A tese por nós aqui apresentada teve por finalidade principal, pesquisar a transformação da relação centro periferia na forma crítica de reprodução fictícia da metrópole paulistana entro o período de 1980 até o período atual. Procuramos relacionar as transformações destas separações intraurbanas na metrópole, a partir da crítica ao arcabouço teórico desenvolvido na Geografia e nas Ciências Sociais, sobre os espaços denominados periféricos que expressaram estas separações a partir da visão da luta de classes como expressão material no espaço urbano e pensou estes espaços como lócus do sujeito operário. Para realizar esta crítica visitamos os teóricos marxistas que discutiram a reprodução do capitalismo colocando em debate a questão da objetividade da crise a partir da crise imanente do capital e a questão da subjetividade revolucionária como motor de superação do capitalismo. Por meio destas discussões teóricas mais gerais, procuramos criticar a pertinência de uma visão dualista da metrópole e cotejá-las com a discussão deste período crítico da reprodução ficcionalizada, que cria uma identidade crítica na reprodução do que se denomina centro e periferia na metrópole paulista. Essa forma de identidade crítica foi discutida a partir da democratização das formas creditícias, principalmente entre as populações pauperizadas da metrópole, como forma de sobrevivência e como forma de sua inserção ao consumo no sentido de reproduzir o capital excedente deste período. A partir destes argumentos defendemos que os espaços que têm denominado como periferia se inserem hoje no centro da reprodução ficcionalizada e crítica do capital. / The thesis we present here had as its final purpose the research on the transformation in the relation between center and periphery with the critical form of fictitious reproduction of São Paulo metropolis between 1980 and nowadays. We tried to relate the transformation on these internal urban separations on the metropolis from the critique of a theoretical framework developed in Geography and Social Sciences about the so called peripheral spaces. That framework expressed these separations from a class struggle point of view as a material expression of urban space and thought about them as the locus of working class subject. To accomplish such a critique we studied the marxists that discussed capitalistic reproduction from the point of view of the objectivity of crisis related to immanent crises of capital asking about revolutionary subjectivity as the overcoming engine to capitalism. Through these theoretical and general issues we tried to criticize dualistic points of view about the metropolis and also tried to compare them with the debate about such a critical period of fictional reproduction, which creates a critical identity on the reproduction of what is known as center and periphery of São Paulo metropolis. This critical identity was presented from the democratization of credit forms, manly between poor people in the metropolis, as a way of living and as the access to consumption in such a way to reproduce exceeding capital on the period. From that, we argue that what is known as periphery is inserted nowadays on the center of critical and fictitious capital reproduction.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-29T19:21:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 deboraalbinomendoncabernardes.pdf: 1000163 bytes, checksum: f3d756e544363116e4434cc3d605fb30 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-05T16:22:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 deboraalbinomendoncabernardes.pdf: 1000163 bytes, checksum: f3d756e544363116e4434cc3d605fb30 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T16:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 deboraalbinomendoncabernardes.pdf: 1000163 bytes, checksum: f3d756e544363116e4434cc3d605fb30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-19 / Este trabalho visou investigar e explicar a revitalização, na área pedagógica e administrativa, no período de 2003 a 2006, de duas unidades escolares da cidade de Resende – RJ. Ambas as unidades atendiam alunos oriundos da periferia, e que viviam em zona de grande desigualdade social e violência. Estas características foram interpretadas por muito tempo como prováveis fatores para recusa dos responsáveis em matricular seus filhos nestas unidades escolares, levando a diminuição contínua do número de alunos. Uma consequência do baixo número de alunos foi o quase fechamento ou entrega do prédio para o poder público municipal. Tal contexto estimulou o interesse em explicar como e por que as referidas escolas deixaram de ser recusadas pela comunidade e passaram a ser reconhecidas como boas escolas. A ênfase esteve no modelo de gestão adotado para esta transformação. Duas questões nos nortearam: quais foram as parcerias firmadas durante este processo e seus impactos diretos? E quais mudanças foram necessárias no modelo de gestão? Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a gestão para produzir ações que consolidem o sucesso escolar. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi embasado através de pesquisa de campo, observação direta, aplicação de entrevistas e observação indireta, através de análise de registros e documentos dos colégios para buscar respostas para as questões centrais. Após trabalho de investigação, percebeu-se que o grande responsável pela reversão de desgaste da instituição escolar aconteceu por meio da implementação de novas práticas de gestão, com o foco principalmente nos aspectos financeiros, na captação de parcerias e no mapeamento de situação da escola para definir metas e objetivos para o futuro do colégio. Apoiando-se nesses resultados foi feita uma proposição da elaboração de um material a ser distribuído na rede, baseado na experiência de sucesso dessas duas escolas. / This paper aims to investigate and to explain the revitalization in the area of teaching and administration, in the period from 2003 to 2006, of two school units in the city of Resende – RJ. Both units serve students from the periphery who live within an area of social inequality and violence. This feature has been long interpreted as probabily cause for parents refusing to enroll their children in these school units, what lead to a continuous decrease in the number of students. One consequence of the low number of students was that it nearly closed or permitted the return of the building to the municipal government. These characteristics have stimulated our interest in explaining how and why these schools are no longer rejected by the community and they began to be recognized as good schools. Our emphasis will be on the management model adopted for this transformation. Two questions guided us: What were the partnerships established during this process and their direct impacts? And what changes were needed in the management model? Our goal is to evaluate the management to promote actions that strengthen success at school. Thus, this work was supported by field research, direct observation, application of indirect observation and interviews, through the analysis of records and documents of the schools to seek answers to key questions. After research work, we realize that the most responsible for the reversal of the school wear came through the implementation of new management practices, focusing mainly on financial aspects, the attraction of partnerships and the mapping of the school situation for setting goals and objectives for the future of the school. Relying on these results, a proposition was made to prepare a material to be distributed on the network, based on the successful experience of these two schools.

