Although emotions are a natural component of dream experiences, a lack of consensus prevails in research literature concerning the specific characteristics of emotional dream experiences. The aim of this study was to investigate if and to what extent this lack of convergence among studies stems from whether dream emotions are self- or externally rated - forty-four healthy participants (16 males and 28 females; mean age = 26.93, range = 19 - 40) kept a home dream diary for three consecutive weeks, and daily rated their emotional experiences in dreams with the Swedish modified Differential Emotions Scale (smDES; Fredrickson, 2013). Two external judges rated emotions in the same 552 home dream reports using the same scale. Results obtained with the two methods differed in that the self-ratings, compared to external ratings, revealed: (a) more emotional dreams; (b) more positive than negative emotions per dream (with the ratio being relatively balanced); (c) a relatively more balanced proportion of positive and negative emotions, while the external ratings revealed more negative than positive emotions per dream. The results suggest that this is mostly due to the underrepresentation of positive emotions with external ratings. Thus, the results continue to question the extent of convergence between self- and external ratings when investigating emotional dream contents, and bring to attention the importance of methodological aspects when investigating dream emotions.

Background: The presence of B cells in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with longer survival, however, the role these cells play in the generation and maintenance of anti-tumor immunity is unclear. B cells differentiate into a variety of subsets with differing characteristics and functions. To date, there is limited information on the specific B cell subsets found within NSCLC. To better understand the composition of the B cell populations found in NSCLC we have begun characterizing B cells in lung tumors and have detected a population of B cells that are CD79A(+)CD27(-)IgD(-). These CD27(-)IgD(-)(double-negative) B cells have previously been characterized as unconventional memory B cells and have been detected in some autoimmune diseases and in the elderly population but have not been detected previously in tumor tissue. Methods: A total of 15 fresh untreated NSCLC tumors and 15 matched adjacent lung control tissues were dissociated and analyzed by intracellular flow cytometry to detect the B cell-related markers CD79A, CD27 and IgD. All CD79A(+) B cells subsets were classified as either naive (CD27(-)IgD(+)), affinity-matured (CD27(+)IgD(-)), early memory/germinal center cells (CD27(+)IgD(+)) or double-negative B cells (CD27(-)IgD(-)). Association of double-negative B cells with clinical data including gender, age, smoking status, tumor diagnosis and pathologic differentiation status were also examined using the logistic regression analysis for age and student's t-test for all other variables. Associations with other B cell subpopulations were examined using Spearman's rank correlation. Results: We observed that double-negative B cells were frequently abundant in lung tumors compared to normal adjacent controls (13 out of 15 cases), and in some cases made up a substantial proportion of the total B cell compartment. The presence of double-negative cells was also found to be inversely related to the presence of affinity-matured B cells within the tumor, Spearman's coefficient of -0.76. Conclusions: This study is the first to observe the presence of CD27(-)IgD(-)double-negative B cells in human NSCLC and that this population is inversely correlated with traditional affinity-matured B cell populations.

Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of the thesis is to gain knowledge concerning what pupils aged 8 and 9 need to learn to become familiar with negative numbers. The framework used in this research, variation theory, impliesthat students' problems in learning what was intended may have to do with the fact that some critical aspects of the studied object have not yet been discerned by the student. To get the pupils to understand the idea behind each critical aspect, carefully constructed examples were used. According to variation theory it is necessary to experience differences before you experience similarities. To answer the research question data was collected by using the learning study model. It is characterized by an iterative design where I as a researcher collaborate with teachers to try to find and orchestrate the critical aspects. The method is interventionist, which means that interventions are done in teaching. In the learning study I have cooperated with two primary school teachers and 64 pupils in four different classes. The data consists of video-recordings of lessons, pre- and posttests, interviews with pupils and notes from the meetings of the learning study group. When planning lessons as well as analyzing data, concepts relating to the theory of variation have been used as analytical tools. This thesis contributes to research by investigating in detail what aspects students need to differentiate in order to become familiar with negative numbers. The results show that the pupils needed not only to discern, but also to differentiate three different critical aspects: To differentiate the values of two negative numbers. To differentiate the function of the minuend versus the function of the subtrahend in a subtraction. To differentiate the minus sign for negative numbers versus the minus sign for subtraction.

