Presented paper is concerned with Paul Natorp's system of the synthetic function of the reason and its influence on the theory of number. I will try to show that present system of the number theory suffers from some significant drawbacks and Natorp's theory may be able to amend them. Natorp elaborates his theory on the basis of Kantian categorical system and Kant's transcendental philosophy. In my paper, I would like to achieve two goals. Firstly, I would like to support Natorp's statement that we need to be concerned with the logical system of our concept's originating. Secondly, I will try to defend Natorp's theory against accusations of psychologism.

La thèse que nous présentons concerne une comparaison entre les figures de Edmund Husserl et Ernst Cassirer. L’intérêt qui meut cette thèse est ce de voir comme les deux courants de pensée, le phénoménologique et le néo-critique, se sont rapprochée beaucoup (surtout par rapport à Natorp et Husserl), pour prendre après deux chemins différents. D’abord la thèse veut se concentrer sur le rapport entre Husserl et Cassirer, en analysant la correspondance entre les deux, qui sont repérables dans l’édition des manuscrits de Cassirer par Meiner et dans les Dokumente de la Husserliana, ainsi que les manuscrit husserliens. Toutefois, il faut accéder au domaine des notions fondamentales pour montrer les problèmes cruciaux de comparaison entre les deux philosophes. La théorie de l’abstraction est au centre de la thématique de la formation des concepts, parce que le passage de l’expérience individuelle au concept universel représente un problème bien difficile à résoudre. Husserl et Cassirer, l’un comme l’autre, reprennent le thème de la querelle des universaux pour critiquer les théories empiristes de l’abstraction, bien que les résultats soient différents. Afin d’éclairer les structures fondamentales de la conscience, la thèse renvoie à deux points : le rapport entre le général et le particulier et le problème de l’individualité. / The doctoral thesis focuses on a confrontation between two philosophers: Edmund Husserl and Ernst Cassirer. The aim of this thesis is to analyse how the phenomenological and the neo-Kantian movements were well close together at a first time (most of all in the persons of Natorp and Husserl), and how they took different directions afterwards. At the beginning, the thesis stresses the relations between Husserl and Cassirer by analysing the correspondence that we can find in the edition of Cassirer’s Opera omina by Meiner, or in the Husserliana – Dokumente and the manuscripts of Husserl. Nevertheless, we concentrate on the main notions of the two philosophers to show which problems we have to face in order to compare the philosophical thought of the two philosophers. The theory of abstraction is a central point of the formation of the concepts, because the passage from the experience of individuals to the universal concept is a very difficult problem to solve. Husserl and Cassirer converge on the problem of universals in order to critique the empiricist theory of abstraction, even if their results are different. So as to clarify the fundamental structures of consciousness, the thesis refers to two points: the relation between general and particular, and the problem of individuality.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Committee on the Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science, June 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Habilitation - Universität, Siegen, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [413]-433) and index.

