In 1975, the US Fish and Wildlife Service listed the grizzly bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Following the listing, a recovery plan was drafted in which the Bitterroot Ecosystem of central Idaho and extreme western Montana was one of six proposed grizzly bear recovery areas. It was the only one of the six, however, which did not contain a resident population of grizzlies. The Fish and Wildlife Service eventually accepted a proposal submitted by a coalition of environmental and timber industry groups. The coalition proposed to reestablish a population of grizzlies in the Bitterroot by translocating 25 bears over five years from existing populations in the US and Canada. The proposal, however, included significant concessions, including reduced protection for the reintroduced grizzlies and management of the grizzly population by a Citizen Management Committee. A large contingent of regional and national environmental groups quickly rose up in vociferous objection to the proposal exposing a significant rift within the environmental movement. These environmentalists objected to the very idea of Citizen Management and also claimed that the proposed recovery area was too small to ensure recovery. Drawing on interviews and document analyses, this dissertation employs an environmental pragmatist approach to examine the intra-environmentalist disputes that flared up throughout the Bitterroot grizzly recovery debates. The dissertation focuses on the relationship between environmental ideologies, science, and conservation advocacy, with an eye toward examining how environmentalists crafted and defended rival proposals for grizzly recovery. Through this interpretive lens, the dissertation aims to explain the existence and persistence of this intra-environmentalism rift as well as explore its ramifications for environmentalism in the region. While no wholly unified environmental movement can ever be possible or is even necessarily desirable unwavering commitments to unreachable ideals on the part of many environmentalists are hindering the growth, flexibility and efficacy of conservation in the region. The main contribution of this dissertation will be to provide an empirical case study that defends the environmental pragmatist assertion that hostile and unnecessary divisiveness within the environmental movement ultimately obstructs the development of a more successful environmentalism.

Orientador: Rosa Maria Feiteiro Cavalari / Banca: Álvaro Tenca / Banca: Maria Inês Rauter Mancuso / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar, a partir da memória de velhas professoras, as concepções de natureza e de relação sociedade-natureza presentes nos depoimentos de velhas professoras da rede pública estadual de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Acreditamos que entender como determinada sociedade "torna a natureza presente" Bornheim (1985), é fundamental para a superação dos impasses gerados pela problemática ambiental. Para a realização deste trabalho, optou-se pela metodologia da história oral e constatou-se, por meio das leituras das narrativas, que as professoras entrevistadas "tornam a natureza presente" por meio de diferentes concepções. A natureza como "tudo o que existe", como "vida", uma concepção "religiosa" de natureza, a natureza como a "grande provedora de recursos naturais", a natureza como "universo", "como mãe de todas as coisas" e a natureza como aquela que "tudo recicla" são as concepções de natureza presentes nos depoimentos coletados. Várias professoras consideraram, ainda, a natureza como aquela que pode "dar respostas" e "reagir" às ações desmedidas do homem. Além disso, a natureza apareceu como aquela que deve ser preservada, pois disso depende a manutenção da nossa própria vida. No que diz respeito à relação sociedade-natureza, evidencia-se a relação conflituosa que se estabelece entre o homem e a natureza. Pode-se afirmar que, no geral, o homem foi apresentado como sendo o grande vilão, como aquele que destrói a natureza, sendo caracterizado pelas professoras, entre outras coisas, de ruim, malvado, ganancioso e ignorante. Tentar compreender como a natureza e a relação sociedade-natureza se fazem presentes na memória dessas velhas professoras permite repensar como essa relação tem sido tratada atualmente no âmbito escolar. / Abstract: This research has the objective to identify from the remembrance of old teachers the nature conceptions and nature society relation presented into the old teachers attests from the state public schools from a city in the country of São Paulo in 60's and 70's. We believe that understanding as a certain society becomes a present nature Bornheim (1985) is essential to the overcoming from the conflicts generated by the environmental problematic. To the realization of this work, it was chosen the methodology of the oral history and it was found that for the reading from the narratives that the interviewed teachers make the nature presented by different conceptions. The nature