Cheung Ka-Kui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-117). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Hong Kong Country Parks and Management Practices --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Establishment of Country Parks --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Country Park Management Practices --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Country Park Design --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Negative Impacts created from Visitors --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- General Background --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Specific Impacts --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Noise --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Trampling --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Littering --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Wildlife Resources in Hong Kong Country Parks --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Wildlife Resources in Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Conservation Efforts in Hong Kong --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Technological Advancements in Park Management --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Remote Sensing and Vegetation Mapping --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- GIS and Park Management --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Study Area and Methodology --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study Site --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Park Settings --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Ecological Resources --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Field Measurement --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Sampling Strategy --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Impact Indicators --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Noise --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Trampling --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Litter Dispersal --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Laboratory Techniques --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Remote Sensing Application --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Image Pre-processing --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Vegetation Index --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- Vegetation Class Map --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The Ecological Dataset --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- GIS Application --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Basic Operations --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Composite Maps for Recreation Impacts and Conservation Importance --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Spatial Characteristics of Visitor Impact and Natural Resources --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- General Situation of Visitor Impacts --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Patterns from Vector Data Format --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Patterns from Raster Data Transformation --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Composite Impact Level --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- Ecological Attributes of Shing Mun Country Park --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Vegetation Cover --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Water Resources --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- General Distribution of Wildlife --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Conservation Significance on the Number of Species found --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Conservation Significance on the Number of Class found --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Conservation Significance on the Number of Trophic Level with Ecosystem --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Composite Conservation Significance --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.78 / Chapter 5.1 --- Potential Association between Recreation and Conservation --- p.78 / Chapter 5.2 --- Park Design --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Zoning and Site Location --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Road and Footpath Network --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3 --- Problems in Country Park Management --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Recreation Management --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Wildlife Conservation --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4 --- Implications from the Study --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mode of Recreation --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Importance of Baseline Studies --- p.99 / Chapter 5.5 --- Recommendations for Country Park Management --- p.101 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.104 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations of the Study --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3 --- Recommendations for Further Studies --- p.107 / Reference --- p.111 / Appendices --- p.118 / Chapter 1. --- Descriptions and Basic Sensor Characteristics of IKONOS Satellite Image --- p.118 / Chapter 2. --- Mathematic Conversion in Radiometric Correction --- p.120 / Chapter 3. --- Details on Aerial Photo Interpretation --- p.121 / Chapter 4. --- Recreation Site Recording Sheet --- p.122 / Chapter 5. --- Trespassing Recording Sheet --- p.123

