Havs- och vattenmyndigheten har tagit fram föreskrifter om klassificering, miljökvalitetsnormer och bedömningsgrunder avseende ekologisk status av ytvatten där uran klassificeras som ett särskilt förorenade ämne. LKAB som är ett statligt ägt bolag som bedriver gruvverksamheter i Kiruna, Malmberget och Svappavaara har ålagt sig att utreda förekomsten av uran i sitt gruvvatten. Denna studie har sitt fokus på gruvverksamheten i Malmberget där höga koncentrationer av uran har upptäckts i gruvvattnet och källan till detta behöver utredas. Examensarbetet har utförts tillsammans med Luleå Tekniska Universitet och LKAB.  LKAB har utfört vattenprovtagningar i gruvvatten en gång under 2018, 2019 och 2021 varderna samt i bergborrade hål en gång under 2019 samt 2021. Proverna har analyserats efter metaller och isotoper. Gruvvattnet har generellt mycket högre uranhalter. Isotopkvoten 234U/238U har studerats för att spåra källan till uranet och resultaten visar ett flertal källor där fyra övergripande grupperingar kunde påvisas. Även data från borrkärnor har studerats för att jämföra spatiala variationer mellan vattenproverna och de fasta proverna från borrkärnorna. Hypotesen har varit att oxiderat yt- och grundvatten infiltrerar gruvan och lakar ut uran från mineralen uraninit, anhydrit, gips, titanit, apatit, monazit och stilbit. Hypotesen har varit baserad på den litteraturstudie som utförts samt tidigare studier i Malmberget.  Datatolkning inom varje grupp samt visualisering av data har utförts i ioGAS, Leapfrog, QGIS, PHREEQC, Geochemist Workbench och Excel. Resultaten indikerar att de höga koncentrationerna av uran är en följd av gruvverksamheten. Uranet mobiliseras av oxiderat vatten som infiltrerar gruvan från både inras-zoner och naturliga sprickbildningar och transporteras som karbonatkomplex. Projektet har även påvisat att uranförekomsterna i det Västra fältet av Malmberget troligtvis domineras av uraninit medan det Östra fältet troligtvis domineras även av anhydrit, gips och salter. Vidare har de högsta koncentrationerna av uran i berg lokaliserats i granit och pegmatit i samband med hydrotermala zoner i granitisk berggrund. Även malmen har genom SEM-analys påvisats innehålla uranmineral i inneslutningar i titanit. Resultatet har visat att kvoten 234U/238U kan användas som en indikator till olika källor av uran. För att visa vilka mineral som är dominerande och bidragande källor till de höga urankoncentrationerna i Malmbergets gruvvatten behöver mineralogin undersökas mer noggrant och i större omfattning.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, are a manufactured group of chemicals that have been found to be toxic to humans and the environment. Exposure to PFAS may include birth defects for infants as well as an increased risk of cancer.  Due to PFAS exceptional traits of repelling water and oil, it has commonly been used in products such as cleaning agents, clothing, and coating for furniture. Thus, PFAS reaches the environment through deposition on landfills containing residual as well as industrial waste. Another main source of contamination is aqueous firefighting foam (AFFF) which has led to areas where military and firefighters have been practicing commonly having a high concentration of PFAS in the soil and surrounding environment. PFAS has also been found to accumulate in wastewater treatment plants. It’s partly due to its water repelling traits that PFAS has been spread efficiently over the world and has been detected in remote areas, such as Greenland. Moreover, they are persistent as they don’t naturally degrade, which has led to them being referred to as “forever chemicals”.   As of today, the main products for adsorption of PFAS are activated carbon as well as ion exchange resins, with activated carbon being the most common. The drawbacks with activated carbons are that even though they have high adsorption capacity they are non-selective, meaning that it adsorbs many other particles as well as PFAS. They are also not very effective on short-chained PFAS. Ion exchange resins are considered more selective as well as better at adsorbing short-chain PFAS. Both active carbon and ion exchange resins are expensive and require regeneration, which can only be performed so many times before they have to be disposed of.  The objectives of this master thesis were to test three adsorbents for PFAS, study incineration of PFAS in an environment similar to Swedish incineration plants as well as perform a cost analysis that ranges from production to management of ashes. The adsorbents tested are called Granular peat (float adsorb), Iron peat, and PEI-GTMAC-Pinebark (PG-PB). A batch test was performed with wastewater containing 25 mg/L PFAS on L/S 10 and 100 for the granular peat and iron peat and on L/S 100 and 1 000 for PG-PB. After the batch test, the adsorbents were incinerated at 850°C and 1 100°C, and a TGA analysis was performed in order to detect if fluorine was released during the incineration of the adsorbents.  