as "all that exists", as "life", a "religious" conception of nature, the nature as the "big provider of natural resources", the nature as "universe", "as the mother of all things", and the nature as one "that recycles all" are the conceptions of nature present in the collected attests. Several teachers considered, yet, the nature as one that can give answers and reacts to the men's undue actions. Besides, the nature came on as one that must be preserved, because the maintenance of our own life depends on this. According to the nature society relation, it is noticeable the conflicted relation that is established between the man and the nature. It can be affirmed, in general, that man was presented as being the big guilty, as the one who destroys the nature, being characterized by the teachers among other things, as bad, mean, greedy and ignorant. Trying to understand how the nature and the nature society relation are present in the remembrance of these old masters, allow us to think again how this relation has been currently dealt in the scholar environment. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel.pdf: 2580746 bytes, checksum: a6e47e604a7945968b60a22bd0820a51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is a study based on the reality of Environment Education accomplished in schools of southeast of Paraná couties: Santa Izabel do Oeste, Realeza, Capanema, Planalto, Pérola do Oeste, Pranchita, Bela Vista da Caroba e Ampére, these counties belong to Núcleo Regional de Educação de Francisco Beltrão. It has been drafted a diagnosis of the practice on the teachers education environment at these schools and how the government has support the teaching work, in a way that is accomplished what is foresaw the PNEA. The participants number were 228. Among them 186 are students and 42 teachers. The students are from the 3rd grade of high school and a group of school for each county. The researches are supported on Gramsci studies. We consider the stimulator potential of Environment education in what it results in the relation school-society. The methodological process in this proposal is guided by the materialistic-historical conception. We have presented some reflections and proposals on Environment Education, through the belief of social transformation. An education based on these proposals is understood as a political journey, committed with an humanizer education from contextualized principles towards the reality. It has been diagnosed that Environment Education is in the schools jusy with some isolated activities in the subjects as Geography and Biology. The Environment Education is among many political, structure, theoretical, social and cultural problems and by the instability caused by the change of government of the state and the country. The excessive schedule of teachers, huge groups of students and the unfair salaries of the teachers, the society moved by consumption of capitalist system also compose the list of problems / Este trabalho é um estudo da realidade sobre a Educação Ambiental realizada em oito escolas, dos municípios da região Sudoeste do Paraná: Santa Izabel do Oeste, Realeza, Capanema, Planalto, Pérola do Oeste, Pranchita, Bela Vista da Caroba e Ampére, pertencentes ao Núcleo Regional de Educação de Francisco Beltrão. Nele, traçamos um diagnóstico da prática da Educação Ambiental dos professores, nessas escolas e de como o estado tem amparado o trabalho docente, de forma que seja concretizado o que prevê a PNEA. Os sujeitos participantes foram 228. Destes, 186 são alunos e 42 professores. Os alunos são de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio, uma turma por escola de cada município. Respaldamos a pesquisa nos escritos de Gramsci sobre a escola. Consideramos o potencial dinamizador da Educação Ambiental no que ela produz na relação escola-sociedade. A conduta metodológica nesta proposta é guiada pela concepção materialista-histórica. Apresentamos reflexões e proposições sobre Educação Ambiental, através da crença na transformação social. Uma educação inspirada nestas proposições é entendida como um empreendimento político, comprometido com a formação humanizadora a partir de princípios contextualizados, historicamente com a realidade. Diagnosticamos que a Educação Ambiental está no meio escolar com apenas algumas atividades isoladas nas disciplinas de Geografia e Biologia. A Educação Ambiental se encontra em meio a muitos problemas políticos, estruturais, teóricos, sociais, culturais e pela instabilidade causada pela troca de governo do estado e do país. A carga horária excessiva dos professores, turmas numerosas, remuneração injusta dos professores, a sociedade motivada ao consumo pelo sistema capitalista também compõem o rol dos problemas

