Au laboratoire comme sur le terrain, le choix de la cadence lors de l’exercice de pédalage est un élément important dans la réalisation d’un exercice. De nombreux travaux ont porté sur l’effet de la cadence de pédalage sur différents aspects tels que la performance, les paramètres cardiorespiratoires, la participation du métabolisme « anaérobie » et le recrutement musculaire. Cependant, très peu de travaux ont étudié l’effet de la cadence de pédalage sur la disponibilité et l’utilisation d’O2 au niveau musculaire et cérébral. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de comprendre les effets de la cadence de pédalage sur la disponibilité en O2 ainsi que l’utilisation d’O2 au niveau musculaire et cérébral. Le but de nos trois plans expérimentaux était d’étudier d’une part l’effet de la cadence de pédalage sur l’hétérogénéité de la déoxygénation musculaire lors de l’exercice modéré et d’autre part l’effet de la cadence sur l’oxygénation musculaire et cérébrale et sur la performance lors de l’exercice intense chez des sujets non entraînés ainsi que chez des sujets entraînés à l’endurance.Ce travail nous a permis de montrer que, lors de l’exercice d’intensité modérée, V ̇O2 de l’organisme entier et l’hétérogénéité de la déoxygénation musculaire étaient plus élevées à cadence élevée qu’à cadence faible, bien que la déoxygénation n’était pas modifiée par la cadence de pédalage chez les sujets non entraînés à l’endurance. D’autre part, lors de l’exercice intense mené jusqu’à l’épuisement, la performance était améliorée à 40 rpm par rapport à 100 rpm chez les sujets non entraînés tandis qu’aucune différence significative n’était observée entre les deux cadences chez les triathlètes. De plus, l’extraction d’O2 au niveau du vastus lateralis était dépendante de la cadence de pédalage chez les sujets non entraînés mais ne l’était pas chez les sujets entraînés à l’endurance. Enfin, nous avons observé un effet de la cadence de pédalage sur l’oxygénation cérébrale et en particulier une possible élévation de la disponibilité en O2 au niveau cérébral à faible cadence de pédalage chez les deux populations. Pour conclure, ce travail nous a permis de mettre en évidence des différences liées à l’aptitude aérobie des sujets et à l’intensité de l’exercice dans les réponses de l’oxygénation cérébrale et musculaire et de la performance lors d’exercices effectués à différentes cadences. / Choosing the pedalling cadence during the cycling exercise, in the laboratory as well as on the field, is a crucial element in fulfilling an exercise. Many studies have examined the effect of pedal cadence on various aspects such as performance, cardiorespiratory parameters, the participation of the “anaerobic” metabolism and muscle recruitment. However, few studies have investigated the effect of pedal cadence on the O2 availability and its utilization in the muscle as well as in the brain. This is why the main objective of this thesis was to understand this subject which is underdeveloped. The aim of our three experimental procedures was on one hand to study the effect of pedal cadence on the heterogeneity of the muscle’s deoxygenation during moderate exercise. On the other hand, to study the effects of pedal cadence on muscle and cerebral oxygenation and also on the performance during heavy exercise in untrained subjects, as well as in endurance-trained subjects.This work allows us to show that at moderate-intensity exercise, whole body V ̇O2 and the heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation were higher at high cadence than at a lower one, even if the deoxygenation was not altered by the pedalling cadence in non-endurance-trained subjects. On the other hand, during intense exercise performed until exhaustion, the performance improved at 40 rpm than at 100 rpm in untrained subjects, while no significant difference was observed between the two cadences among triathletes. In addition, the O2 extraction in the vastus lateralis depended on the pedal cadence in untrained subjects and the opposite in endurance-trained subjects. Finally, we observed an effect of pedal cadence on cerebral oxygenation and in particular a possible rise in the availability of O2 in the brain on a lower cadence in both population levels. In conclusion, this work has allowed us to highlight the differences in the aerobic fitness of the subjects and in the intensity of the exercise in brain and muscle oxygenation responses and performance during exercises performed at different cadences.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:15206012 研究代表者:後藤 俊夫 研究期間:2003-2004年度