A utilização do modelo de Black-Scholes e suas extensões na precificação de opções é bastante difundida tanto na academia quanto no mercado financeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de um modelo alternativo de precificação de opções em relação ao do modelo de Black na precificação de opções sobre futuro de dólar. Mais especificamente, a partir de hipóteses sobre o comportamento agregado da economia, da trajetória de preços de ativos e das preferências a risco dos agentes econômicos, é possível reconciliar uma condição de equilíbrio parcial, necessária para a precificação de opções, com uma condição de equilíbrio geral da economia. Essa reconciliação é obtida a partir da escolha cuidadosa de pares de preferências a risco e distribuições e possibilita a obtenção do preço de equilíbrio livre de preferências de um derivativo lançado sobre um dado ativo-objeto. O presente estudo utiliza os resultados de uma generalização recente feita por Câmara (2003), que demonstrou como distribuições e preferências podem ser combinadas de forma que se obtenham fórmulas fechadas para precificação de opções. Particularmente, assume-se que os preços do contrato futuro de dólar possuem distribuição lognormal com assimetria negativa, hipótese que resulta em uma fórmula alternativa de precificação de opções lançadas sobre esse contrato. O modelo obtido foi matematicamente contrastado com o modelo de Black, o que possibilitou que as implicações nos preços das opções, resultantes da premissa de assimetria negativa, fossem evidenciadas. Os desempenhos dos modelos foram comparados com base nos preços de mercado das opções. Os resultados alcançados sugerem que , em geral, o modelo de Black apresenta desempenho melhor que o modelo alternativo na precificação de opções sobre futuro de dólar. / The utilization of the Black-Scholes option pricing model is widespread, in both the academe and the market. Additionally, the literature related to its generalizations and adaptations is vast. Of particular importance are works concerning new sufficient conditions for existing risk-neutral option pricing equations. Under a new set of propositions on distributions and preferences, Câmara (2003) derived new analytical solutions for the price of European-style contingent claims. The objective of the present study was to adapt and test an option pricing model that was derived by Câmara (2003). Particularly, the tested model assumes that the underlying asset, in this case the US dollar futures contract traded on the Brazilian Mercantile & Futures Exchange, follows a negatively skew lognormal distribution. The performance of the alternative model was compared to that of the Black model, the standard model used in the market to price such options. More specifically, the performances of both models were measured against the market prices of US dollar futures options. Also, considerations about the validity of the negative skew lognormal hypothesis were made and a mathematical analysis of the differences in the prices generated by the two models was carried out. In the end, although the alternative model produces, in some cases, prices that are closer to the market’s, the evidences suggest that, in general, the Black model performs better than the alternative one.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal investigar por meio de simulação Monte Carlo algumas propriedades estatísticas dos modelos GARMA (Generalized Autoregressive Moving Average) para séries temporais de dados de contagem. Os modelos GARMA são uma extensão dos Modelos Lineares Generalizados de McCullagh e Nelder para situações de dados dependentes, caracterizando-se pela adição de um termo extra ao preditor linear, o qual passa a incorporar termos autoregressivos (AR) e de médias móveis (MA). As propriedades estatísticas investigadas foram às condições de estacionariedade dos modelos GARMA e os critérios de identificação da ordem (p,q) dos polinômios AR e MA que definem o modelo. Os resultados encontrados indicam que os critérios AIC BIC e Hannan-Quin utilizados foram razoavelmente eficazes na identificação da ordem dos modelos e que as condições de estacionariedade estabelecidas empiricamente em termo de restrições no espaço paramétrico são bastante complexas exigindo um estudo mais detalhado. Como objetivo secundário testamos os modelo GARMA em séries reais, ajustando os modelos GARMA- Poissson e GARMA-Binomial Negativa ao número de caso de poliomielite nos EUA e ao número de infartos do miocárdio no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados indicam que os modelos foram capazes