Habilitation - Universität, Siegen, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [413]-433) and index.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-04-12T12:40:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raul Marques Linhares_.pdf: 1527626 bytes, checksum: 45bf0c33e585cda133e945d2e2514f14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T12:40:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raul Marques Linhares_.pdf: 1527626 bytes, checksum: 45bf0c33e585cda133e945d2e2514f14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa está centrada no estudo dos principais paradigmas metodológicos empregados ao longo da história da teoria geral do delito, bem como do contemporâneo paradigma funcionalista nas propostas de Claus Roxin e de Günther Jakobs, concluindo-se pela verificação de que essa nova corrente dogmática já se faz presente na prática jurisdicional brasileira. Para a realização desse trabalho, os primeiros capítulos são construídos por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, para viabilizar a construção teórica dos principais pontos dos paradigmas causalismo, neokantismo, finalismo e funcionalismo da dogmática penal, fazendo-se referência aos autores clássicos de cada paradigma, tendo se elegido como vertentes do funcionalismo a serem examinadas as propostas de Claus Roxin e Günther Jakobs, considerados os principais representantes dessa corrente de pensamento. Após isso, finaliza-se a pesquisa com a análise de julgados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, selecionados unicamente com a finalidade de se demonstrar que o funcionalismo penal já se faz presente na aplicação da teoria geral do delito no Brasil. Dessa forma, mesmo que diante da recente prevalência do finalismo na dogmática jurídico-penal nacional (ou que se afirme ser esse paradigma ainda absolutamente vigente na teoria do delito), se está já diante da adoção de pontos específicos da proposta funcionalista, o que pode significar a existência de uma fase de transição de paradigmas dogmáticos. / This research is focused on the study of the main methodological paradigms employed throughout history of the general theory of crime, as well as the contemporary functionalist paradigm in the proposals of Claus Roxin and Günther Jakobs, concluding by the verification that this new dogma chain is already present in the Brazilian jurisdictional practice. In order to accomplish this work, the first couple chapters are constructed through bibliographic research, to enable the theoretical construction of the main points of the causalism, Neo-Kantianism, finalism, and functionalism paradigms of criminal dogmatic, making reference to the classical authors of each paradigm, having been elected as strands of functionalism to be examined the proposals of Claus Roxin and Günther Jakobs, considered the key representatives of this school of thought. After that, we conclude the research with the analysis of trials of the Superior Court of Justice, selected solely with the purpose of demonstrating that the criminal functionalism is already present in the application of the general theory of crime in Brazil. This way, even before the recent prevalence of finalism in the national Criminal Law dogmatic (or else that one might claim that this paradigm is still absolutely valid in the theory of crime), we are already before the adoption of specific points of the functionalist proposal, which can mean the existence of a transitional phase between dogmatic paradigms.

L'objectif de ce travail est de se réapproprier la contribution de Heinrich Rickert au programme critique de fondation de l'ontologie. Il est apparu que cette contribution résidait dans l'analyse des structures formelles du jugement et, plus exactement, dans l'analyse du jugement existentiel. À la suite de Rickert, il a fallu déployer cette analyse sur deux versants: le versant noétique ou la théorie des actes judicatifs (Der Gegenstand der Erkenntnis, 1892-1928) et le versant noématique ou la théorie des propositions - ou "teneurs" - judicatives (Die Logik des Prädikats und das Problem der Ontologie, 1930). J'ai montré que cette double analyse permet non seulement de dégager deux concepts formels de l'être (l'être comme "Jaform" et comme "Urprädikat"), mais aussi de jeter les bases d'une théorie des catégories embrassant à la fois les étants sensibles et les étants non sensibles.

In this study of the nineteenth-century German-Jewish philosopher Hermann Cohen, I argue that Cohen’s revision of Kantian ethics and moral theology is permeated with concepts drawn from and logically contoured by his interpretation of Maimonidean rationalism and Jewish sources, more generally. Through an idealizing hermeneutic, Cohen normativizes certain philosophical problems in post-Kantian philosophy and addresses them under the title of "pantheism" and "positivism". Between both pantheism and positivism, Cohen’s idealism presents a middle path, which I describe as "prophetic idealism", or a philosophy of time and ideality that interprets history, law, and ethical normativity as future-oriented. In other words, "prophecy" intimates a methodological role for temporality in practical philosophy and introduces a new meaning for legality in ethics. Cohen therefore offers a philosophy of Judaism, as a philosophy of religion, by normativizing the idea of prophecy and making it a conceptual model for reason-giving, agency, legal norms and ethical action. By focusing upon the critique of both pantheism and positivism, this dissertation therefore argues that Cohen’s negotiations of nineteenth-century philosophical problems introduces a normative role for Judaism as a public philosophy and the argument concludes by suggesting that Cohen’s philosophy of Judaism is instructive for contemporary public philosophy.