Pour la plupart des gens, la lecture est une activité automatique, inhérente à leur vie quotidienne et ne demandant que peu d’effort. Chez les individus souffrant d’épilepsie réflexe à la lecture, le simple fait de lire déclenche des crises épileptiques et les personnes doivent alors renoncer à la lecture. Les facteurs responsables du déclenchement de l’activité épileptique dans l’épilepsie réflexe à la lecture demeurent encore mal définis. Certains auteurs suggèrent que le nombre ainsi que la localisation des pointes épileptiques seraient en lien avec la voie de lecture impliquée. Des études en imagerie cérébrale, menées auprès de populations sans trouble neurologique, ont dévoilé que la lecture active un réseau étendu incluant les cortex frontaux, temporo-pariétaux et occipito-temporaux bilatéralement avec des différences dans les patrons d’activation pour les voies de lecture lexicale et phonologique. La majorité des études ont eu recours à des tâches de lecture silencieuse qui ne permettent pas d'évaluer la performance des participants. Dans la première étude de cette thèse, qui porte sur une étude de cas d'un patient avec épilepsie réflexe à la lecture, nous avons déterminé les tâches langagières et les caractéristiques des stimuli qui influencent l'activité épileptique. Les résultats ont confirmé que la lecture était la principale tâche responsable du déclenchement de l’activité épileptique chez ce patient. En particulier, la fréquence des pointes épileptiques était significativement plus élevée lorsque le patient avait recours au processus de conversion grapho-phonémique. Les enregistrements électroencéphalographiques (EEG) ont révélé que les pointes épileptiques étaient localisées dans le gyrus précentral gauche, indépendamment de la voie de lecture. La seconde étude avait comme objectif de valider un protocole de lecture à voix haute ayant recours à la spectroscopie près du spectre de l’infrarouge (SPIR) pour investiguer les circuits neuronaux qui sous-tendent la lecture chez les normo-lecteurs. Douze participants neurologiquement sains ont lu à voix haute des mots irréguliers et des non-mots lors d’enregistrements en SPIR. Les résultats ont montré que la lecture des deux types de stimuli impliquait des régions cérébrales bilatérales communes incluant le gyrus frontal inférieur, le gyrus prémoteur et moteur, le cortex somatosensoriel associatif, le gyrus temporal moyen et supérieur, le gyrus supramarginal, le gyrus angulaire et le cortex visuel. Les concentrations totales d’hémoglobine (HbT) dans les gyri frontaux inférieurs bilatéraux étaient plus élevées dans la lecture des non-mots que dans celle des mots irréguliers. Ce résultat suggère que le gyrus frontal inférieur joue un rôle dans la conversion grapho-phonémique, qui caractérise la voie de lecture phonologique. Cette étude a confirmé le potentiel de la SPIR pour l’investigation des corrélats neuronaux des deux voies de lecture. Une des retombées importantes de cette thèse consiste en l’utilisation du protocole de lecture en SPIR pour investiguer les troubles de la lecture. Ces investigations pourraient aider à mieux établir les liens entre le fonctionnement cérébral et la lecture dans les dyslexies développementales et acquises. / For most people, reading is a smooth, automatic activity that is part of their everyday life. For individuals suffering from reflex reading epilepsy, this simple activity triggers seizures and these individuals have no other alternatives than to stop reading. The factors responsible for triggering epileptic activity in reflex reading epilepsy remain unspecified. Some authors suggest that the number and the localization of spikes would vary according to the reading pathway. Cerebral imaging studies conducted in populations without neurological disorders have revealed that reading involves an extensive cerebral network including the frontal, temporo-parietal and occipito-temporal regions bilaterally, with differences in activation patterns for the lexical and the phonological reading pathways. Most studies have resorted to silent reading tasks that do not allow researchers to assess the performance of the participants. In the first study in this dissertation, we determined the language tasks and characteristics of the stimuli that influenced epileptic activity in a patient with primary reading epilepsy. The results confirmed that reading was the language task responsible for triggering most of the epileptic activity in this patient. More specifically, spike frequency was significantly higher when the patient read the stimuli by resorting to the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanisms. The electroencephalography (EEG) recordings revealed that spikes were located in the left precentral gyrus