<p>In metropolitan areas where the exploitation pressure increases, also the importance to point out nature areas grows, both for the sake of outdoor life and for biodiversity conservation. Since nature conservancy and spatial planning constitute two different parts of the municipalities land use control, a case study has been carried out in two municipalities in the Stockholm region, Huddinge and Järfälla. Both these municipalities have protected about one third of their land and today there are plans to repeal parts of the reserves to enable exploitation. This thesis shows – from the theoretical concept of sustainable development – officials, politicians and non-governmental organizations perspectives on questions concerning land use together with the work with nature reserves and repeals. The study focuses on how different basic attitudes and paradigms emphasizes different aspects of sustainable development and how this in turn affects the work to repeal nature reserves. Interviews with stakeholders in the municipalities and documents concerning land use and nature reserves demonstrates that there is distinct differences between the planning-paradigm, based on spatial planning, and the environmental-paradigm, based on nature conservation. From the planning-paradigm it is considered that nature reserves had to big impact on the munici­pality's land use and that valuable nature more frequently should be protected by the Swedish planning and building act. From the environmental-paradigms view the nature conservancy is – and should also in the future be – an important tool in the long-term prevention to stop valuable nature from being exploited. The thesis also stresses the importance to in the work with repeals take all effects that this kind of decision can lead to into account – not just in the repealed area but also for the future work with nature reserves on the whole.</p> / <p>I storstadsregioner där exploateringstrycket blir allt större, ökar också vikten av att peka ut naturområden, både för det rörliga friluftslivet samt för bevarande av den biologiska mångfalden. Utifrån det att naturskydd samt fysisk planering utgör varsin del av kommuners styrning av mark­användningen har en fallstudie genomförts i två kommuner i Stockholmsregionen, Huddinge och Järfälla. Båda dessa kommuner har skyddat ungefär en tredjedel av kommunens mark och idag finns planer på att upphäva delar av reservaten för att där möjliggöra exploatering. Uppsatsen visar – utifrån det teoretiska begreppet hållbar utveckling – hur tjänstemän, politiker och intresse­organisationer ser på markanvändningsfrågor samt arbetet med naturreservat och upphävande. Studien fokuserar på hur olika grundinställningar och paradigm lyfter fram olika aspekter av hållbar utveckling samt hur detta i sin tur påverkar arbetet med att upphäva naturreservat. Intervjuer med kommunala aktörer samt dokument rörande markanvändning och naturreservat visar att det finns tydliga skillnader mellan planparadigmet, med grund i den fysiska planeringen, och miljö­paradigmet, med grund i naturvården. Utifrån planparadigmet anser man att naturreservaten har fått för stor inverkan på kommunens markanvändning och att värdefull natur oftare borde skyddas med hjälp av plan- och bygglagens verktyg. Från miljöparadigmets vinkel är naturskyddet – och bör även i fortsättningen vara – ett viktigt verktyg för att långsiktigt förhindra att värdefull natur exploateras. Uppsatsen framhåller också vikten av att man vid upphävande av naturreservat tar hänsyn till alla effekter som ett sådant beslut kan leda till – inte bara i det upphävda området utan även för det fortsatta arbetet med naturreservat i stort.</p>

Sweden has had laws protecting nature for about a hundred years. In this paper the views of nature and the values that serve as a rationale for protective measures are analyzed as results of a social process characterized by the dialectic relationship between institutions and discourse. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is used to study this relationship and the discursive practices used by institutions, which reproduce or reshape views of nature that define the relationship between society and nature. Institutional design contributes to shaping discourse in the field of nature protection, while being originally shaped by discourse. In Sweden, the national park is an institution that reproduces a view of nature as the wild and untamed opposite of society, and the natural reserves reproduce a view of nature as holder of a multi-faceted set of values intertwined with society. However, the most recently formed national park, the marine national park of the Koster sea includes resource values that threaten the hegemony of arcadian discourse within the institution and indicates social change.