The adsorbents tested adsorbed considerably less PFAS than the commercially available activated carbon and ion exchange resins. Of the tested adsorbents, PG-PB was the most effective adsorbent followed by iron peat, which adsorbed around half the amount of PFAS compared to PG-PB. Peat adsorbed the least amount, which was around one-third of PG-PB. Metal analysis of the wastewater showed that it contained a considerable amount of sulfur as well as sodium among other metals. As PG-PB has previously been used as an adsorbent for sulfate, the low adsorption capacity for PFAS may be due to competition with other cations for adsorption surface on the adsorbents. However, the concentration of sulfur did not change after the batch test with adsorbents, which means that the reason for the low adsorption capacity is not that sulfur occupies the surface of the adsorbents. Other metals, especially the cations, might have an impact and did change during the batch test with the adsorbents, but due to not enough data, no conclusion could be drawn. During incineration of peat, 42.6 g/kg ash was produced at 850°C and 53.3 g/kg ashes were produced while incinerated at 1100°C. Meanwhile, iron peat produces slightly more ashes with 65 g/kg ashes produced at 850°C and 63.8 g/kg ash produced during incineration at 1100°C. Pine bark was estimated to produce around 7.4 kg/g of ashes based on available literature. No PFAS was detected in the ashes. The gas composition from the TGA suggests that PFAS are emitted as flue gas with water during heating of the adsorbent. However, as incineration plants in Sweden are preheated, no conclusion of the destruction/volatile escapee of PFAS in a real incineration plant can be drawn due to different conditions.

No description available.

No description available.

Increased urbanization leads to an increasing amount of impervious surfaces and a decrease ofthe natural hydrological function. Urban stormwater does thus risk to create high surface flows which could damage the receiving water bodies (e.g. erosion) or the urban area itself (flooding). Integrating more nature-based systems into the urban area increases the natural hydrological function and the risks for high surface flows are lowered. One way of implementing nature-based systems in the urban environment is to install green roofs. Most of the research and development done on green roofs have been focusing on the conditions of central Europe. Installing green roofs with the same vegetation in the subarctic climate of northern Sweden would expose it to a climate it might not be suited for, and growth would be limited. The vegetation helps increase the retaining and detaining capabilities of the green roofs and therefore the purpose of this thesis was to examine if planting native vegetation would help increase thegreen roofs performance in a subarctic climate. Conventional green roofs vegetated with sedum was hypothesized to have lessened retaining and detaining capabilities when placed in cold climates since the vegetation was exposed to a climate it probably was not suited for. It was examined whether planting more native vegetation could help increase green roofs performance. The vegetation was chosen based on Grime´s “universal adaptive strategy theory”, which describes competitors, stress tolerators and ruderals as three different vegetation groups with different survival strategies. Different species from each strategy were selected and planted on the roofs. There were five roofs per survival strategy and five roofs where all strategies were mixed. Conventional sedum vegetation was planted on five roofs to be able to compare green roofs performance. Five control roofs with substrate only and one reference roof made of steel were installed as well. In total, seven rainfall events were analyzed, and few significant differences could be found between the competitors, stress tolerators, ruderals and the vegetation mix. A conclusion is that stress tolerators may help to increase green roof performance the most, but due to the relatively short study period, continued measurements are recommended to draw further conclusions. The survival strategies did improve retention and detention relatively to using sedum vegetation and substrate only. The extent of vegetation coverage does not affect the retention or detention from the green roofs. The competitors, stress tolerators, ruderals and vegetation mix had larger plant mass than the sedum and the increased plant mass is probably the reason for their improved retention.