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel.pdf: 2580746 bytes, checksum: a6e47e604a7945968b60a22bd0820a51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is a study based on the reality of Environment Education accomplished in schools of southeast of Paraná couties: Santa Izabel do Oeste, Realeza, Capanema, Planalto, Pérola do Oeste, Pranchita, Bela Vista da Caroba e Ampére, these counties belong to Núcleo Regional de Educação de Francisco Beltrão. It has been drafted a diagnosis of the practice on the teachers education environment at these schools and how the government has support the teaching work, in a way that is accomplished what is foresaw the PNEA. The participants number were 228. Among them 186 are students and 42 teachers. The students are from the 3rd grade of high school and a group of school for each county. The researches are supported on Gramsci studies. We consider the stimulator potential of Environment education in what it results in the relation school-society. The methodological process in this proposal is guided by the materialistic-historical conception. We have presented some reflections and proposals on Environment Education, through the belief of social transformation. An education based on these proposals is understood as a political journey, committed with an humanizer education from contextualized principles towards the reality. It has been diagnosed that Environment Education is in the schools jusy with some isolated activities in the subjects as Geography and Biology. The Environment Education is among many political, structure, theoretical, social and cultural problems and by the instability caused by the change of government of the state and the country. The excessive schedule of teachers, huge groups of students and the unfair salaries of the teachers, the society moved by consumption of capitalist system also compose the list of problems / Este trabalho é um estudo da realidade sobre a Educação Ambiental realizada em oito escolas, dos municípios da região Sudoeste do Paraná: Santa Izabel do Oeste, Realeza, Capanema, Planalto, Pérola do Oeste, Pranchita, Bela Vista da Caroba e Ampére, pertencentes ao Núcleo Regional de Educação de Francisco Beltrão. Nele, traçamos um diagnóstico da prática da Educação Ambiental dos professores, nessas escolas e de como o estado tem amparado o trabalho docente, de forma que seja concretizado o que prevê a PNEA. Os sujeitos participantes foram 228. Destes, 186 são alunos e 42 professores. Os alunos são de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio, uma turma por escola de cada município. Respaldamos a pesquisa nos escritos de Gramsci sobre a escola. Consideramos o potencial dinamizador da Educação Ambiental no que ela produz na relação escola-sociedade. A conduta metodológica nesta proposta é guiada pela concepção materialista-histórica. Apresentamos reflexões e proposições sobre Educação Ambiental, através da crença na transformação social. Uma educação inspirada nestas proposições é entendida como um empreendimento político, comprometido com a formação humanizadora a partir de princípios contextualizados, historicamente com a realidade. Diagnosticamos que a Educação Ambiental está no meio escolar com apenas algumas atividades isoladas nas disciplinas de Geografia e Biologia. A Educação Ambiental se encontra em meio a muitos problemas políticos, estruturais, teóricos, sociais, culturais e pela instabilidade causada pela troca de governo do estado e do país. A carga horária excessiva dos professores, turmas numerosas, remuneração injusta dos professores, a sociedade motivada ao consumo pelo sistema capitalista também compõem o rol dos problemas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:31:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mercadante_m_me_rcla.pdf: 3771951 bytes, checksum: e73bfc017638be5edc507cf4e525c04f (MD5) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar, a partir da memória de velhas professoras, as concepções de natureza e de relação sociedade-natureza presentes nos depoimentos de velhas professoras da rede pública estadual de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Acreditamos que entender como determinada sociedade “torna a natureza presente” Bornheim (1985), é fundamental para a superação dos impasses gerados pela problemática ambiental. Para a realização deste trabalho, optou-se pela metodologia da história oral e constatou-se, por meio das leituras das narrativas, que as professoras entrevistadas “tornam a natureza presente” por meio de diferentes concepções. A natureza como “tudo o que existe”, como “vida”, uma concepção “religiosa” de natureza, a natureza como a “grande provedora de recursos naturais”, a natureza como “universo”, “como mãe de todas as coisas” e a natureza como aquela que “tudo recicla” são as concepções de natureza presentes nos depoimentos coletados. Várias professoras consideraram, ainda, a natureza como aquela que pode “dar respostas” e “reagir” às ações desmedidas do homem. Além disso, a natureza apareceu como aquela que deve ser preservada, pois disso depende a manutenção da nossa própria vida. No que diz respeito à relação sociedade-natureza, evidencia-se a relação conflituosa que se estabelece entre o homem e a natureza. Pode-se