In metropolitan areas where the exploitation pressure increases, also the importance to point out nature areas grows, both for the sake of outdoor life and for biodiversity conservation. Since nature conservancy and spatial planning constitute two different parts of the municipalities land use control, a case study has been carried out in two municipalities in the Stockholm region, Huddinge and Järfälla. Both these municipalities have protected about one third of their land and today there are plans to repeal parts of the reserves to enable exploitation. This thesis shows – from the theoretical concept of sustainable development – officials, politicians and non-governmental organizations perspectives on questions concerning land use together with the work with nature reserves and repeals. The study focuses on how different basic attitudes and paradigms emphasizes different aspects of sustainable development and how this in turn affects the work to repeal nature reserves. Interviews with stakeholders in the municipalities and documents concerning land use and nature reserves demonstrates that there is distinct differences between the planning-paradigm, based on spatial planning, and the environmental-paradigm, based on nature conservation. From the planning-paradigm it is considered that nature reserves had to big impact on the munici­pality's land use and that valuable nature more frequently should be protected by the Swedish planning and building act. From the environmental-paradigms view the nature conservancy is – and should also in the future be – an important tool in the long-term prevention to stop valuable nature from being exploited. The thesis also stresses the importance to in the work with repeals take all effects that this kind of decision can lead to into account – not just in the repealed area but also for the future work with nature reserves on the whole. / I storstadsregioner där exploateringstrycket blir allt större, ökar också vikten av att peka ut naturområden, både för det rörliga friluftslivet samt för bevarande av den biologiska mångfalden. Utifrån det att naturskydd samt fysisk planering utgör varsin del av kommuners styrning av mark­användningen har en fallstudie genomförts i två kommuner i Stockholmsregionen, Huddinge och Järfälla. Båda dessa kommuner har skyddat ungefär en tredjedel av kommunens mark och idag finns planer på att upphäva delar av reservaten för att där möjliggöra exploatering. Uppsatsen visar – utifrån det teoretiska begreppet hållbar utveckling – hur tjänstemän, politiker och intresse­organisationer ser på markanvändningsfrågor samt arbetet med naturreservat och upphävande. Studien fokuserar på hur olika grundinställningar och paradigm lyfter fram olika aspekter av hållbar utveckling samt hur detta i sin tur påverkar arbetet med att upphäva naturreservat. Intervjuer med kommunala aktörer samt dokument rörande markanvändning och naturreservat visar att det finns tydliga skillnader mellan planparadigmet, med grund i den fysiska planeringen, och miljö­paradigmet, med grund i naturvården. Utifrån planparadigmet anser man att naturreservaten har fått för stor inverkan på kommunens markanvändning och att värdefull natur oftare borde skyddas med hjälp av plan- och bygglagens verktyg. Från miljöparadigmets vinkel är naturskyddet – och bör även i fortsättningen vara – ett viktigt verktyg för att långsiktigt förhindra att värdefull natur exploateras. Uppsatsen framhåller också vikten av att man vid upphävande av naturreservat tar hänsyn till alla effekter som ett sådant beslut kan leda till – inte bara i det upphävda området utan även för det fortsatta arbetet med naturreservat i stort.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Game Range Management.)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. / Lion (Panthera leo) social organisation in the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, Botswana, and the Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, South Africa, was investigated. Situated 20 km apart, the Northern Tuli Game Reserve is predominantly unfenced with unrestricted animal movements, as opposed to the Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve which is completely fenced. Historically both lion populations have faced various but similar pressures such as safari hunting, snaring, poisoning and killing due to perceived conflict with livestock farmers.

The movement to conserve natural resources in the United States began as a response to the perceived inefficiency which governed resource allocation. The subsequent environmental movement served to expand the definition of conservation to include not only the efficient use of resources, but also the preservation of land in its natural state. In Indiana, this supposed deficiency in conservation led some environmentalists to establish the Indiana Nature Preserves System which locates remnants of the Indiana wilderness and protects them from development. The Indiana Nature Preserves System is symbolic of the Land Ethic proposed by the early ecologist Aldo Leopold, who believed that man was but one component of the "land community." To alter all natural areas, Leopold and Indiana preservationists argued, was both an assault on ecological stability and on the right of nature to exist for its own sake. / Department of History