Sammanfattning Denna förstudie av en eventuell solcellsinstallation på Engelhardts fastigheter i Göteborg redogör vilken lönsamhet solcellsinstallationen innebär, hur mycket solel som kan produceras samt ger Engelhardt information angående kostnader, elproduktion och ekonomiskt stöd som förekommer med installationen. I rapportens bakgrund beskrivs solenergi, solceller, solcellssystem, stöd och bidrag i allmänhet medan resultat och diskussionsdelen jämförs olika leverantörer och deras nyckelfärdiga paket. Beroende på solcellspaketstorlek, dimensionering och modeller med två lutningar på taket jämfördes den förväntade elproduktion med hjälp av olika databaserade beräkningsprogram nämligen Solelekonomi 1,0 som utför beräkningar baserat på solinstrålningarna enligt SMHI2007och PVGIS som baseras på satellitdata och källor på solinstrålning till jordytan under referensperioden 1981–1990. För att beräkna återbetalningstiden har pay-back metoden används. För en budget på cirka 250 000 kr kan Engelhardt installera ett paket från Solexperten med 21,7kWp och en förväntad elproduktion på 20 900 kWh/år enligt PVGIS och 20 600 kWh/år enligt leverantören. Paketet innehåller 76 moduler av monokristallina solceller. Modulerna täcker en takyta på 125m² och ska riktas söder med en lutning mellan 10°-15° till beräkning användes den högst graden (15°). Den beräknade paybacktiden var 5,3 år med bidrag och 8,9 år utan bidrag och mellan 1,5–1,7 % av Engelhardts elförbrukning kommer att täckas av solcellsinstallationen. Med detta sagt så är inte fullständig elförsörjning med solel syftet med installation utan Engelhardt vill bidra till en hållbar utveckling och med installationen av solcellsanläggning är de på god väg.

I denna rapport belyses vilka särskilda förutsättningar som råder i glest befolkade kommuner, och mer specifikt fjällkommuner, när det kommer till insamling av bioavfall i form av matavfall och avloppsslam. Detta görs genom en fallstudie över Vilhelmina kommun som år 2019 är en av alla de kommuner som ännu inte infört separat insamling av matavfall. De särskilda förutsättningar som identifierats för avfallshantering i Vilhelmina kommun, och som kan antas likna de i många andra glest befolkade fjällkommuner, är de stora avstånden, de små avfallsmängderna, det vikande befolkningsunderlaget samt att insamlingen ska fungera i hårt väder och under långa kalla vintrar med mycket snö. Även turismen och fritidshusbebyggelsen i kommunen ger upphov till utmaningar vad gäller insamlingen av bioavfall. I rapporten jämförs befintliga system och metoder för insamling av matavfall och avloppsslam med avseende på miljömässig hållbarhet och praktisk tillämpbarhet i en glest befolkad kommun som Vilhelmina. De system för insamling av matavfall som berörs i denna rapport är system med separata kärl, flerfackskärl, optisk sortering, underjordsbehållare, sopsug, köksavfallskvarn till VA-nät och till tank, samt en ännu ej etablerad lösning i form av torrkonservering. För insamling av slam har heltömning, deltömning och tömning med slamavvattnande fordon undersökts. Efter genomgång av befintliga system för insamling av matavfall konstateras att inget av de i dagsläget etablerade systemen för insamling av matavfall är direkt lämpade för en glest befolkad fjällkommun som Vilhelmina kommun. Samtliga system har fördelar men också många nackdelar, ofta relaterade till dyra investeringar och de stora avstånd som råder i glest befolkade kommuner. Rapporten innehåller även en undersökning av möjligheterna till mellankommunala samarbeten mellan kommunerna i Västerbottens fjäll och inland när det kommer till hantering av bioavfall. Samtliga kommuner i Västerbottens inland och fjäll konstateras ha en positiv inställning till mellankommunala samarbeten kring bioavfallshantering och möjligheterna till sådana samarbeten är goda då förutsättningar och nuvarande hantering liknar varandra i de olika kommunerna. Genom mellankommunala samarbeten kan kommunerna klara investeringar i system och metoder för insamling av bioavfall som de ensamma inte kan finansiera. Rapporten utgör även underlag inför framtida förändringar av nuvarande insamling i Vilhelmina kommun då den innehåller en kartläggning av avfallsflöden och avfallsmängder.