afirmar que, no geral, o homem foi apresentado como sendo o grande vilão, como aquele que destrói a natureza, sendo caracterizado pelas professoras, entre outras coisas, de ruim, malvado, ganancioso e ignorante. Tentar compreender como a natureza e a relação sociedade-natureza se fazem presentes na memória dessas velhas professoras permite repensar como essa relação tem sido tratada atualmente no âmbito escolar. / This research has the objective to identify from the remembrance of old teachers the nature conceptions and nature society relation presented into the old teachers attests from the state public schools from a city in the country of São Paulo in 60’s and 70’s. We believe that understanding as a certain society becomes a present nature Bornheim (1985) is essential to the overcoming from the conflicts generated by the environmental problematic. To the realization of this work, it was chosen the methodology of the oral history and it was found that for the reading from the narratives that the interviewed teachers make the nature presented by different conceptions. The nature as “all that exists”, as “life”, a “religious” conception of nature, the nature as the “big provider of natural resources”, the nature as “universe”, “as the mother of all things”, and the nature as one “that recycles all” are the conceptions of nature present in the collected attests. Several teachers considered, yet, the nature as one that can give answers and reacts to the men’s undue actions. Besides, the nature came on as one that must be preserved, because the maintenance of our own life depends on this. According to the nature society relation, it is noticeable the conflicted relation that is established between the man and the nature. It can be affirmed, in general, that man was presented as being the big guilty, as the one who destroys the nature, being characterized by the teachers among other things, as bad, mean, greedy and ignorant. Trying to understand how the nature and the nature society relation are present in the remembrance of these old masters, allow us to think again how this relation has been currently dealt in the scholar environment.

Ce travail analyse les dynamiques de reconfiguration socio-économique et identitaire auprès des groupes pastoraux habitant les régions rurales au sud de l’Ethiopie, à la frontière avec le Kenya. Les formes d’organisation sociale qui règlent l’accès à l’eau sont considérées en tant que principal outil d’analyse pour comprendre les dynamiques socio-culturelles de ces régions, et cela par la mise en exergue des relations, historiques et contemporaines, entre les populations locales, les autorités étatiques et les organisations internationales du développement et de l'aide humanitaire.Nous analysons les formes d’organisation sociale chez les populations nomades en prêtant une attention particulière aux problématiques d’eau, et plus largement au rapport entre « nature » et « société », dans l’étude de ces groupes. La complexité de l’imbrication sociale de l’eau, ressource dont le caractère naturel et ici mis en question, nous porte à focaliser sur d’autres domaines « extra-hydriques » : les processus de construction des identités ethniques dans les régions du sud-est éthiopien ; les enjeux liés aux intérêts de l’Etat éthiopien visant à incorporer les nomades dans l’ordre politique national ; les stratégies de contrôle du territoire mises en place par les populations locales vis-à-vis de l’Etat et des opérateurs des organisations internationales. Dans ce cadre, l’intervention d’acteurs internationaux est examinée en prenant en compte l'histoire des relations entre populations locales et ONGs – qui se trouve inscrite dans les points d’eau – et en situant les projets de développement dans la perspective dynamique d'une interaction et négociation matérielle et symbolique. / This thesis analyzes socio-economic reconfigurations among pastoral groups living in the southern Ethiopian lowlands on the border with Kenya. Forms of social organization that regulate water access are considered as the main analytical tool for understanding the socio-cultural dynamics in these regions, highlighting historical and contemporary relationships between pastoralists, state authorities and international aid actors.Our approach consists of merging two research axes: the analysis of pastoral social systems and the importance of water issues as part of a wider relationship between nature and society. The social embeddedness of water leads us to focus on the processes of ethnicity, which is used as a tool to analyze nomads’ incorporation in a national political order as well as their local strategies vis-à-vis the State. In this context, the involvement of international aid actors is examined, taking into account the history of NGO intervention and by locating development projects in a dynamic perspective of a material and symbolic negotiation. / « Antropologia politica della gestione dell’acqua in contestopastorale. Riconfigurazioni socioeconomiche ed