Orientadores: Thomas Michael Lewinsohn, Lucia da Costa Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kinouchi_MarceloRodrigues_D.pdf: 4287299 bytes, checksum: 7a96e6b1a74453cff2a885e96bc7ce42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese examina a conceituação, delineamento espacial e gestão das zonas de amortecimento (ZA) das unidades de conservação (UC) brasileiras. Inicialmente, são analisados os principais documentos técnicos e legais utilizados para orientar o planejamento e a gestão ambiental na proximidade das UCs. O estudo revelou que a definição formal da ZA é dúbia, e a do Entorno da unidade, inadequada. O primeiro problema pode ser reduzido se considerarmos o zoneamento como produto de uma dupla territorialidade, baseada na identificação de sítios ambientais específicos e suscetíveis a pressões particulares, conjugados sob a abrangência de um sistema socioecológico mais amplo, no qual se definem os instrumentos reguladores das atividades humanas impactantes. Considerando as recomendações técnicas governamentais para o desenho e manejo das UCs, estimei a extensão territorial total para as ZAs e para o entorno das unidades no Brasil. De acordo com tais estimativas, somente as zonas de amortecimento podem vir a representar 6,6% do território nacional. Analisei também esses dois tipos de áreas especiais quanto à ocorrência de focos de calor e desflorestamentos na Região Amazônica, identificados por sensoriamento remoto orbital nos anos de 2004 a 2006 (focos de calor) e de 1997 a 2006 (desflorestamentos). Em relação a estes dois indicadores de distúrbio antropogênico, nas UCs amazônicas localizadas em áreas sob intensa ocupação humana, as ZAs exibiram uma incidência relativamente menor de pressões que as outras áreas mais afastadas da UC, sugerindo a existência de um possível caráter protetor diferenciado nesse zoneamento. Analisando os Planos de Manejo de doze UCs federais (seis Parques Nacionais e seis Reservas Biológicas), procurei categorizar para esse conjunto de unidades: (1) o modo como comumente é estabelecido o desenho espacial de suas ZAs, (2) quais são as atividades e práticas humanas consideradas como mais ameaçadoras para as áreas protegidas e (3) que estratégias de intervenção são sugeridas para reduzir os impactos dessas ações humanas. Em geral, o delineamento das zonas de amortecimento permaneceu vinculado à largura padrão de 10 km, sugerida como dimensão referencial, e mesmo nas situações em que ocorreu algum refinamento no traçado desse zoneamento, não se notou um procedimento padrão para estabelecer tais ajustes territoriais. Entre as pressões observadas na proximidade dessas UCs, a poluição e a contaminação dos corpos hídricos circunvizinhos; a exploração excessiva dos recursos da fauna e flora; a ocorrência de queimadas sem controle, e o assoreamento dos corpos d'água foram as que mais concentraram a atenção dos gestores das unidades. A preocupação com tais pressões parece refletir o receio de que uma intensificação desses fenômenos resulte em ameaças diretas a área protegida, através da degradação de seus ambientes aquáticos, do comprometimento de sua conectividade regional, do incremento da extração clandestina de recursos e da propagação de incêndios para o seu interior, entre outros. Considerando as medidas propostas nos planejamento das UCs avaliadas, a ação governamental na proximidade das unidades foi delineada sob uma perspectiva ampla o bastante para abrigar tanto iniciativas protetoras da biodiversidade e dos processos ecológicos essenciais para a UC, como para promover condições potencialmente benéficas para as comunidades locais, por meio, especialmente, do estímulo ao desenvolvimento de atividades socioeconômicas de baixo impacto ambiental. Esse perfil da intervenção variou entre as unidades, mas, em geral, as ações sugeridas nos Planos de Manejo para reduzir as pressões externas ressaltam a intensificação do controle e da fiscalização ao redor das áreas protegidas. Por sua vez, a formulação de normas regulando ou restringindo as atividades humanas ameaçadoras nas ZAs não foi um procedimento comumente observado, apesar de ser o principal objetivo legal do zoneamento. Como estudo de caso, investiguei detalhadamente as pressões ambientais geradas pelas atividades humanas na proximidade da Estação Ecológica de Maracá (Estado de Roraima, Brasil), por meio de um modelo heurístico onde são representadas as principais conexões observadas entre os agentes locais, suas demandas, o modo específico como usam os recursos, os processos ecológicos associados a cada pressão e seus prováveis impactos no ecossistema regional. O modelo incorporou informações sobre a formação histórica e social dos diferentes grupos locais, visando identificar com maior precisão onde as intervenções são mais necessárias e em que condições elas são mais efetivas. As pressões da ocupação humana na proximidade da área protegida, e suas possíveis medidas mitigadoras, foram também identificadas pelos agentes locais, numa reunião participativa do Plano de Manejo da UC. Os dois diagnósticos se mostraram complementares, apontando a importância do uso de estratégias e instrumentos diversificados na identificação das medidas mais apropriadas para a ZA dessa unidade. Ao final, os resultados do trabalho são consolidados como recomendações para o desenho e gestão das zonas de amortecimento, tendo por princípio o reconhecimento da ZA como um território em que se desenvolvem dinâmicas sociais e ambientais particulares, que deve ser entendido como um espaço de ação e compromisso conjunto entre os gestores das UCs e os residentes da região, um lugar de vizinhança, de mútua identificação, de interdependência e de futuro comum / Abstract: The thesis examines the conceptualization, design and management of buffer zones (BZ) of Protected Areas (PA) in Brazil. Initially, I analyze the key technical and legal documents that guide the design and environmental management of buffer zones of protected areas. The formal definition of buffer zones is dubious and therefore inappropriate to guide their design. This problem can be reduced by considering BZs as a dual territoriality: the ensemble of localities susceptible to social pressures that engender risks to the enclosed PAs, combined with an socio-ecological territory in which threatening human activities are to be