What a company offers its customers has to fulfil several different needs, desires, constraints, which can originate from multiple different sources that affect the offering throughout its life cycle. All these criteria have to come together and be translated into statements that can support the designer’s understanding of the offering’s purpose. This translation is done through a requirements development process to provide a controlled process to define statements that describe what the offering is supposed to fulfil. This research provides insights on key challenges and success factors in requirements development to support the design of effective and resource-efficient offerings. Namely, it identifies crucial sources and aspects to be considered, and a requirements development process demonstrating how to overcome identified challenges. By getting the requirements right from the beginning, sub-optimisation and unnecessary time and risks can be avoided. The consideration of accurate sources and aspects is considered to be one of the most important factors for the successful design of offerings. It is also in the earliest phases of design, that is to say requirements development, where one has the greatest possibility to affect the environmental impact of the offering. What is missing, however, is sufficient and appropriate support in industry on how to do so. The gap between the three areas of effectiveness and resource efficiency, design of integrated offerings, and requirements development has been investigated. Results are based on findings in the literature and in industry, identified primarily by qualitative studies. In the research, 15 different companies have been included through a number of interviews and discussions. Key sources and aspects to consider in the requirements development process are identified along with challenges, and success factors that can be utilised to overcome the identified challenges. This research’s final results include an adapted requirements development process that considers the earlier-mentioned sources and aspect, challenges, and success factors. Such a requirements development process should support the design of effective and resource-efficient offerings. / <p>The series name given in the fulltext: <em>Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Licentiate Thesis</em> is incorrect. The correct series name is: <em>Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Thesis</em></p>

Hälsinge Lantkök AB ”Hälsingestintan” grundades 1999, med en vision att sälja kvalitétskött till konsumenterna. Under 2014 valde företaget att ta ännu ett steg i den riktningen, genom att starta ett mobilt slakteri. Det mobila slakteriet ska åka runt i Sverige för att slakta nötkreatur direkt på gårdarna. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka relevanta styrmedel och behandlingstekniker för Hälsingestintans mobila slakteri. Målen har bland annat varit att beskriva slaktprocessen; identifiera, beskriva och analysera relevanta styrmedel samt att identifiera, inventera och beskriva olika behandlingstekniker för slaktavfallet. Denna rapport är en kvalitativ litteraturundersökning av ett mobilt slakteri och skrivs som examensarbete för Miljöteknikprogrammet – vatten, återvinning, på Högskolan i Gävle under våren 2015. De huvudsakliga informationskällorna för studien har vetenskapliga artiklar och rapporter, lagar, förordningar och föreskrifter på nationell nivå och inom EU samt studiebesök och intervjuer med personal inom Hälsingestintan, Konvex AB och Eskilstuna Energi &amp; Miljö. Studien har bland annat tolkat ABP-förordningen, direktivet om avfall, miljöbalken, djurskyddslagen, djurskyddsförordningen samt ett flertal av Jordbruksverkets föreskrifter. Bland dessa styrmedel anses ABP-förordningen, miljöbalken och Jordbruksverkets föreskrifter vara mest relevanta för Hälsingestintans organisation. De olika behandlingstekniker som undersöks i studien är främst förbränning och rötning, men kort information om miljödiesel och cementtillverkning har också beskrivits. Kostnaderna för förbränning och rötning har också undersökts. Utifrån resultatet av behandlingsteknikerna och styrmedel anses det vara bäst om Hälsingestintan har tre separata insamlingssystem för avfallet istället för två som de har i dagsläget. På så sätt klättrar de högre upp på avfallshierarkin, minskar sin miljöpåverkan från avfallet och arbetar mer hållbart utifrån miljöbalkens hänsynsregler. / Hälsinge Lantkök AB “Hälsingestintan” was founded in 1999 with a vision to sell high quality meat to consumers. In 2014 the company decided to take another step in that direction