identitarie presso i Garri del sud Etiopia traStato e ONG »Questa tesi analizza i processi di riconfigurazione sociale ed economica presso lepopolazioni pastorali nelle aree rurali del sud Etiopia, al confine con il Kenya. Le formed’organizzazione che regolano l'accesso all'acqua sono considerate come il principalestrumento per comprendere le dinamiche socio-culturali di queste regioni, evidenziando lerelazioni storiche e contemporanee tra le popolazioni locali, le autorità statali e leorganizzazioni internazionali dello sviluppo dell’aiuto umanitario.La nostra problematica é stata formulata analizzando, da un lato, i sistemi socialipastorali e, dall’altro lato, l’importanza della gestione dell’acqua e più in generale delrapporto tra natura e società nello studio di queste popolazioni. La complessità sociale dellarisorsa idrica ci porta a considerare il processo di costruzione delle identità etniche, l’interessedello stato etiope ad incorporare i nomadi nell'ordine politico nazionale e le strategie dicontrollo del territorio messe in atto dalla popolazione locale. In questo contesto, analizziamoil ruolo delle ONG e le dinamiche di negoziazione materiale e simbolica che hanno luogo nelquadro dei progetti di sviluppo.Se la gestione dei sistemi di irrigazione rappresenta il centro di interesse predominantenella letteratura antropologica sull’acqua, la gestione delle risorse idriche fornisce unaprospettiva di ricerca centrale per lo studio delle società pastorali. Il nostro punto di partenzaè la decostruzione della categoria analitica del « pastore nomade » per rendere conto deifattori economici, politici e socio-culturali in gioco nell’organizzazione dei sistemi sociali edelle pratiche di mobilità pastorali. A tal proposito mostriamo come gli stereotipi riguardol’irrazionalità ecologica della popolazioni pastorali hanno legittimato progetti di sviluppoagricolo e programmi di sedentarizzazione. Adottando un approccio simile a quello utilizzatoper la categoria di « pastore nomade », critichiamo un’idea dell’acqua come semplice risorsanaturale o come risorsa rara per analizzare il rapporto tra la gestione dell’acqua e ledinamiche più ampie di cambiamento sociale. In particolare, sviluppiamo l'analisi dell’acquacome operatore simbolico: a causa dell’associazione tra fattori socio-culturali e ambientalinell'organizzazione dell’accesso ai pozzi, l'acqua rappresenta una risorsa vitale per i pastori eper la riproduzione della comunità.

SOARES, Joisa Maria Barroso. Parque ecológico do Cocó: a produção do espaço urbano no entorno de áreas de proteção ambiental. 2005. 150 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente-Prodema, Fortaleza,CE, 2005. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-22T18:39:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_jmbsoares.pdf: 1196566 bytes, checksum: 6fe2cbf7c588b1ecd9b7bd32118eae16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-22T18:39:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_jmbsoares.pdf: 1196566 bytes, checksum: 6fe2cbf7c588b1ecd9b7bd32118eae16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-22T18:39:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_jmbsoares.pdf: 1196566 bytes, checksum: 6fe2cbf7c588b1ecd9b7bd32118eae16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / This work is related to the social and space development of Fortaleza, and analyzes the process of urban space production and appropriation in the environmental protected surrounding area, as a support for the evaluation of local parks projects. The research had as the object of study the surroundings of the Cocó Ecological Park, more specifically the areas of intersection of the natural and urban spaces, and the space developed into the areas of protection. The Park was analyzed according to political context in which it was implemented, considering the transformations happened in its surroundings in the last 15 years. The research method was based in the data collected by the following techniques: bibliographic research made for the theoretical foundation and for getting the historical urban development of Fortaleza; documental research and visits in the field, the last did in order to observe directly the urban space in the Park surroundings and identification of the main aggression and the vulnerable points; structured interviews with residents, aiming to collect information about the changes provoked by the implementation of the of the Cocó Ecological Park. Through the analysis of the data collected, it was possible to conclude that the sócio space inequalities are reproduced in different levels in Fortaleza. It was in the nature where could be verified the main impacts of the degradation and development. The configuration of the green areas of Fortaleza demonstrates the problems came from the punctual and unarticulated interventions. The Cocó river is part of a basin, but its relation with the other basin components is not considered by the public planning and management. This way, the urban areas