for both reading pathways. The second study aimed at developing and validating a protocol using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to investigate the neural correlates of reading aloud in competent readers. Twelve adults without reading impairments or neurological disorders read aloud irregular words and nonwords during NIRS recordings. The results showed that irregular word and nonword reading involved common bilateral cerebral regions that included the inferior frontal gyrus, the premotor and motor gyri, the somatosensory supplementary cortex, the middle and superior temporal gyri, the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and the visual cortex. The total hemoglobin concentrations (HbT) measured in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri were higher when participants read nonwords than when they read irregular words. This finding indicates that the inferior frontal gyri play a role in the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion mechanism, mostly involved in the phonological reading pathway. This study confirms the potential of NIRS in investigating the neural correlates of the two reading pathways. A significant outcome of this dissertation is that NIRS constitutes an excellent technique in studying reading aloud. Further NIRS investigations in reading should help determine the neural correlates of reading in children and adults with developmental and acquired dyslexia.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Contexte L’américanisation des habitudes de vie, notamment de l’alimentation, semble être en grande partie responsable de l’augmentation incessante de l’incidence élevée des maladies cardiovasculaires. La période postprandiale, où l’homéostasie vasculaire et métabolique est mise à l’épreuve, est d’une importance considérable dans le développement ou la prévention de l’athérosclérose et représente maintenant la majeure partie du temps d’éveil. La compréhension de l’influence de la composition d’un repas sur son impact postprandial est donc essentielle dans notre lutte dans la prévention de ces maladies. Objectifs L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche était d’étudier les réponses endothéliale et métabolique à un repas de type méditerranéen mixte (MMM), puisqu’elles sont inconnues. Ce projet avait aussi pour objectifs d’évaluer l’impact microvasculaire d’un tel repas et de caractériser la composition postprandiale des acides gras plasmatiques. À titre comparatif, ces éléments ont aussi été étudiés suite à un repas riche en gras saturés (HSFAM). Méthodes Vingt-huit (28) hommes sains, exempts de facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires ont reçu de façon randomisée les deux repas à l’étude. Le MMM, composé de saumon frais et de légumes cuits dans l'huile d'olive, contenait 7.87g de SFA et 2.29g d’acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3, tandis que le HSFAM, composé d'un sandwich déjeuner avec œuf, saucisse et fromage, contenait 14.78g de SFA. Les mesures de la fonction endothéliale mesurée par échographie brachiale (FMD), de la fonction microvasculaire mesurée par spectroscopie proche de l’infrarouge (NIRS) et de la composition des acides gras plasmatique ont été effectuées à jeun et en période postprandiale. Résultats Deux sous-groupes de répondeurs aux repas à l’étude se sont dégagés de ces travaux. Un premier sous-groupe de sujets ayant une triglycéridémie à jeun élevée, mais normale (hnTG) a démontré des altérations endothéliales seulement suivant le repas HSFAM. Un second sous-groupe de sujets ayant une triglycéridémie plus faible et normale (lnTG) n’a quant à lui pas subi d’altérations endothéliales suivant les deux repas à l’étude. Les sujets hnTG ont aussi démontré une charge triglycéridémique postprandiale (iAUC) plus importante et qui était de surcroît enrichie en acide stéarique suivant la HSFAM et en acide gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 suivant le MMM. L’évaluation par NIRS de la fonction microvasculaire nous révèle un ralentissement de la réoxygénation post-ischémique qui suggère une altération postprandiale du recrutement capillaire chez les sujets hnTG seulement. De telles altérations, qui semblent être plus importantes suivant le HSFAM, pourraient être en partie responsables de l’impact endothélial de ce repas. Conclusions Cet essai clinique démontre donc de façon novatrice qu’un repas MMM n’a pas d’effet endothélial délétère et que cette neutralité est indépendante de la triglycéridémie à jeun. De plus, une triglycéridémie à jeun élevée mais normale semble indiquer des dysfonctions endothéliales et métaboliques à des épreuves nutritionnelles tel