regulated. According to current guidelines, I estimate buffer zones alone to represent up to 6.6% of the Brazilian national territory. The occurrence of hot spots and deforestation in BZs in the Amazon region was analysed from 2004 to 2006 (fires) and 1997 to 2006 (deforestation), based on satellite images. The BZs in Amazon areas under higher human pressure showed a smaller incidence of those two kinds of events compared to areas more distant from their PAs, suggesting a protective effect of these zones. Next, in analysing the approved management plans of twelve Brazilian federal protected areas (six National Parks and six Biological Reserves), we examine: (1) the criteria for establishing the boundaries of their BZs, (2) which human activities and practices are identified as more threatening to the Pas, (3) which main intervention strategies are proposed to reduce the impacts of human actions. In general, the boundaries of BZs follow the general reference width of 10 km recommended for the buffer belt, and even in situations in which the area of the BZ was then refined, no standard procedure for these territorial adjustments. Human pressures highlighted in management plans as problems in the proximity of these twelve PAs included pollution and contamination of surrounding water bodies, overexploitation of natural resources, bush fires and siltation of water bodies. There is a manifest concern that an intensification of these phenomena can directly threaten the Protected Areas through the degradation of their environment, reduction of their ecological connectivity, increase in illegal extraction of resources and the spread of fires into the PAs. Proposed actions for BZs encompassed actions to protect biodiversity and ecological processes essential for reserves, as well as other actions meant to benefit local communities, through encouraging socioeconomic activities of low environmental impact. Intervention strategies varied among management plans but, in general, they proposed to reduce external pressures mainly through the intensification of control and surveillance around the reserve. The formulation of rules regulating or restricting human activities was not common to most management plans, though, according to law, this is the main goal of the establishment of the BZs themselves. As a case study, I examined in detail the human pressures in the proximity of Maraca Ecological Station (ESEC Maracá, State of Roraima, Brazil), through a heuristic model representing the connections between local actors, their demands, their modes of acquiring and employing resources, the ecological processes associated with those pressures and their likely impacts on the regional ecosystem. The model sought to incorporate information about the social and historical origins of various local groups, to identify more precisely where interventions are most needed and under what conditions they are expected to be most effective. I then describe the pressures of human occupation in the vicinity of the reserve and possible mitigation measures as identified by local actors that participated in a planning meeting held to assist the development of the Management Plan of the reserve. Both diagnoses proved to be complementary, showing the importance of using diverse strategies and instruments to identify the most appropriate proposals for the Buffer Zone of this reserve. In conclusion, results are presented with recommendations for planning and management of buffer zones, based on the recognition of the BZ as a territory in which both social and environmental dynamics unfold, and that therefore should be understood as an area of action and joint commitment of PA managers and local residents, a place of neighborliness, mutual identification and interdependence for a common future / Doutorado / Ambiente e Sociedade / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade

Den större vattensalamandern är den största salamandern i Skandinavien. I södra Sverige är den knuten till det gamla kulturlandskapet med lövskogar, öppna ytor och små dammar som den kan leka i. Idag har detta landskapet krympt och den större vattensalamandern hotas av bland annat habitatförstörelse och igenväxning. På Näsby fält utanför Kristianstad, där man redan 1972 kunde konstatera att arten fanns, gjordes 2003 en inventering av större vattensalamander. Våren 2014 gjordes en återinventering för att ta reda på hur populationenser ut idag. Resultatet visade en negativ trend som kan bero på att vattennivån under de senaste åren har sjunkit i vissa av dammarna. Under inventeringen fångades totalt 47 större vattensalamandrar. För att ta reda på när och hur de inventerade dammarna har bildats studerades kartor och annat källmaterial för att se hur området förändrats sedan 1800-talet. De flesta dammarna är grävda av människor för olika sorters bruk under en period som sträcker sig ända tillbaks till 1700-talet.