de explicar, de forma econômica, a variação destas séries. / [en] The main objective of this dissertation is to investigate, using Monte Carlo simulations, some statistical properties of GARMA (Generalized Autoregressive Moving Average ) models for time series of count data. GARMA models are extensions of the Generalized Linear Models to dependent data, in which autoregressive (AR) and/or moving average (MA) terms are incorporated into the linear predictor. The statistical properties targeted in our investigation were the model stationarity conditions and the identification criteria for selection of model orders, the lag structure (p,q) associated with the AR and MA terms. Our results suggest that AIC, BIC and Hann-Quinn criteria worked relatively well in identifying the model order, and that the conditions for stationarity established empirically in terms of parameter space restrictions were not totally conclusive, requiring further investigation. As a secondary objective we tested the model against real data, by fitting both a GARMA-Poisson and a GARMA-Negative Binomial to the series of number of cases of poliomyelitis on the US and the number of heart-attacks in Rio de Janeiro city. The results we found indicate that these models were able to explain, in a parsimonious way, the variation of both series.

Bakgrund: Det finns idag cirka 35 000 personer som lider av schizofreni i Sverige. De schizofrena symtomen påverkar patientens livskvalitet i olika utsträckning. Negativa symtom som undergrupp har till skillnad från övriga symtom visat sig ha en sämre respons på medicinering och bidrar därmed till en risk för sämre livskvalitet. På grund av fortsatta utmaningar att behandla negativa symtom krävs ytterligare forskning på området för att optimera omvårdnaden för dessa patienter och på så sätt förbättra en riskerad livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur individer med negativa symtom inom ramen för schizofreni upplevde sin livskvalitet och omvårdnaden kring sin sjukdom. Metod: En litteraturstudie har utförts, där artiklar relevanta för att besvara syftet och frågeställningar har granskats. Artiklarna i denna litteraturstudie granskades strukturerat och analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Faktorer som påverkar livskvalitet hos schizofrena patienter delades in i kategorierna; generella negativa symtom, kognitiva svårigheter och sociala faktorer, som delades upp i underkategorierna; stigmatisering, socialt nätverk, sociodemografiska förhållanden och arbetsförhållanden. De omvårdnadseffekter som påverkade livskvalitet visade sig vara; vårdkontext, stöd och utbildning från vården samt coping-strategier. Slutsats: Schizofrena individer påverkas i stor utsträckning av hur vården och samhället ser på dem. Sammanvägt upplever patientgruppen att en ökad livskvalitet var sammankopplad med socialt stöd och en vårdkontext som fokuserade på att förena ett fungerande privatliv med behandling. / Background: In Sweden, 35 000 individuals are affected by schizophrenia. The various symptoms of the disease have a major impact on the individuals’ quality of life. However, individuals with negative symptoms, have been shown to respond poorly to traditional pharmacological treatment. Because of this, patients who suffer from severe negative symptoms are at risk of poorer quality of life. Due to continued challenges to treat negative symptoms, further research is required to provide an optimized care for this vulnerable group. Aim: The aim was to study how schizophrenic individuals with characteristically negative symptoms experience quality of life as well as their experiences of the care provided to them. Method: A literature study has been conducted where articles relevant to answer the purpose and questions have been examined. The included articles were systematically analyzed through content analysis. Results: Quality of life in schizophrenic patients was affected by negative symptoms, cognitive difficulties and social factors, the latter divided in the sub-categories; stigmatization, social networking, sociodemographic conditions and working conditions. The caregiving factors that had an impact on quality of life were proven to be: the context in which the care was given, support and education from healthcare and coping strategies. Conclusion: Schizophrenic individuals are greatly affected by how caregivers and the society view them. Patients experienced that an improvement in quality of life is linked to social support and a context of caregiving that focused on combine the treatment with a functioning private life.