un repas HSFAM. La consommation de repas méditerranéens par des individus sains à la triglycéridémie marginale serait bénéfique, peut-être même davantage que pour des individus de triglycéridémie plus faible, dans la prévention de l’athérogénèse et des maladies cardiovasculaires. / Background The Westernization of lifestyles, notably dietary habits, seems to be largely responsible for the ongoing increase of incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The postprandial period, where vascular and metabolic homeostatic regulating processes are under pressure, is of considerable importance in the development or prevention of atherosclerosis and now represents the majority of waking hours. The understanding of the postprandial effects of meals of varying composition is therefore essential in our effort to prevent such diseases. Objectives The main objective of this research project was to study the endothelial and metabolic responses to a mixed Mediterranean meal (MMM), since they are unknown. This project also aimed to evaluate the microvascular impact of such a meal and to characterize the composition of postprandial plasma fatty acids. These elements were also evaluated following a saturated fatty meal (HSFAM) for comparison. Methods Twenty-eight (28) healthy men free of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors were randomly assigned one of two test meals. The MMM, consisting of fresh salmon and vegetables cooked in olive oil, contained 7.87g of SFA and 2.29g of omega- 3 fatty acids, while the HSFAM, consisting of a breakfast sandwich with egg, sausage and cheese contained 14.78g of SFA. Evaluations of endothelial function by brachial ultrasound (FMD), of microvascular function by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and of plasma fatty acids composition were done in the fasted and postprandial states. Results Two subgroups of responders to the test meals emerged from this work. A first subgroup of subjects with high-normal fasting triglyceridemia (hnTG) experienced impairments of endothelial function following the HSFAM while a second subgroup of subjects with low-normal triglyceridemia (lnTG) did not experience any endothelial alterations following this meal. Interestingly, the MMM had no deleterious endothelial impact in any of those subgroups. Moreover, the hnTG subjects demonstrated greater postprandial triglyceridemic load (iAUC) that was in addition enriched with stearic acid after HSFAM and omega-3 PUFA following the MMM. Assessment of microvascular function revealed postprandial prolongation of post-ischemic reoxygenation only in hnTG subjects suggestive of alterations of capillary recruitment. These changes, which seemed to be more important after the HSFAM, could be partly responsible for its negative impact on FMD. Conclusions This clinical trial demonstrates in innovative ways that a MMM has no deleterious effects on endothelial function irrespective of triglyceridemia in normal ranges. In addition, high but normal fasting triglyceride levels suggest metabolic and endothelial dysfunctions following nutritional challenges such as a HSFAM. Consumption of Mediterranean meals by healthy individuals with marginal triglyceride levels would be beneficial, perhaps even more so than for individuals with lower triglyceride levels, in preventing atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases.

Este trabalho de pesquisa descreve três estudos de utilização de métodos quimiométricos para a classificação e caracterização de óleos comestíveis vegetais e seus parâmetros de qualidade através das técnicas de espectrometria de absorção molecular no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier e de espectrometria no infravermelho próximo, e o monitoramento da qualidade e estabilidade oxidativa do iogurte usando espectrometria de fluorescência molecular. O primeiro e segundo estudos visam à classificação e caracterização de parâmetros de qualidade de óleos comestíveis vegetais utilizando espectrometria no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier (FT-MIR) e no infravermelho próximo (NIR). O algoritmo de Kennard-Stone foi usado para a seleção do conjunto de validação após análise de componentes principais (PCA). A discriminação entre os óleos de canola, girassol, milho e soja foi investigada usando SVM-DA, SIMCA e PLS-DA. A predição dos parâmetros de qualidade, índice de refração e densidade relativa dos óleos, foi investigada usando os métodos de calibração multivariada dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), iPLS e SVM para os dados de FT-MIR e NIR. Vários tipos de pré-processamentos, primeira derivada, correção do sinal multiplicativo (MSC), dados centrados na média, correção do sinal ortogonal (OSC) e variação normal padrão (SNV) foram utilizados, usando a raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático de validação cruzada (RMSECV) e de predição (RMSEP) como parâmetros de avaliação. A metodologia desenvolvida para determinação de índice de refração e densidade relativa e classificação dos óleos vegetais é rápida e direta. O terceiro estudo visa à avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa e qualidade do iogurte armazenado a 4C submetido à luz direta e mantido no escuro, usando a análise dos fatores paralelos (PARAFAC) na luminescência exibida por três fluoróforos presentes no iogurte, onde pelo menos um deles está fortemente relacionado com as condições de armazenamento. O sinal fluorescente foi identificado pelo espectro de emissão e excitação das substâncias fluorescentes puras, que foram sugeridas serem vitamina A, triptofano e riboflavina. Modelos de regressão baseados nos escores do PARAFAC para a riboflavina foram desenvolvidos usando os escores obtidos no primeiro dia como variável dependente e os escores obtidos durante o armazenamento como variável independente. Foi visível o decaimento da curva analítica com o decurso do tempo da experimentação. Portanto, o teor de riboflavina pode ser considerado um bom indicador para a estabilidade do iogurte. Assim, é possível concluir que a espectroscopia de fluorescência combinada com métodos quimiométricos é um método rápido para monitorar a estabilidade oxidativa e a qualidade do iogurte / This research work describes three studies of chemometric methods employed for the classification and characterization of edible oils and its quality parameters through Fourier Transform mid infrared spectroscopy and near infrared spectroscopy, and for the monitoring the oxidative stability and quality of yogurt using fluorescence spectroscopy . The first and second studies aimed the classification and characterization of edible oil and its quality parameters using Fourier Transform mid infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measurements, respectively. Kennard-Stone algorithm was used for selecting the training set, after a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The discrimination of canola oils from sunflower, corn and soybean was investigated using SVM-DA, SIMCA and PLS-DA. The quality parameters refraction index and relative density of edible oil was investigated using partial least squares (PLS), iPLS, LS- SVM multivariate calibration of FT-MIR and NIR data were evaluated. Several preprocessing alternatives (first derivative, multiplicative scatter correction, mean centering, orthogonal signal correction and standard normal variate) were investigated by using the root mean square error of validation cross validation (RMSECV) and prediction (RMSEP), as control parameters. In fact, the methodology developed is proposed for direct relative density and refraction index in edible oils and their classification, requiring a few minutes per sample without any previous treatment. The third study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stability and quality of yogurt stored at 40C with light or dark using the combined parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. PARAFAC analysis of the fluorescence landscapes exhibited three fluorophores present in the yogurt, where, at least one of them was strongly related to the storage conditions. The fluorescence signal was resolved into excitation and emission profiles of the pure fluorescent compounds, which are suggested to be vitamin A, tryptophan and riboflavin. Regression model based on PARAFAC scores for riboflavin were built using the scores obtained in the first day as dependent variable and the scores obtained during the storage as independent variable. It was clear demonstrated that the slope of the analytical curve has become smaller throughout the experiment. Therefore, riboflavin level could be considered a good indicator for the yogurt stability. Thus, it is concluded that fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics has a potential as a fast method for monitoring the oxidative stability and quality of yogurt

