugo et Stendhal, ils tentent d'abord de se faire un nom dans le milieu journalistique avant de devenir plus tard des écrivains reconnus. Comme Vallès, les Goncourt, Baudelaire et Banville, ils considèrent aussi que ce chemin initial garantit l'autonomie de l'homme de lettres. Mais ce ne sont pas seulement l'essor de la presse, le développement technique et l'accroissement du lectorat qui les contraignent à cette pratique de la polygraphie dans divers organes. Les grandes villes les amènent à s'intéresser aux mœurs sociales ainsi qu'à l'actualité politique et artistique, à tel point que ce reportage à Paris et à Londres finit par les inspirer pour l'élaboration de certains romans. Les trois observateurs curieux vont travailler comme enquêteurs dans la rue, en mettant en place une écriture du réel adapté au genre journalistique et littéraire. D'un discours sur le trottoir dans La Rue, Le Boulevard, Le Figaro ou L'Événement illustré, l'on aboutit à une conception moderne de la création qui rejoint par certains aspects la démarche des peintres impressionnistes et des dessinateurs de la presse sous le Second Empire. Au-delà de sa signification sociale et historique, l'évolution du parcours éclaire ainsi les enjeux du travail et du statut symbolique de l'écrivain-journaliste et révèle l'impact des premiers écrits sur l'esthétique des romanciers modernes. / When asked about the three authors Zola, Daudet and Malot, most only know Les Rougon-Macquart, the stories, the novellas as well as the popular novels. Their works however show a much larger variety, which is the result of their careers as writers and journalists. Like their most famous predecessors Balzac, Hugo and Stendhal, they tried to become established in the world of journalism before becoming renowned writers. Just like Vallès, the brothers Goncourt, Baudelaire and Banville, the trio also assumed this initial step would guarantee the autonomy of the literary man. But it was not only the rise in press publication, the technical development and the growth of their readership that forced them to use their talents in multiple ways. The big cities awoke their interest in the social morals, the political and artistic events of their time, so much so that their reports from Paris or London become inspiration for certain novels. The three curious observers carried out research in the streets, at the same time creating a language based on reality and adapted both to the journalistic and the literary genre. From a pavement conversation in La Rue, Le Boulevard, Le Figaro or L'Événement illustré, they arrived at a modern conception of creation, certain aspects of which resemble the techniques used by the Impressionist painters and press illustrators of the "Second Empire". Beyond its social and historical meaning, the evolution of their careers thus highlights the importance of their work and the symbolic status of the writer and also reveals the impact of the first writings on the aesthetics of the three more "modern" novelists.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ISTELA REGINA FERREIRA.pdf: 457486 bytes, checksum: 8f19014ad6723a81ab6c0ccf3aa734e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / A dissertação intitulada como O neonaturalismo em Rubem Fonseca tem como objetivo mostrar ao leitor como Rubem Fonseca continuou o viés do naturalismo do século XIX até o neonaturalismo contemporâneo, apresentando em suas obras os temas da violência, da loucura, do desvalimento social, através do conceito de literatura brutalista de Alfredo Bosi. O estudo procura ainda mostrar a produção literária do autor tendo como ponto de partida o panorama da cultura brasileira da década de 1970, até os dias atuais. Outro fato relevante é que da década de 60 e 70, sua obra demonstra um experimentalismo que é substituído posteriormente, nos anos 80 e 90, por um neonaturalismo mais cru, que se concentra em relatos violentos, denúncias usando uma linguagem irônica que criticam a sociedade brasileira, mostrando a urbanização das cidades grandes brasileiras, a ditadura militar, as explorações sociais, a burguesia indiferente. A linguagem seca do autor, de frases curtas e incisivas, abre um novo tipo de narrativa na literatura contemporânea e retrata bem a vida urbana, suscitando questionamentos acerca da presença da angústia nessa vida, através de personagens que incorporam o momento histórico como referência. A violência urbana é um dos temas mais explorados na obra de Rubem Fonseca, como parte do cotidiano de nosso país. Para exemplificar a trajetória do autor durante esse período de transição do naturalismo até neonaturalismo usou-se alguns contos retirados do livro 64 contos de Rubem Fonseca de Tomás Eloy Martinez.