advance on the river area and consequently on possible green spaces. This is what happens with the Cocó Ecological Park, where the green area disappears into the city. Isolated and valued in certain areas, the river “hides” the aggressions, stimulates pressures of the civil construction and real state market, and gets not part of the life of the communities in its surroundings, making the river and the swamp vulnerable. / Esta dissertação trata do desenvolvimento socioespacial de Fortaleza, procurando analisar o processo de produção e apropriação do espaço urbano no entorno de áreas de proteção ambiental, como respaldo para a avaliação de projetos de parques locais. A pesquisa teve como objeto de estudo o entorno do Parque Ecológico do Cocó, principalmente as áreas de interseção do espaço natural e a malha urbana e o espaço construído dentro das faixas de proteção. O Parque foi analisado segundo a conjuntura política em que foi implantado, observando-se nos últimos 15 anos as transformações ocorridas em seu entorno. O método de análise foi fundamentado a partir dos dados obtidos pelos seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: pesquisa bibliográfica realizada para elaboração da fundamentação teórica e resgate das bases histórica do desenvolvimento urbano de Fortaleza; pesquisa documental e visitas de campo, para observação direta do espaço urbano no entorno do Parque e identificação das agressões e dos pontos vulneráveis; entrevistas estruturadas com moradores objetivando recolher informações acerca das mudanças provocadas com a implantação do Parque Ecológico do Cocó. A partir da análise dos resultados da pesquisa conclui-se que a desigualdade socioespacial se reproduz em diferentes escalas na cidade de Fortaleza. É na natureza que se verificam os impactos da degradação e do desenvolvimento. A configuração das áreas verdes da Cidade demonstra as mazelas frutos de intervenções pontuais e desarticuladas. O rio Cocó faz parte de uma bacia, mas sua relação com os demais corpos hídricos não é considerada pelo planejamento e pela gestão pública. Desta forma o tecido urbano se impõe sobre os possíveis circuitos verdes. È assim com o Parque Ecológico do Cocó, cuja área verde desaparece em meio a Cidade. Isolado e valorizado em determinadas áreas, “esconde” as agressões, estimula as pressões do mercado imobiliário e não faz parte da vida das comunidades em seu entorno, tornando o rio e o mangue mais vulneráveis.

Le concept de « réseau écologique » souligne l'importance de la connectivité écologique entre différents espaces naturels. Produit des évolutions historiques des pratiques de conservation et des nouvelles découvertes scientifiques, ce concept propose une nouvelle manière d'appréhender la protection de la nature. De nombreuses initiatives de « réseaux écologiques » ont ainsi lieu à travers le monde, notamment dans les Alpes. Elles témoignent de cette nouvelle conception de la protection de la nature, qui dépasse la simple conservation d'espèces pour s'orienter vers la préservation de systèmes écologiques. L'application de ce concept est étudiée dans trois régions alpines en Allemagne, Suisse et France. Sur ces territoires, de nombreuses initiatives différentes viennent se superposer, engendrant des questionnements quant à la coordination et la coopération entre ces divers échelles, acteurs, actions et les objectifs qui en découlent. En plus de ses impacts purement écologiques, la démarche de réalisation de réseaux écologiques semble également offrir un potentiel particulier allant au-delà des objectifs liés à la protection de la nature. Ce sont également ces autres effets fortuits qui sont au cœur de la recherche : le potentiel mobilisateur de l'outil offrant des possibilités particulières de gouvernance territoriale, les liens existants et potentiels avec l'aménagement du territoire, et les nouvelles logiques d'acteurs. Le concept de réseaux écologiques est venu bouleverser les pratiques de protection de la nature entrainant des modifications de la perception de la nature par la société et transformant ainsi également la relation entre la société et la nature. / The concept of “ecological networks” emphasises the importance of ecological connectivity between different natural areas. As a result of the historical evolutions of nature conservation practices and new scientific evidence this concept provides a new approach to nature protection. Numerous initiatives of “ecological networks” exist worldwide and also in the Alps. They are evidence of this new conception of nature protection going beyond the conservation of single species aiming the protection of functioning ecosystems. The implementation of this concept is analysed in three alpine regions in Germany, Switzerland and France. In these regions various different initiatives are overlapping one another generating interrogations concerning the coordination and cooperation between the different scales, actors, actions and related aims. In addition to the pure ecological impacts the creation of ecological networks seems to offer a particular potential going beyond the general objectives related to nature protection. These additional casual effects are in the centre of this research: the potential of the tool to mobilise various categories of different actors, the particular possibilities of regional governance, the prospective and existing links with spatial planning. The concept of ecological networks has completely changed nature protection practice inducing modifications of the perception of nature by society and therefore of the relation between society and nature.