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-12685a.pdf: 1258050 bytes, checksum: 53b17db1fdfbd3e4583d4358e7515aed (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 Publico-12685a.pdf: 1258050 bytes, checksum: 53b17db1fdfbd3e4583d4358e7515aed (MD5) Publico-12685b.pdf: 2009901 bytes, checksum: 92f9b67aa48fc3b5890595ab949a78a4 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 3 Publico-12685a.pdf: 1258050 bytes, checksum: 53b17db1fdfbd3e4583d4358e7515aed (MD5) Publico-12685b.pdf: 2009901 bytes, checksum: 92f9b67aa48fc3b5890595ab949a78a4 (MD5) Publico-12685c.pdf: 2013198 bytes, checksum: 64df6a7e1d8d760785004ef7cb8107b9 (MD5) / Na insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) o comprometimento do fluxo sanguineo muscular na transicao do exercicio leve para o intenso pode reduzir temporariamente a pressao microvascular de O2 e diminuir a oferta de O2 do capilar para a mitocondria. No entanto, os avancos no tratamento medicamentoso da IC (por exemplo, os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e ƒÀ-bloqueadores de terceira geracao) poderiam ter melhorado a oferta microvascular de O2 a um ponto em que a lentidao da maquinaria metabolica intramuscular passaria a ser o fator limitante da resposta cinetica do consumo de oxigenio ( O2). O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a relacao dinamica entre oferta e utilizacao microvascular de O2 na transicao do exercicio leve (sem carga) para o intenso, em portadores de IC com tratamento otimizado e nao treinados, comparado a um grupo controle de individuos saudaveis. Foram incluidos 10 pacientes com IC com tratamento clinico otimizado (fracao de ejecao = 29 } 8%) e 11 controles pareados por idade. Avaliou-se as respostas cineticas da captacao pulmonar de O2 ( O2p), da extracao tissular de O2 no musculo vasto lateral, como estimada pela variacao na concentracao relativa de deoxihemoglobina + mioglobina (~ƒ¢[deoxi-Hb+Mb]), mensurada pelo metodo de espectroscopia de raios quasi-infravermelhos (NIRS) e do debito cardiaco (DC), durante exercicio de alta intensidade ate o limite de tolerancia (Tlim). A cinetica da O2p e do DC foram mais lentas nos pacientes com IC em comparacao aos controles e correlacionaram-se significativamente com menores valores de Tlim (P = 0,05). A cinetica total da ƒ¢[deoxi-Hb+Mb] foi mais rapida nos pacientes do que nos controles (tempo medio de resposta (MRT) = 15,9 } 2,0 s vs. 19,0 } 2,9 s; P = 0,05), com uma resposta de "overshoot" presente apenas nos pacientes (7/10). Alem disso, a razao t O2p/MRT-ƒ¢[deoxi-Hb+Mb] foi maior nos pacientes (4,69 } 1,42 s vs. 2,25 } 0,77 s; P < 0,05) e correlacionou-se com a cinetica do DC e o Tlim (R = 0,89 e 0,78, respectivamente; P = 0,01). Conclui-se que apesar dos avancos no tratamento medicamentoso da IC, os disturbios nos ajustes circulatorios "centrais" e "perifericos" continuam a desempenhar um papel proeminente na limitacao da cinetica da O2p e tolerancia a exercicio de alta intensidade em pacientes nao treinados com IC. / Impaired muscle blood flow at the onset of heavy-intensity exercise may transiently reduce microvascular O2 pressure and decrease the rate of O2 transfer from capillary to mitochondria in chronic heart failure (CHF). However, advances in the pharmacological treatment of CHF (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and third generation of â-blockers) may have improved microvascular O2 delivery to an extent that intramyocyte metabolic inertia might become the main locus of limitation of O2 uptake ( O2) kinetics. We included 10 optimally treated sedentary patients (ejection fraction = 29 ± 8%) and 11 age-matched controls. We assessed the rate of change of pulmonary O2 ( O2p), tissue O2 extraction in the vastus lateralis estimated by concentration of deoxy-hemoglobin+myoglobin (~Ä[deoxy-Hb+Mb]) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and cardiac output ( T) during highintensity exercise performed to the limit of tolerance (Tlim). Sluggish O2p and T kinetics in patients were significantly related to lower Tlim values (P = 0.05). The dynamics of Ä[deoxy-Hb+Mb] were faster in patients than controls (mean response time (MRT) = 15.9 ± 2.0 s vs. 19.0 ± 2.9 s; P = 0.05) with a subsequent response “overshoot” being found only in patients (7/10). Moreover, t O2p/MRT-Ä[deoxy- Hb+Mb] ratio was greater in patients (4.69 ± 1.42 s vs. 2.25 ± 0.77 s; P = 0.05) and related to T kinetics and Tlim (R = 0.89 and 0.78, respectively; P = 0.01). We conclude that despite the advances in the pharmacological treatment of CHF, disturbances in “central” and “peripheral” circulatory adjustments still play a prominent role in limiting O2p kinetics and tolerance to heavy-intensity exercise in nontrained patients. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Este trabalho de pesquisa descreve três estudos de utilização de métodos quimiométricos para a classificação e caracterização de óleos comestíveis vegetais e seus parâmetros de qualidade através das técnicas de espectrometria de absorção molecular no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier e de espectrometria no infravermelho próximo, e o monitoramento da qualidade e estabilidade oxidativa do iogurte usando espectrometria de fluorescência molecular. O primeiro e segundo estudos visam à classificação e caracterização de parâmetros de qualidade de óleos comestíveis vegetais utilizando espectrometria no infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier (FT-MIR) e no infravermelho próximo (NIR). O algoritmo de Kennard-Stone foi usado para a seleção do conjunto de validação após análise de componentes principais (PCA). A discriminação entre os óleos de canola, girassol, milho e soja foi investigada usando SVM-DA, SIMCA e PLS-DA. A predição dos parâmetros de qualidade, índice de refração e densidade relativa dos óleos, foi investigada usando os métodos de calibração multivariada dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS), iPLS e SVM para os dados de FT-MIR e NIR. Vários tipos de pré-processamentos, primeira derivada, correção do sinal multiplicativo (MSC), dados centrados na média, correção do sinal ortogonal (OSC) e variação normal padrão (SNV) foram utilizados, usando a raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático de validação cruzada (RMSECV) e de predição (RMSEP) como parâmetros de avaliação. A metodologia desenvolvida para determinação de índice de refração e densidade relativa e classificação dos óleos vegetais é rápida e direta. O terceiro estudo visa à avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa e qualidade do iogurte armazenado a 4C submetido à luz direta e mantido no escuro, usando a análise dos fatores paralelos (PARAFAC) na luminescência exibida por três fluoróforos presentes no iogurte, onde pelo menos um deles está fortemente relacionado com as condições de armazenamento. O sinal fluorescente foi identificado pelo espectro de emissão e excitação das substâncias fluorescentes puras, que foram sugeridas serem vitamina A, triptofano e riboflavina. Modelos de regressão baseados nos escores do PARAFAC para a riboflavina foram desenvolvidos usando os escores obtidos no primeiro dia como variável dependente e os escores obtidos durante o armazenamento como variável independente. Foi visível o decaimento da curva analítica com o decurso do tempo da experimentação. Portanto, o teor de riboflavina pode ser considerado um bom indicador para a estabilidade do iogurte. Assim, é possível concluir que a espectroscopia de fluorescência combinada com métodos quimiométricos é um método rápido para monitorar a estabilidade oxidativa e a qualidade do iogurte / This research work describes three studies of chemometric methods employed for the classification and characterization of edible oils and its quality parameters through Fourier Transform mid infrared spectroscopy and near infrared spectroscopy, and for the monitoring the oxidative stability and quality of yogurt using fluorescence spectroscopy . The first and second studies aimed the classification and characterization of edible oil and its quality parameters using Fourier Transform mid infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measurements, respectively. Kennard-Stone algorithm was used for selecting the training set, after a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The discrimination of canola oils from sunflower, corn and soybean was investigated using SVM-DA, SIMCA and PLS-DA. The quality parameters refraction index and relative density of edible oil was investigated using partial least squares (PLS), iPLS, LS- SVM multivariate calibration of FT-MIR and NIR data were evaluated. Several preprocessing alternatives (first derivative, multiplicative scatter correction, mean centering, orthogonal signal correction and standard normal variate) were investigated by using the root mean square error of validation cross validation (RMSECV) and prediction (RMSEP), as control parameters. In fact, the methodology developed is proposed for direct relative density and refraction index in edible oils and their classification, requiring a few minutes per sample without any previous treatment. The third study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stability and quality of yogurt stored at 40C with light or dark using the combined parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. PARAFAC analysis of the fluorescence landscapes exhibited three fluorophores present in the yogurt, where, at least one of them was strongly related to the storage conditions. The fluorescence signal was resolved into excitation and emission profiles of the pure fluorescent compounds, which are suggested to be vitamin A, tryptophan and riboflavin. Regression model based on PARAFAC scores for riboflavin were built using the scores obtained in the first day as dependent variable and the scores obtained during the storage as independent variable. It was clear demonstrated that the slope of the analytical curve has become smaller throughout the experiment. Therefore, riboflavin level could be considered a good indicator for the yogurt stability. Thus, it is concluded that fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics has a potential as a fast method for monitoring the oxidative stability and quality of yogurt