Fatiguée et vieillie, la modernité est pourtant toujours vivante : au moment de devenir tradition, le modernisme tardif se charge de l’enfermement de son esthétique. Sans rompre avec la modernité, comme le prétend le discours postmoderne, celui-ci assume jusqu’au bout les apories d’une modernité désormais tardive, et il tâche de les réfléchir. La posture du modernisme tardif par rapport à la modernité sera métacritique, se rapprochant des interrogations philosophiques de son temps (Marcuse, Adorno, Derrida, Foucault). Le modernisme tardif en cinéma aurait dès lors une place tout à fait singulière, mais pas du tout solitaire, dans l’ensemble des questions esthétiques que son temps lui pose. Dans les années soixante et soixante-dix, le modernisme déjà tardif du cinéma propose un ensemble de figures de l’enfermement qui réfléchissent le dispositif cinématographique : le cadrage autoréflexif, ou hypercadrage, sera son principe de mise en forme. Au niveau du montage, les rapports internes à l’image, entre les images, et entre sons et images se fonderaient tous sur une pratique disséminée comprise selon la dialectique négative d’Adorno, c’est-à-dire sans synthèse et vouée à faire apparaître un principe de « non-identité ». En ce sens, le cinéma moderniste tardif propose des allégories négatives d’une modernité qui n’en finit pas de finir. / On its last legs, showing its age, modernity is nevertheless still alive. Now that it has become tradition, late modernism takes on the task of imprisoning its aesthetics. Without breaking with modernity, as postmodern discourse would have it, modernism fully assumes the aporia of what is now late modernity, and attempts to reflect them. The attitude of late modernism in relation to modernity is thus metacritical, in synergy with the philosophical enquiries of its time (Marcuse, Adorno, Derrida, Foucault). Consequently, late modernism in film has an utterly unique place within the aesthetic issues of its time, without however being isolated from them. In the 1960s and 1970s, what was already late modernism in film presented a set of figures of imprisonment, which reflected the filmic apparatus: self-reflective framing, or hyperframing, was the principle behind its form. On the level of montage, the relationships within the image, those between images, and those between sounds and images were all based upon a diffuse praxis to be understood here according to Adorno’s negative dialectics: a praxis without synthesis, one destined to reveal a principle of “non-identity.” In this sense, late modernist film offers negative allegories of a modernity that never stops coming to an end.

Although mosquito monitoring systems in the form of dry-ice bated CDC light traps and sentinel chickens are used by mosquito control personnel in Polk County, Florida, the placement of these are random and do not necessarily reflect prevalent areas of vector mosquito populations. This can result in significant health, economic, and social impacts during disease outbreaks. Of these vector mosquitoes Culex nigripalpus, Culex erraticus, Coquillettidia perturbans, and Aedes vexans are present in Polk County and known to transmit multiple diseases, posing a public health concern. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of Land use Land cover (LULC) unique features and precipitation on spatial and temporal distribution of Cx. nigripalpus, Cx. erraticus, Cq. perturbans, and Ae. vexans in Polk County, Florida, during 2013 and 2014, using negative binomial regression on count data from eight environmentally unique light traps retrieved from Polk County Mosquito Control. The negative binomial regression revealed a statistical association among mosquito species for precipitation and LULC features during the two-year study period, with precipitation proving to be the most significant factor in mosquito count numbers. The findings from this study can aid in more precise targeting of mosquito species, saving time and resources on already stressed public health services.

Despite worldwide policy efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) remains a negative externality. Economic equilibrium paths in the presence of such an uncorrected externality are inefficient; as a consequence there is no real economic opportunity cost to correcting this externality by mitigating global warming. Mitigation investment using resources diverted from conventional investments can raise the economic well-being of both current and future generations. The economic literature on GHG emissions misleadingly focuses attention on the intergenerational equity aspects of mitigation by using a hybrid constrained optimal path as the "business-as-usual" benchmark. We calibrate a simple Keynes-Ramsey growth model to illustrate the significant potential Pareto-improvement from mitigation investment, and to explain the equilibrium concept appropriate to modeling an uncorrected negative externality.