by launching a mobile abattoir. The mobile abattoir will travel around in Sweden slaughtering cattle directly on the farms. The purpose of this study has been to examine laws and regulations and treatment techniques for Hälsingestintans mobile abattoir. The goals of this study are to describe the process of the abattoir; identify, describe and analyse laws and regulations and identify and describe different waste treatment techniques options. This study is a qualitative literature study of a mobile abattoir and is written as a thesis for the study programme Environmental Engineering – water, recycling, at the University of Gävle during the spring of 2015. The main sources of information for this study have been scientific articles and reports, laws, ordinances and regulations in Sweden and the EU. There have also been field visits and interviews with staff in the companies Hälsingestintan, Konvex AB and Eskilstuna Energi &amp; Miljö. The study has, among other things, interpreted the ordinance of animal by-products, Waste Directive, the Swedish Environmental Code, The Animal Protection act, The Animal Protection ordinance and regulations from the Swedish Board of Agriculture. The ordinance of animal by-products, the Swedish Environmental Code and regulations from the Swedish Board of Agricultre are found to be most relevant for Hälsingestintans organization. Different treatment techniques such as incineration and anaerobic digestion has been processed in this study. Brief information about environmental diesel, Biomax, and production of cement has also been described. The cost of incineration and anaerobic digestion has also been investigated. Based on the results of the treatment techniques and instruments Hälsingestintan should have three separate bins for waste disposal instead of two, which they have today. This will make them climb higher up in the waste hierarchy, reduce their environmental impact from their waste management and work more sustainably on the basis of the Swedish Environmental Code.

The study was made at Lubigi sewage treatment plant in Kampala, Uganda, during February and March 2018. The aim of this master thesis was to treat faecal sludge with two different methods, urea and lime, to investigate the efficiency of the chemicals to inactivate pathogens and to estimate the feasibility and the costs of the treatment. The chemical treatments were performed on sludge of two different moisture contents. The results from the treated sludge were compared with an untreated drying bed filled at the start of the study period to use as a control. The investigated pathogens were E. coli, bacteriophages and Ascaris eggs. The total solids and volatile solids were analysed, and the pH was measured. The results of the study including a calculation of costs were used to assess the feasibility of these treatment methods at Lubigi sewage treatment plant. The results show that the treatment using lime and urea reduces the level of active pathogens in the faecal sludge. The drying process in the beds at the treatment plant also decreases the level of detected pathogens in the sludge, but not to the same extent as when adding chemicals. The E. coli in the treated sludge were under the detection limit before the study period was done. Ascaris eggs were still detected in the sludge by the final sampling occasion. Further monitoring of the treated sludge might show an additional decrease of Ascaris since the time of storage after treatment enables pathogen die-off. The bacteriophages analyses only succeeded for two sampling occasions, although a decrease of detected phages is visible in the results. Again, the time of storage is significant for pathogen reduction, which is why a decrease of bacteriophages is expected if the sludge were to be further monitored. The feasibility of the two treatment methods is mainly restricted by costs. Lime treatment is approximately seven times more expensive than urea treatment and is also required in a larger amount to treat the sludge. On the other hand, using lime to treat faecal sludge is a proven and effective method. Further studies would improve the knowledge of the sludge characteristics at Lubigi and help determine the most preferable treatment for the sludge to protect the environment and public health. For example, by focusing on one treatment method, more detailed information can be gathered, and if performing a study in a larger scale, the representativeness would increase. To make sure there is no risk of spreading pathogens to the environment, further analyses should be carried out directly before selling the sludge to farmers.