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The relationship among nature and society is confrontational and can cause process of desertification in areas that, on the other hand, is complex and shows a dynamism that destabilize the balance of physical, biological, social and economic ways. Brazil, specifically brazilian northeast is formed by desertification nucleus, analyzed in their multiples and particular aspects, and, in Sergipe, the high backwoods from Sergipe represents the most susceptible area. The changes in the periodicity of climate seasonality, associated with the use and occupation of land, demonstrated the important manifestation related to desertification. In this sense, this thesis analyze the transformation in natural and anthropic that can originate nucleus of desertification. The method adopted to understand the object of the study was the systemic approach, aiming to obtain a geographic, integrated and dynamic view. Therefore, the following methodological procedures were used: bibliographic, documentary and field research. The social environmental changes that happened in the landscapes of high backwood of Sergipe in the decades of 1980, 1990 and 2000 showed advances of degradation and new ways of area appropriation. Thus, the results presented demonstrated that in the High backwoods of Sergipe happens the ecological desertification, mainly in the districts of Poço Redondo, Canindé de São Francisco and northwest of Porto da Folha, that demonstrated the expansion of exposed soils and detrital pavements of rock outcrops, increased furrows and ravines, biodiversity reduction, salinity, decrease in the flow of water sources and water deficit. In the districts of Monte Alegre Sergipe, Gararu, Nossa Senhora da Glória and Nossa Senhora de Lourdes, is less intense, but the non-use of suitable techniques can advance and become irreversible over time. There also that the advance of environmental degradation emerged since de 90’s, with the excessive to carry out agricultural actitivities, causing occasional spots of desertification that were evolving. The conjunction of the socio-environmental processes mentioned helped to identify the decline in agricultural production over time, having as direct noticed consequences in this thesis were: infertile soil, reduction of cultivable land, migration to urban areas, mainly the youngest, due to the lack of perspective of quality of life in the field and unemployment. / A relação sociedade-natureza é conflituosa e pode desencadear processos de desertificação nos espaços, que por sua vez, é complexa e apresenta um dinamismo que desestabiliza o equilíbrio dos meios físico, biológico e socioeconômico. O Brasil, especificamente o nordeste brasileiro, se constitui de núcleos de desertificação, analisados em seus múltiplos e particulares aspectos, e, em Sergipe, o Alto Sertão Sergipano representa a área mais susceptível. As alterações na periodicidade da sazonalidade climática, associadas ao uso e ocupação das terras, evidenciaram significativas manifestações relacionadas à desertificação. Nesse sentido, esta Tese analisa as transformações na composição natural e antrópica que podem originar núcleos de desertificação. O método adotado para compreensão do objeto de estudo foi a abordagem sistêmica, visando a obter uma visão geográfica, integralizada e dinâmica. Para tanto, foram utilizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. As alterações socioambientais que ocorreram nas paisagens do Alto Sertão de Sergipe nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000 revelaram avanços da degradação e novas formas de apropriação do espaço. Desse modo, os resultados apresentados evidenciaram que no Alto Sertão de Sergipe ocorre desertificação ecológica, principalmente nos municípios de Poço Redondo, Canindé de São Francisco e noroeste de Porto da Folha, que demonstraram expansão de solos expostos e pavimentos detríticos de afloramentos rochosos, aumento de sulcos e ravinas, redução da biodiversidade, salinidade, diminuição da vazão das fontes de água e déficit hídrico. Nos municípios de Monte Alegre de Sergipe, Gararu, Nossa Senhora da Glória e Nossa Senhora de Lourdes, é menos intenso, mas a não utilização de técnicas adequadas pode avançar e tornar irreversível ao longo do tempo. Verificou-se também que o avanço da degradação ambiental surgiu a partir dos anos 90, com o desmatamento excessivo para a realização das atividades agropecuárias, originando manchas pontuais de desertificação que foram evoluindo. A conjunção dos processos socioambientais citados contribuíram para identificar a diminuição da produção agrícola ao longo dos anos, tendo como consequências diretas observáveis: solo infértil; redução de terras cultiváveis; migração da população para a zona urbana, principalmente os mais jovens, devido à falta de perspectiva de qualidade de vida no campo e ao desemprego. / São Cristóvão, SE