The subject of this dissertation is area of information and communication technology for social, communicative and cognitive ability of learners and subsequent negative consequences in the process of education. The aim is to identify and analyze problems in the field of education and their connection with the use of information and communication technologies. The thesis involves information from research, which is focused on effects of Information and communication technology on children's psyche and the negative impacts this action in education at the elementary school. To meet the objectives of this dissertation were used theoretical and empirical research methods. The content of theoretical research methods was the study and analysis of literature, articles and especially analysis of scientific literature professionally primary information sources of research studies and experiments. In the field of empirical research methods were used in the thesis questionnaire survey in the realm of community teachers. The conclusion contains the results of exploratory research methods, conclusions and recommended proposals for the area of education and teaching practice.

Abstract This thesis reports on an empirical study of the forms and functions of two interrelated syntactic constructions, tag questions and negative yes/no interrogatives, in naturally occurring American English conversations. More specifically, the thesis focuses on examining the ways in which these interrogative constructions are involved in the intersubjective and interactional construction of stance. This involves describing the linguistic and interactional practices through which speakers index and negotiate their evaluative, affective or epistemic position or point of view towards some matter in the local context. The data used in the study comprise naturally occurring face-to-face and telephone interactions the majority of which take place between family and friends. The data are drawn from the first three published parts of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English.The study is based on the methodological and theoretical principles of interactional linguistics and conversation analysis. The first part of the study provides an examination of the linguistic and grammatical patterning of the chosen constructions in a database of naturally occurring interactions in English. This serves first of all as a study of the general linguistic patterning of utterances with negation or reversed word order in interaction. At the same time, however, the grammatical and semantic categories of person, verb type and tense are employed for establishing the high frequency of linguistic and semantic material that index the current speaker's affective, evaluative and/or epistemic position towards the issue at hand. The second part of the study expands the focus from individual utterances to the surrounding interactional context in which the interrogative constructions are located, and makes use of the conversation analytic methodology. I examine how discourse participants use negative yes/no interrogatives and tag questions as a resource for carrying out different actions such as requesting for confirmation, challenging, disagreeing and assessing, and the ways in which interrogative speakers convey their epistemic, affective or evaluative stances in so doing. In this section of the study the research proceeds through detailed analyses of interaction, and an examination of those sequential environments in which the interrogative constructions are found.

Contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have found increasing utility in the application of molecular electronics due to the surpamolecular properties that result from these non-planar structures. The [n]circulene series of molecules are particularly attractive members of the contorted aromatic family due to the unique structural implications that result from their changing value of n. For example, when n ≤ 5, the structures adopt a bowl-like shape; when n = 6, a planar structure is observed; and when 7 ≤ n ≤ 16, the compounds assume a saddle-like shape. Very few molecules exhibit the structural contortions that these contorted aromatics do – primarily because aromatic molecules desire to adopt highly planar conformations. Following the model of aromaticity developed by Erich Clar, we set our sights on the synthesis of tetrabenzo[8]circulene, the stabilized form of [8]circulene established through the addition of four fused benzenoid rings around the periphery of the molecule. The initial approach towards this structure employs a Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction and a palladium catalyzed arylation reaction as the key transformation steps. The results of these studies were promising, establishing the structural characterization of this new molecule and providing access to functionalized derivatives of the saddle-shaped structure. However, access towards these functionalized derivatives proved limiting, compelling us to investigate alternative synthetic methodologies. In the course of our studies, we established a new methodology towards 2,5-diarylthiophene-1-oxides, a key precursor to the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. These reactive dienes are prepared from readily available arylacetylene precursors via zirconacyclopentadiene intermediates. The isolated yields of the desired thiophene-1-oxides are comparable to those obtained from previously established oxidation strategies while avoiding the formation of over-oxidation products. Of significant importance to scope of our work, this newly established methodology offers broader versatility providing products outfitted with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups. These new methodologies provided access to functionalized derivatives of the saddle-shaped molecule tetrabenzo[8]circulene in improved yield when coupled with a revised Diels-Alder/oxidative cyclodehydrogenation approach. This methodology affords products containing both electron-rich and electron-poor functional groups in a more efficient manner. The optoelectronic effects that result from the introduction of this functionality and investigations into the development of larger contorted aromatic systems are also discussed.