The decomposition of chloroform at 510˚C was investigated in a continuous flow system, using nitrogen as the carrier gas. The main products of the reaction were hydrogen chloride, tetrachloroethylene, pentachloroethane and hexachloroethane; hydrogen and chlorine could not be detected. Neither the addition of a radical initiator (azobisisobutyroni trile) nor an inhibitor (phenol) affected the breakdown, and so we have rejected the idea that the main reaction mechanism is of a radical nature. From the results obtained by varying the surface to volume ratio of the reactor, the reaction appeared to be catalysed by the surface of the reactor, but pretreating the tube by steaming, soaking in water or EDTA solution did not affect the pyrolysis. The reaction appeared to be virtually unaltered when a tube made from very pure silica was used. Kinetic investigations showed that the reaction was first order with respect to chloroform, and exhibited an induction period. Carrying out the reaction in a carbonised tube resulted in a faster reaction, and an increase in the induction period. To account for the results obtained, a mechanism is suggested which involves the formation of a carbon polymer on the silica reactor. Chloroform could then be adsorbed onto the polymer where reaction could occur. In a carbonised tube a graphite-like carbon structure may begin to take over as the catalyst. The alkaline hydrolysis of chloroform was studied in aqueous 1,4-dioxane (32 % w/v), at 360C. The rate of disappearance of chloroform was followed by gas-liquid chromatography, whilst the sodium hydroxide concentration was determined by titration with dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction was second order overall, first order with respect to each of the reactants. Data obtained at 25˚C, 31˚C, 36˚C and 41˚C was used to determine the activation parameters. Increasing the concentration of dioxane in the solvent decreased the reaction rate. The reaction showed a definite negative salt effect, sodium chloride exhibiting a greater effect than potassium nitrate. The reaction between deuterochloroform and sodium deuteroxide in deuterium oxide/dioxane was faster than the reaction in the corresponding proton system. Application of the Yagil approach suggested that the transition state is associated with seven water molecules. This led us to suggest an alternative mechanism for the reaction, involving nucleophilic attack by water on the trichloromethyl anion, formed by loss of a proton from chloroform. In order to apply the Yagil criterion the hydration number of diolane had to be determined; a value of 2.25 was obtained.

Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem that has deleterious long-term effects as the development of drug resistance outpaces the development of new drugs. Plants have been used for many generations for healing purposes, and screening of extracts of these plants has often yielded positive outcomes. This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing the major active antimicrobial compounds present in the stem bark of C. molle, in a bid to identify potential sources of cheap starting materials for the synthesis of new drugs. Various solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and methanol) were used for extraction. The agar well diffusion technique was used to screen for antimicrobial activity of C. molle extracts against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 49399, Plesiomonas shigelloides ATCC 51903, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43526 and Helicobacter pylori 252C (clinical isolate); minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the most active extracts was determined by the broth dilution method. Fractionation of acetone extract was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioautography to determine the compounds present and their antimicrobial activity respectively. The acetone extract was purified by column chromatography and their MIC determined. The most potent fraction (EA4) was subjected to Gas chromatography- Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for identification of the active compounds. Results were analyzed by the Fisher‟s exact test. All the extracts tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition ranging from 0–32 mm. Acetone was the most potent extract with its MIC ranging from 0.078–5.0 mg/mL. Seventeen fractions were collected from column chromatography and the most active fraction against all the organisms was EA 4 (eluted with 100 percent ethyl acetate), with its MIC ranging from 0.078 - 2.5mg/mL. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the potency of the xii four extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate) and antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) on the different bacterial strains tested, likewise the crude extract and the fractions. No compound was detected by GC-MS whereas numerous peaks were identified by HPLC implying that the active compounds in this plant are non volatile. We could not identify the compounds thereby proposing further studies using Nuclear magnetic resonance to identify the compounds. The study revealed that the acetone extract of C. molle was the most active against all the test organisms and therefore justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine.