Les technologies d'imagerie intravasculaire c’est à dire l’échographie endo-coronaire (IVUS)et la tomographie par cohérence optique (IV-OCT) sont des outils précieux pour aider audiagnostic de la plaque d’athérosclérose et guider les gestes thérapeutiques.Le chapitre 1 présente les inconvénients de la coronarographie dans la pratique clinique.Dans plusieurs circonstances, l’IVUS et l’OCT ont clairement une valeur supplémentaire quandils sont utilisés comme un outil diagnostique en cas d'ambiguïtés angiographiques. Nousavons récemment rapporté la première observation utilisant l’OCT pour décrire une dissectioncoronaire d'une branche septale perforante responsable d’un infarctus du myocarde.Le chapitre 2 porte sur la reproductibilité de I’OCT entre différents instituts concernant denombreux paramètres qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la plaque d'athérome. Le but de notre étudeétait d'étudier en plus de la reproductibilité inter- et intra-observateur, la variabilité inter-institutsde I’OCT concernant les mesures quantitatives et qualitatives et de la comparer à celle del’IVUS. Dans ce travail, nous avons observé que, dans la mesure de la surface de la lumièreendocoronaire, des diamètres minimum et maximum de cette même lumière endocoronaire,de la surface endo-luminale du stent, des diamètres minimum et maximum endo-luminaux dustent, par des analystes provenant de 2 laboratoires différents, la reproductibilité inter-institutsde I’OCT était nettement supérieure à celle de l’IVUS. Le Chapitre 3 présente 2 nouvelles technologies robustes d'imagerie intravasculaire hybridesdéveloppées dans le laboratoire du Professeur Guillermo J. Tearney: l’OCT couplée à laspectroscopie dans le proche infra-rouge (OFDI-NIRS) et l’OCT couplée à l’autofluorescencedans le proche infra-rouge (OFDI-NIRAF). Les premières procédures d’OFDI-NIRS chezl’homme sont prévues dans un avenir proche. Les premières procédures chez l’homme ontété réalisées chez 12 patients porteurs d’un angor stable entre Juillet 2014 et Janvier 2015.Les résultats de cette étude pilote ont montré que le signal d’autofluorescence recueilli(NIRAF) a été focalement trés élevé dans des endroits de la plaque d’athérome où la plupartdes phénotypes morphologiques en OCT d’une plaque à haut risque de rupture étaientévidents. Les substrats biochimiques de ce signal d’autofluorescence (NIRAF) sont encore àélucider. / Intravascular imaging technologies i.e. IVUS and IV-OCT are valuable tools for interventionguidance and diagnostic plaque imaging.Chapter 1 introduces the drawbacks of coronary angiography in the clinical practice. In severalcircumstances, IVUS and IV-OCT have clearly an additional value when they are used as adiagnosis tool in case of angiographic ambiguities. We recently reported the first observationusing IV-OCT to describe a coronary dissection of a septal perforating branch causing AMI.Chapter 2 focuses on the inter-institute reliability of IV-OCT to determine qualitative andquantitative parameters of atherosclerotic plaque. The purpose of our study was to investigatefurther inter- and intra-observer reproducibility, the inter-institute variability for IV-OCT (OFDI)quantitative and qualitative measurements vs. IVUS measurements using publishedconsensus document definitions. In our work, we observed that in the measurement of lumenCSA, maximum and minimum lumen diameters, stent CSA, maximum and minimum stentdiameters by analysts from 2 different laboratories, inter-institute reproducibility of OFDI wasfound to be more consistent than IVUS.Chapter 3 present 2 new robust hybrid intravascular imaging technologies developed in Dr.Tearney’s laboratory i.e. OFDI-NIRS and OFDI-NIRAF, which may offer supplementary criteriafor plaque vulnerability. First-in-human OFDI-NIRS imaging procedures are anticipated in thenear future. First-in-human OFDI-NIRAF imaging procedures have been performed in a firstpioneering series of 12 stable patients between July 2014 and January 2015. Findings of thispilot study showed that NIRAF was focally elevated in plaque locations where most high-riskmorphologic phenotypes were evident. The biochemical substrates of the NIRAF signal stillhave to be elucidated.