In this study of the nineteenth-century German-Jewish philosopher Hermann Cohen, I argue that Cohen’s revision of Kantian ethics and moral theology is permeated with concepts drawn from and logically contoured by his interpretation of Maimonidean rationalism and Jewish sources, more generally. Through an idealizing hermeneutic, Cohen normativizes certain philosophical problems in post-Kantian philosophy and addresses them under the title of "pantheism" and "positivism". Between both pantheism and positivism, Cohen’s idealism presents a middle path, which I describe as "prophetic idealism", or a philosophy of time and ideality that interprets history, law, and ethical normativity as future-oriented. In other words, "prophecy" intimates a methodological role for temporality in practical philosophy and introduces a new meaning for legality in ethics. Cohen therefore offers a philosophy of Judaism, as a philosophy of religion, by normativizing the idea of prophecy and making it a conceptual model for reason-giving, agency, legal norms and ethical action. By focusing upon the critique of both pantheism and positivism, this dissertation therefore argues that Cohen’s negotiations of nineteenth-century philosophical problems introduces a normative role for Judaism as a public philosophy and the argument concludes by suggesting that Cohen’s philosophy of Judaism is instructive for contemporary public philosophy.

Philosophes et scientifiques ont souvent adopté la version orthodoxe de l’étalonnage qui consiste à normaliser un instrument en utilisant un phénomène connu. Le lien essentiel entre concepts théoriques et données empiriques, en philosophie de la mesure, a engendré la formulation de principes de coordination, synthétiques a priori, et révisables. La pensée opérationaliste a voulu limiter l’étendue des concepts aux opérations de mesure effectivement réalisables. La perspective cohérentiste en philosophie de la mesure a opéré une récupération de l’épistémologie coordinationniste et de l’opérationalisme, en s’appuyant sur un nombre minime de principes ontologiques. Les modèles d’un instrument impliquent un engagement à la séparation entre les théories idéalisées et les choses matérielles. Toutefois, philosophes et métrologues ont préconisé l’exigence d’un riche contenu théorique dans la modélisation des instruments de mesure. Selon d’autres contributions, le privilège épistémique de la mesure précède une théorie d’arrière-plan et sa robustesse réside dans le libre contact avec les données empiriques. De plus, le régime d’applicabilité d’une théorie dicte ses conditions aux limites, qui guident l’expérimentateur dans la conception d’instruments de mesure et fournissent le fondement de l’opérationnalisation du sens des termes théoriques. Je soutiens un pluralisme opérationnel, des opérations de mesure impliquant différents indicateurs physiques, accompagné d'un cohérentisme dynamique. Le programme d’étalonnage du télescope spatial James Webb est un cas significatif. Les observations des étoiles d’étalonnage par différents procédés sont utilisées pour calculer les facteurs qui convertissent une mesure en unités instrumentales en unités physiques. / Philosophers and scientists have often adopted the orthodox version of calibration which involves standardizing an instrument using a known phenomenon. The essential link between theoretical concepts and empirical data, in the philosophy of measurement, has generated the formulation of principles of coordination, synthetic a priori, and revisables. Operationalist thinking wanted to limit the scope of concepts to operations of measurement that are actually achievable. The coherentist perspective in the philosophy of measurement has operated a recovery of coordinationist epistemology and operationalism, relying on a minimal number of ontological principles. Models of an instrument involve a commitment to separation between idealized theories and material things. However, philosophers and metrologists have advocated the requirement of a rich theoretical content in the modeling of measuring instruments. According to other contributions, the epistemic privilege of measurement precedes a background theory and its robustness lies in the free contact with empirical data. Moreover, the applicability regime of a theory dictates its boundary conditions, which guide the experimenter in the design of measuring instruments and provide the basis for operationalizing the meaning of theoretical terms. I support operational pluralism, measurement operations involving different physical indicators, accompanied by dynamic coherentism. The James Webb Space Telescope calibration program is a significant case. Observations of calibration stars by various methods are used to calculate the factors that convert a measurement in instrumental units to physical units.