Social media is progressively implemented in work organizations as means of communication among employees. Thus, it is of crucial importance to develop understanding how they empower and limit communicative activities which shape the network through which organizational tasks are accomplished, as it is these very dynamics that enforce and eternalizecompanies. Given these trends, the time seems ripe to investigate how Social media is used in internal communication processes in organizations, thatis the main purpose of this study. Additionally, this study aims to explore positive and negative consequences of Social media use perceived by employees. The research was guided by the following research questions:How is Social media used for communication and collaboration of project teams?What are the perceived advantages and disadvantages of Social media use in work by projectteammembers?The research adopts a grounded theory strategy which is considered to be appropriate for investigations in the field with scarce theoretical background. The data collection was conducted in two rounds: with seven unstructured interviews in the first round and five semi-structured interviews in the second round. The sample of the research comprised employees and managers of small and medium-sized companies specialized in Social Media Marketing and Digital Journalism in Uzbekistan. In accordance with the grounded theory approach, the data analysis was conducted through a coding process, which consists of three stages: open, axial and selective coding.The research questions were answered through developing a model which visualizes the use of Social media and its possible positive/negative impacts on communication and collaboration in organizations. The model was developed basedon the dataderived from the interviews. The central part of the model is metaphorically named Social media as a circulatory system of a company, thatexplains how Social media supports vital activity of a company through maintaining smooth functioning of key organizational processes. The possible positive and negative consequences of Social media use are also represented through two core categories: digitalization of social relationships and humanization of Social media. The first concept suggests that excessive use of Social media by employees leads to development of disingenuous relationships among users and increased pressure that stems from highercontrol and surveillance by management which areafforded by social media use. The second core category suggests that Social media, in contrast, may enhance social connectivity, employee commitment, engagement and develop a feeling of a family within a company. To provide this management should use Social media as another avenue for collaboration and display company informal meetings, achievements, and corporate culture.

The general field of interest for this study is the Swedish public’s level of awareness of non-literal and figurative language, such as idioms and metaphors, in English. The English language can be considered to be evolving into Sweden’s second language, since it is present in so much more than school, for example, on television, computers and radio. This study aims to gain an insight into the degree of understanding of common idiomatic expressions in popular English song lyrics by native Swedish speakers. University students were chosen as the sample group and twelve of them were asked to explain their understanding of selected English idioms which occur in songs with which they were likely to recognize. The results have then been analyzed and it was possible to establish the degrees of understanding, misunderstanding and failure to understand. Firstly, the participants have explained the expression out of context, and secondly they were asked to explain it in the context of the song. This was to see whether the expressions appear to have been easier to understand out of context or in context. Earlier research show difficulties in defining the term idiom, and in this survey the term idiomatic expression has been used and defined as a way of speaking or writing that does not make any literal sense, even though the expressions are used all the time and people familiar with the language generally recognize them and understand their meaning. Earlier research has facilitated the analysis by the use of terms, theories and definitions on various ways of understanding metaphors, metonymy and idioms, and how these might, or might not, differ between Swedish and English. The results of this survey show that most of the expressions appear to have been easier to explain and understand when seen and heard in the context of the song. Although, some expressions appear to have been very alien to the participants, which has resulted in misunderstandings and failure to understand both in and out of context of the song lyrics in question.

Les batteries lithium-ion sont aujourd’hui très utilisées pour alimenter l’électronique portable telle que les ordinateurs, les smartphones et les caméras. Cependant, de nouvelles applications telles que les véhicules électriques et les systèmes stationnaires de stockage d'énergie nécessitent des batteries à performances améliorées. En particulier, de nouveaux matériaux d'électrode avec des densités d'énergie plus élevées sont requis. Les hydrures de MgH2 et TiH2 et leurs mélanges possèdent de très fortes capacités électrochimiques (>1 Ah/g). Ils ont été étudiés comme matériaux d’électrode négative dans les batteries Li-ion. La réaction de conversion de ces hydrures avec du lithium et les changements structuraux induits ont été étudiés en détails pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes réactionnels et leur réversibilité. Les propriétés électrochimiques de couches minces de MgH2 et des poudres composites de MgH2+TiH2 ont été étudiées en utilisant à la fois des électrolytes organiques liquides et un électrolyte solide LiBH4. La capacité réversible et la tenue au cyclage dépendent fortement du rapport molaire entre les deux hydrures et des conditions de cyclage. Le transport de masse et la densité d’interfaces à l'intérieur de l'électrode sont identifiés comme les principaux facteurs affectant la réversibilité de la réaction de conversion / Today, lithium-ion batteries are widely used as power supplies in portable electronics such as laptops, smartphones and cameras. However, new applications such as full electric vehicles and energy storage stationary systems require enhanced battery performances. In particular, novel electrode materials with higher energy density are needed.MgH2 and TiH2 hydrides and mixtures of them have high electrochemical capacity (> 1 Ah/g). They have been studied as negative electrode materials in Li-ion batteries. The conversion reaction of lithium with these hydrides and the related microstructural changes have been deeply investigated to gain a better understanding of reaction mechanisms and their reversibility. The electrochemical properties of MgH2 thin films and MgH2+TiH2 composite powders have been evaluated using both liquid organic and solid (LiBH4) electrolytes. Reversible capacity and cycle-life are found to strongly depend on both molar ratio between the hydrides and cycling conditions. Mass transport and density of interfaces within the electrode are identified as the main factors affecting the reversibility of the conversion reaction