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is well known that smoke and aqueous smoke solutions promote the germination of certain seeds. This has considerable practical implications for restoration in fire prone areas like the Cape fynbos. The aqueous smoke solution (more commonly known as smoke water) can be used in restoration projects to stimulate seeds to germinate faster so that a wide diversity of plants can be established rapidly. Smoke water is made using different methods and different plant materials. This inevitably results in different concentrations of smoke water. Although made in different ways, different smoke waters may all have an enhancing effect on seed germination. In this study, the germination of Grand Rapids lettuce seed was used to determine the differences between five different types of smoke water. Germination was done in a controlled environment, using through-flow germination boxes (patent no. ZA2000/1832, registered 1114/2000) instead of traditional petri dishes. The differences in the concentrations were determined using bioassays. A very strong concentration of smoke water damaged the seed and a very weak concentration did not have any enhancing effect on germination. The concentrations of the different smoke waters were compared to a standard smoke solution (the first smoke solution ever made, that of De Lange & Boucher (1990». The different concentrations of the smoke solutions were determined by comparing them to the standard, using a best fit line on the germination graphs. Each of the smoke solutions tested is given a "delb" rating (after De Lange & Boucher), with the standard smoke water being 1 delb. The delb value is used to determine the dilution factor for each smoke solution. It is concluded that the five smoke solutions tested all differed from each other emphasizing the need for quality control in commercial and experimental applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is wel bekend dat rook en vloeibare rook oplossings (rookwater) die ontkieming van sekere sade bespoedig. Dit het groot praktiese implikasies vir hervestiging in gebiede met gereelde vuur, soos die Kaapse fynbos. Die rookwater kan in hervestiginsprojekte gebruik word om sade te stimuleer om vinniger te ontkiem om sodoende 'n groot diversiteit van plante vinnig te vestig. Rookwater word op verskillende maniere en met verskillende materiaal vervaardig. Dit kan lei tot verskillende konsentrasies rookwater, alhoewel al die verskillende rookwaters 'n stimulerende effek op saadontkieming kan bewerkstellig. In hierdei studie is Grand Rapids slaai saad gebruik om die verskille tussen vyf verskillende rookwaters te ondersoek. Ontkieming was in 'n beheerde atmosfeer gedoen en deurvloei ontkiemingsbakke (patent nr. ZA2000/1832, geregistreer 11/4/2000) is gebruik, i. p. v. traditionele petri bakkies. Die verskille in konsentrasies is gemeet m. b. v. biotoetse. 'n Baie serk konsentrasie het die sade beskadig en 'n baie flou konsentrasie het geen stimulerende effek op ontkieming gehad nie. Die konsentrasie van die verskillende rookwaters is vergelyk teenoor 'n standaard rookwater (die eerste rookwater ooit gemaak, die van De Lange en Boucher (1990». Die verskillende rookwater konsentrasies is bepaal deur dit met die standaard te vergelyk m. b. v. 'n regressie lyn op die ontkiemingsgrafieke. Elke rookwater getoets kry dan 'n "delb" waarde (n. a. v. De Lange & Boucher), met die standard gelyk aan 1 delb. Die delb waarde word gebruik om die optimale verdunning van elke rookwater te bepaal. Daar word opgesom dat al die rookwaters getoets wel van mekaar verskil en dit beklemtoon die waarde van kwaliteits beheer in kommersiële en eksperimentele toepassings.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / This research investigates the volunteer tourism industry in Namibia, a niche market of the tourism industry. The tourism industry is the fastest growing sector in the economy (Travel News Namibia, 2012: 9), and it is also the second largest contributor to GDP (Ministry of Environment and Tourism Annual Report, 2010: 14). Although the volunteer tourism industry has been active for more than 20 years, it is currently having trouble with its status as a recognised sector of the tourism industry. Industry members mostly fear that investments to grow the industry are at risk due to uncertain entry visa requirements for international volunteers. There is also a concern that the industry is not regulated like other sectors of the tourism industry and that volunteer tourism is not recognised with equal status. Industry members feel ignored when it comes to national marketing campaigns and when representative bodies act in their interest. Industry members also expressed concern being left out when it comes to drafting new laws that affect the industry. To understand the industry, it is vital to analyse the industry from an internal and external perspective. This includes an analysis of the current status of the strategic architecture of the industry and an environmental analysis. The report also presents innovations to a typical strategic architecture model. Information and data for this research report was gathered from tourism industry stakeholders and experts, managers of five of the biggest industry players, and international volunteers. The findings of the investigation reveal that the business model of the industry is working well. Initiatives for continuous improvement, however, remain small due to uncertainties experienced in the macro-environment. The competitive environment of the industry is conducive to performance, as well as price and costing models. Demand for volunteering in Namibia is on the increase and the industry has realised that it needs to prepare itself to capture its full potential. The establishment of the Namibia VolunTourism Forum, which is represented through important stakeholders of the industry, is a first step to find solutions to the many challenges. This report serves as a working paper for the tourism industry and in particular for the volunteer tourism industry with the aim to increase stakeholder value.