Cette thèse présente les mutations d’une pratique sociale qui repose sur l’interaction directe avec l’environnement – la pêche, dans l’espace du delta du Danube, territoire doté d’une remarquable richesse écologique et engagé, après 1990, dans une double transition socio-économique et écologique qui implique une redéfinition radicale des pratiques d’appropriation des ressources naturelles. Caractérisée par une multiplication des acteurs, des savoirs et des actions, la création d’une Réserve de Biosphère du Delta du Danube met à l’épreuve l’existence même de la pratique de pêche et l’interaction des habitants avec les ressources désormais « naturelles » du delta. A travers une analyse des dispositifs de réglementation des droits de pêche expérimentés dans la Réserve au cours des 20 dernières années, cette thèse présente la dégradation de la pêche comme un espace d'incertitude où les « êtres de la pêche » : acteurs sociaux et poissons, sont redéfinis, expliqués, apprivoisés, mobilisés dans la définition de nouvelles formes d'interaction entre les acteurs sociaux et des ressources naturelles. Dans un contexte de persistance des pratiques de pêche illégales, les indicateurs utilisés dans la formulation des droits de pêche ont une faible capacité à faire évoluer les pratiques. L'approche développée dans cette thèse est clairement confrontée à la manière dominante de penser et de faire dans les politiques de conservation, orientées vers une plus grande rationalisation et la formulation de chaînes logiques entre des indicateurs, des droits et des résultats attendus. Nous montrons les limites de cette approche, qui devrait avoir comme préoccupation première de dépasser la distinction entre « ceux qui savent » et « ceux qui pêchent », en facilitant l’émergence des accords collectifs sur la définition des acteurs, des ressources et de leur état écologique. Nous montrons que dans le monde de la pêche artisanale, la réussite des dispositifs de gestion de la pêche dépend de leur capacité à prendre en considération les savoirs, les pratiques et les capacités critiques des acteurs locaux, développés au cours d’une longue appropriation des ressources. / In the last two decades, different fishing rights systems have been experimented in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve fisheries in order to orient natural resources exploitation practices towards the conservation of biodiversity. Overfishing is considered as one of the main threats to conservation in this ecologically fragile area, since 1989, when the communist productivist model was replaced by conservationist policies. Characterized by the multiplication of actors and knowledge production, the creation of the Biosphere Reserve of Danube Delta is challenging the continuity of fishing practices. Based on an analysis of the fishing rights systems experienced in the reserve, this work presents the degradation of fisheries as an area of uncertainty where social actors and fishing resources are redefined, explained, tamed and mobilized in the definition of new forms of ecological interactions between actors and resources. Indicators and proofs of sustainable fisheries are built on the ground, while experimenting different fishing rights systems. In a context of persisting illegal fishing practices and persistent controversies, fishing rights do not legitimate the introduction of more restrictive measures, and have a week capacity of changing practices. The approach developed in this thesis tries to go beyond the classical distinction between knowledge producers and nature users, by considering knowledge production, rights definition and social practices over nature as interconnected elements of the same process of nature appropriation. The perspective developed in this work is clearly confronted to the dominant way of thinking and doing in conservation policies, oriented towards a greater rationalization and the pre-formulation of a logical chain between measures, effects and outcomes. We show the limits of this approach, which should be primarily concerned by overcoming the distinction between "those who know" and "those who fish", facilitating the emergence of collective agreements on the definition of resources and their ecological status. We show that in the world of artisanal fisheries, the success of fisheries management incentives depends on their ability to take into account the diversity of knowledge, practices and critical capacities that local actors developed through resources appropriation practices.